RESUMEN
PURPOSE: Spontaneously occurring glioma in pet dogs is increasingly recognized as a valuable translational model for human glioblastoma. Canine high-grade glioma and human glioblastomas share many molecular similarities, including the accumulation of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Identifying in dog mechanisms responsible for Treg recruitment may afford to target the cellular population driving immunosuppression, the results providing a rationale for translational clinical studies in human patients. Our group has previously identified C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) as a glioma-derived T-reg chemoattractant acting on chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in a murine orthotopic glioma model. Recently, we demonstrated a robust increase of CCL2 in the brain tissue of canine patients bearing high-grade glioma. METHODS: We performed a series of in vitro experiments using canine Tregs and patient-derived canine glioma cell lines (GSC 1110, GSC 0514, J3T-Bg, G06A) to interrogate the CCL2-CCR4 signaling axis in the canine. RESULTS: We established a flow cytometry gating strategy for identifying and isolating FOXP3+ Tregs in dogs. The canine CD4 + CD25high T-cell population was highly enriched in FOXP3 and CCR4 expression, indicating they are bona fide Tregs. Canine Treg migration was enhanced by CCL2 or by glioma cell line-derived supernatant. Blockade of the CCL2-CCR4 axis significantly reduced migration of canine Tregs. CCL2 mRNA was expressed in all glioma cell lines, and expression increased when exposed to Tregs but not CD4 + helper T-cells. CONCLUSION: Our study validates CCL2-CCR4 as a bi-directional Treg-glioma immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting axis in canine high-grade glioma.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Quimiocina CCL2 , Glioma , Receptores CCR4 , Linfocitos T Reguladores , Perros , Animales , Receptores CCR4/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Glioma/metabolismo , Glioma/inmunología , Glioma/patología , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/inmunología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular , HumanosRESUMEN
Purpose: Spontaneously occurring glioma in pet dogs is increasingly recognized as a valuable translational model for human glioblastoma. Canine high grade glioma and human glioblastomas share many molecular similarities, including accumulation of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Identifying in dog mechanisms responsible for Treg recruitment may afford targeting the cellular population driving immunosuppression, the results providing a rationale for translational clinical studies in human patients. Our group has previously identified C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) as a glioma-derived T-reg chemoattractant acting on chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in a murine orthotopic model of glioma. Recently, we demonstrated a robust increase of CCL2 in the brain tissue of canine patients bearing high-grade glioma. Methods: We performed a series of in vitro experiments using canine Tregs and patient-derived canine glioma cell lines (GSC 1110, GSC 0514, J3T-Bg, G06A) to interrogate the CCL2-CCR4 signaling axis in the canine. Results: We established a flow cytometry gating strategy for identification and isolation of FOXP3+ Tregs in dogs. The canine CD4 + CD25high T-cell population was highly enriched in FOXP3 and CCR4 expression, indicating they are bona fide Tregs. Canine Treg migration was enhanced by CCL2 or by glioma cell line-derived supernatant. Blockade of the CCL2-CCR4 axis significantly reduced migration of canine Tregs. CCL2 mRNA was expressed in all glioma cell lines and expression increased when exposed to Tregs but not to CD4 + helper T-cells. Conclusion: Our study validates CCL2-CCR4 as a bi-directional Treg-glioma immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting axis in canine high-grade glioma.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Reports of motor polyneuropathies in young cats are scarce. Further, in-depth electrophysiologic evaluation to confirm a motor polyneuropathy in young cats of various breeds other than 2 Bengal cats is lacking. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To confirm a motor polyneuropathy in young cats of various breeds. ANIMALS: Five young cats with heterogenous chronic or relapsing episodes of weakness. METHODS: Retrospective case series. Cats were presented for evaluation of generalized neuromuscular disease and underwent electrophysiologic examination including electromyography, nerve conduction, and repetitive nerve stimulation. Minimum database and muscle and nerve biopsy analyses were carried out. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS: Disease onset was at 3 months to 1 year of age and in 5 breeds. The most common clinical sign (5 of 5 cats) was weakness. Additional neurologic deficits consisted of palmigrade and plantigrade posture (4/4), low carriage of the head and tail (4/4), and variable segmental reflex deficits (5/5). Motor nerve conduction studies were abnormal for the ulnar (4/4), peroneal (5/5), and tibial (2/2) nerves (increased latencies, reduced amplitudes, slow velocities). A marked decrement was observed on repetitive nerve stimulation of the peroneal nerve in 3 cats for which autoimmune myasthenia gravis was ruled out. All sensory nerve conduction studies were normal. Histologic evaluation of muscle and nerve biopsies supported heterogenous alterations consistent with motor polyneuropathy with distal nerve fiber loss. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Heterogenous motor polyneuropathies should be considered in young cats of any breed and sex that are presented with relapsing or progressive generalized neuromuscular disease.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Polineuropatías/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/patología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/fisiopatología , Gatos , Electromiografía/veterinaria , Femenino , Masculino , Neuronas Motoras/patología , Músculo Esquelético/patología , Conducción Nerviosa , Polineuropatías/diagnóstico , Polineuropatías/patología , Polineuropatías/fisiopatología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estimulación Eléctrica Transcutánea del Nervio/veterinariaRESUMEN
