RESUMEN
Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen associated with both typhoid and non-typhoid illness in humans and animals. This problem is further exacerbated by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica. Therefore, to meet public health and safety, there is a need for an alternative strategy to tackle antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteriophages or (bacterial viruses), due to their specificity, self-dosing, and antibiofilm activity, serve as a better approach to fighting against drug-resistant bacteria. In the current study, a broad-host range lytic phage phiSalP219 was isolated against multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotypes Paratyphi from a pond water sample. Salmonella phage phiSalP219 was able to lyse 28/30 tested strains of Salmonella enterica. Salmonella phage phiSalP219 exhibits activity in acidic environments (pH3) and high temperatures (70°C). Electron microscopy and genome analysis revealed that phage phiSalP219 is a member of class Caudoviricetes. The genome of Salmonella phage phiSalP219 is 146Kb in size with 44.5% GC content. A total of 250 Coding Sequence (CDS) and 25 tRNAs were predicted in its genome. Predicted open reading frames (ORFs) were divided into five groups based on their annotation results: (1) nucleotide metabolism, (2) DNA replication and transcription, (3) structural proteins, (4) lysis protein, and (5) other proteins. The absence of lysogeny-related genes in their genome indicates that Salmonella phage phiSalP219 is lytic in nature. Phage phiSalP219 was also found to be microbiologically safe (due to the absence of toxin or virulence-related genes) in the control of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infections in the ready-to-eat meat and also able to eradicate biofilm formed by the same bacterium on the borosilicate glass surface.
RESUMEN
In the current scenario of growing world population, limited cultivable land resources, plant diseases, and pandemics are some of the major factors responsible for declining global food security. Along with meeting the food demand, the maintenance of food quality is also required to ensure healthy consumption and marketing. In agricultural fields, pest infestations and bacterial diseases are common causes of crop damage, leading to massive yield losses. Conventionally, antibiotics and several pesticides have been used to manage and control these plant pathogens. However, the overuse of antibiotics and pesticides has led to the emergence of resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. The bacteriophages are the natural predators of bacteria and are host-specific in their action. Therefore, the use of bacteriophages for the biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria is serving as a sustainable and green solution in crop protection and production. In this review, we have discussed the important plant pathogens and their impact on plant health and yield loss. Further, we have abridged the role of bacteriophages in the protection of crops from bacterial disease by discussing various greenhouse and field trials. Finally, we have discussed the impact of bacteriophages on the plant microbiome, phage resistance, and legal challenges in the registration and commercial production of bacteriophage-based biopesticides. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01204-x.
RESUMEN
In the present scenario, the challenge of emerging antimicrobial resistance is affecting human health globally. The increasing incidences of multidrug-resistant infections have become harder to treat, causing high morbidity, and mortality, and are posing extensive financial loss. Limited discovery of new antibiotic molecules has further complicated the situation and has forced researchers to think and explore alternatives to antibiotics. This has led to the resurgence of the bacteriophages as an effective alternative as they have a proven history in the Eastern world where lytic bacteriophages have been used since their first implementation over a century ago. To help researchers and clinicians towards strengthening bacteriophages as a more effective, safe, and economical therapeutic alternative, the present review provides an elaborate narrative about the important aspects of bacteriophages. It abridges the prerequisite essential requirements of phage therapy, the role of phage biobank, and the details of immune responses reported while using bacteriophages in the clinical trials/compassionate grounds by examining the up-to-date case reports and their effects on the human gut microbiome. This review also discusses the potential of bacteriophages as a biocontrol agent against food-borne diseases in the food industry and aquaculture, in addition to clinical therapy. It finishes with a discussion of the major challenges, as well as phage therapy and phage-mediated biocontrols future prospects.
RESUMEN
Thermochemical transformation of microalgae biomass into graphitic bio-chars entices as proficient bio-adsorbents for heavy metal contaminants. This study explores the synergistic impact of Chlorella sorokiniana on biomass generation and wastewater remediation in high rate algae pond (HRAP). Biomass produced was applied for hydrothermal carbonization-co-liquefaction (HTCL). The structural and morphological characteristics of HTCL products (i.e. bio-chars and bio-oils) have been systematically studied by XRD, Raman, FTIR, elemental analyzer, SEM, BET, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The crystallite size of the graphite 2H indexing planes was to be 4.65 nm and 14.07 nm in the bio-chars of oiled biomass (MB-OB) and de-oiled biomass (MB-DOB), respectively. The increase in the ID/IG ratio of MB-DOB indicated the highly disordered graphitic structure due to the appearance of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and epoxy functionalities in the line of high C/N and low C/H ratio. Also, the multiple heavy metals remediation of MB-DOB revealed better efficiency as ~100% in 720 min. The kinetics analysis shows the correlation coefficient of pseudo-second-order is well fitted compared to the pseudo-first-order. The Langmuir adsorption model signifies the adsorption of heavy metal ions in a monolayer adsorption manner. The study proposes the microalgae bio-char potential for multiple heavy metals remediation alongside bio-oils.