A 10-year-old golden retriever dog was referred with a 24-h history of generalized seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain found no abnormalities on 3 mm transverse sections and the dog was subsequently humanely destroyed. Microscopically there was bilaterally symmetrical focal disorganization of cortical grey matter within the tips of the right and left suprasylvian gyri of the temporal cortex. The focal abnormal cortical lamination was characterized by loss of pyramidal neurons with abnormal, irregular, angular, remaining neurons occasionally forming clusters, surrounded by fibrillary astrogliosis and microgliosis and vascular proliferation. These histological findings are consistent with focal cortical dysplasia, a cerebral cortical malformation that causes seizures in people, but not reported previously in the dog.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Malformaciones del Desarrollo Cortical/veterinaria , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Perros , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Malformaciones del Desarrollo Cortical/complicaciones , Malformaciones del Desarrollo Cortical/patología , Convulsiones/etiología , Convulsiones/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) is a fatal, noninfectious inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. NME has been reported only in a small number of dog breeds, which has led to the presumption that it is a breed-restricted disorder. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to describe histopathologically confirmed NME in dog breeds in which the condition has not been reported previously and to provide preliminary evidence that NME affects a wider spectrum of dog breeds than previously reported. ANIMALS: Four dogs with NME. METHODS: Archives from 3 institutions and from 1 author's (BS) collection were reviewed to identify histopathologically confirmed cases of NME in breeds in which the disease has not been reported previously. Age, sex, breed, survival from onset of clinical signs, and histopathologic findings were evaluated. RESULTS: Necrotizing meningoencephalitis was identified in 4 small dog breeds (Papillon, Shih Tzu, Coton de Tulear, and Brussels Griffon). Median age at clinical evaluation was 2.5 years. Histopathologic abnormalities included 2 or more of the following: lymphoplasmacytic or histiocytic meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, moderate-to-severe cerebrocortical necrosis, variable involvement of other anatomic locations within the brain (cerebellum, brainstem), and absence of detectable infectious agents. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Until now, NME has only been described in 5 small dog breeds. We document an additional 4 small breeds previously not shown to develop NME. Our cases further illustrate that NME is not a breed-restricted disorder and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for dogs with signalment and clinical signs consistent with inflammatory brain disease.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Meningoencefalitis/veterinaria , Animales , Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/química , Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/citología , Enfermedades de los Perros/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Perros , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Histocitoquímica , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Masculino , Meningoencefalitis/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Meningoencefalitis/patología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
A 13-year-old, mixed breed dog presented with a 1-month history of seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a 2.2 × 1.0 × 0.9 cm ovoid and elongate cystic mass within the white matter of the left frontal lobe extending caudally from the cribriform plate to the rostral left lateral ventricle. Three fractions of stereotactic radiotherapy were administered and resulted in reduction of the volume of the tumour; however, the clinical signs failed to improve. On post-mortem examination, a single mass 1.5 × 0.3 × 1 cm was found within the left frontal lobe. It consisted of gelatinous, grey, friable tissue bordering a central empty cavity. Microscopical evaluation revealed polygonal neoplastic cells with distinct cytoplasmic borders and one or more intracytoplasmic solid, brightly eosinophilic, sharply defined globules. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 but were negative for pan cytokeratin, vimentin, olig-2 and synaptophysin. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells had dense whorls of intracytoplasmic intermediate filaments and were connected by multiple intermittent long zonula adherens-type junctions. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of clear cell ependymoma was made. This is the first report of this subtype in the dog.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Ependimoma/veterinaria , Animales , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/metabolismo , Perros , Ependimoma/metabolismo , Ependimoma/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Microscopía Electrónica de TransmisiónAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/fisiopatología , Deficiencia de Tiamina/veterinaria , Encefalopatía de Wernicke/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/tratamiento farmacológico , Gatos , Dieta/veterinaria , Femenino , Masculino , Deficiencia de Tiamina/complicaciones , Deficiencia de Tiamina/tratamiento farmacológico , Encefalopatía de Wernicke/complicaciones , Encefalopatía de Wernicke/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus spp. is a fungal pathogen with a predilection for the central nervous system (CNS). OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical, advanced imaging, and neuropathologic findings in dogs and cats with CNS cryptococcosis, and to evaluate outcome of treatment in these animals. ANIMALS: Twenty-six cats and 21 dogs with CNS cryptococcosis. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for clinical findings and results of CNS imaging. Archived cerebrospinal fluid and CNS tissue specimens were reviewed for pathology. Findings in cats were compared with those in dogs and the effects of variables on survival were determined by survival curve analysis. RESULTS: When present, pain was localized to the cervical region in dogs and was generalized or localized to the thoracolumbar spine or pelvic limbs in cats. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were variable but correlated with CNS histopathological findings of meningitis, meningitis with gelatinous pseudocyst formation, and granulomatous mass lesions. Peripherally enhancing brain lesions were seen only in cats. Histopathologically, the inflammatory response was milder in cats compared with dogs. Remissions of ≥1 year occurred in 32% of treated animals. Altered mentation was associated with negative outcome. Glucocorticoid use after diagnosis was associated with improved survival in the first 10 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Lesions seen on MRI reflected neuropathological findings and were similar to those reported in human patients. The immune response to infection may differ between cats and dogs, or relate to the infecting cryptococcal species. Long-term (>6 month median survival time) survival may be possible in animals surviving ≥4 days after diagnosis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Infecciones del Sistema Nervioso Central/veterinaria , Criptococosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Animales , California/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/patología , Gatos , Infecciones del Sistema Nervioso Central/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Infecciones del Sistema Nervioso Central/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Criptococosis/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Criptococosis/epidemiología , Criptococosis/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinariaAsunto(s)
Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Sarcoma Histiocítico/diagnóstico , Sarcoma Histiocítico/veterinaria , Animales , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Resultado Fatal , Sarcoma Histiocítico/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Sarcoma Histiocítico/patología , Histocitoquímica/veterinaria , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Marked eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalomyelitis (EME) is rarely reported in dogs and the cause is usually undetermined. Long-term prognosis for dogs with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilia is variable. ANIMALS: Twenty-three client-owned dogs. METHODS: Retrospective case series. Dogs with eosinophilic CSF, defined as total nucleated cell count (TNCC) >3 cells/microL with >20% eosinophils, were identified by a computerized search of all dogs having cisternal and/or lumbar CSF analyzed as part of the diagnostic workup between 1992 and 2007. RESULTS: TNCC in CSF ranged from 4 to 4,740 cells/microL (median 84 cells/microL, reference range Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/líquido cefalorraquídeo
, Encefalomielitis/veterinaria
, Eosinofilia/veterinaria
, Leucocitosis/veterinaria
, Animales
, Recuento de Células/veterinaria
, Enfermedades de los Perros/patología
, Perros
, Encefalomielitis/líquido cefalorraquídeo
, Encefalomielitis/patología
, Eosinofilia/líquido cefalorraquídeo
, Eosinofilia/patología
, Femenino
, Leucocitosis/líquido cefalorraquídeo
, Leucocitosis/patología
, Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria
, Masculino
, Meningitis/líquido cefalorraquídeo
, Meningitis/patología
, Meningitis/veterinaria
, Estudios Retrospectivos
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) comprise approximately 10% of all primary brain tumors in dogs. The clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, or both in the presumptive diagnosis of CPTs has not been determined. OBJECTIVES: To report MRI and CSF findings in dogs with CPT and determine if there are distinguishing features that allow clinical discrimination between the tumor grades. ANIMALS: Fifty-six client-owned dogs with naturally occurring CPT. METHODS: Retrospective case series. The inclusion criterion was histologically confirmed CPT. Blinded review of cranial MRI and cisternal CSF analysis was performed. RESULTS: Thirty-six of 56 dogs had a choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) and 20 had a choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). Golden Retrievers were overrepresented compared with the hospital population (frequency 3.7 times that expected, confidence interval 95%= 2.0-6.7, P< .0002). Median CSF protein concentration in CPCs (108 mg/dL, range 27-380 mg/dL) was significantly higher than in CPPs (34 mg/dL, range 32-80 mg/dL) (P= .002). Only dogs with CPCs had a CSF protein concentration >80 mg/dL. Cytological evidence of malignancy in CSF was seen in 7 of 15 CPCs. Only CPCs had evidence of intraventricular or subarachnoid metastases on MRI. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: MRI, CSF analysis or both can help to differentiate between CPPs and CPCs, and may provide valuable prognostic and pretreatment information.
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Neoplasias del Plexo Coroideo/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Animales , Carcinoma/patología , Carcinoma/veterinaria , Neoplasias del Plexo Coroideo/patología , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Papiloma/patología , Papiloma/veterinaria , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in dogs with Hansen type I intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is classically described as normal or mildly inflammatory with a predominance of large mononuclear cells or neutrophils in severe acute herniations. However, we have observed a moderate to marked pleocytosis with a predominance of lymphocytes in some dogs with IVDH. HYPOTHESIS: Moderate to marked CSF pleocytosis occurs more commonly in dogs with type I IVDH than is reported in the literature. Lymphocytic predominance is more common than nonlymphocytic pleocytosis in dogs with chronic IVDH. ANIMALS: Four hundred twenty-three client-owned dogs with type I IVDH. METHODS: Retrospective study. Lumbar CSF of dogs with surgically confirmed type I IVDH was evaluated cytologically. Information obtained from medical records included signalment, prior clinical history, time from onset of signs to presentation, neurologic status, and intraoperative findings. Dogs with prior history and/or intraoperative evidence consistent with chronic IVDH before an acute herniation were termed acute-on-chronic (AOC). RESULTS: Pleocytosis (> 5 cells/uL) was present in 51% of dogs, including 23% with cervical IVDH and 61% with thoracolumbar IVDH. Moderate or marked inflammation (> or = 20 cells/uL) was identified in the CSF of 51% of dogs with thoracolumbar IVDH and pleocytosis. A predominance of lymphocytes was significantly more common in dogs examined > 7 days from onset of signs (P= .032) and in dogs with AOC IVDH (P= .0013). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Moderate to marked CSF pleocytosis in dogs with type I IVDH is more common than previously reported. Lymphocytic pleocytosis is most common in dogs with chronic progression or AOC IVDH. Lymphocytic inflammation in the CSF of some dogs might suggest an immune-mediated response to chronically herniated disc material.
Asunto(s)
Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/química , Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/citología , Enfermedades de los Perros/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Región Lumbosacra , Corticoesteroides/uso terapéutico , Animales , Perros , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/terapia , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
An acute to chronic idiopathic necrotizing meningoencephalitis was diagnosed in 5 Chihuahua dogs aged between 1.5 and 10 years. Presenting neurologic signs included seizures, blindness, mentation changes, and postural deficits occurring from 5 days to 5.5 months prior to presentation. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses from 2 of 3 dogs sampled were consistent with an inflammatory disease. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of 2 dogs demonstrated multifocal loss or collapse of cortical gray/white matter demarcation hypointense on T1-weighted images, with T2-weighted hyperintensity and slight postcontrast enhancement. Multifocal asymmetrical areas of necrosis or collapse in both gray and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres was seen grossly in 4 brains. Microscopically in all dogs, there was a severe, asymmetrical, intensely cellular, nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis usually with cystic necrosis in subcortical white matter. There were no lesions in the mesencephalon or metencephalon except in 1 dog. Immunophenotyping defined populations of CD3, CD11d, CD18, CD20, CD45, CD45 RA, and CD79a immunoreactive inflammatory cells varying in density and location but common to acute and chronic lesions. In fresh frozen lesions, both CD1b,c and CD11c immunoreactive dendritic antigen-presenting cells were also identified. Immunoreactivity for canine distemper viral (CDV) antigen was negative in all dogs. The clinical signs, distribution pattern, and histologic type of lesions bear close similarities to necrotizing meningoencephalitis as described in series of both Pug and Maltese breed dogs and less commonly in other breeds.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Meningoencefalitis/veterinaria , Animales , Conducta Animal , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Meningoencefalitis/patología , Lóbulo Parietal/patología , Convulsiones/etiología , Convulsiones/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intracranial meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors in dogs. Classification of meningiomas by tumor grade and subtype has not been reported, and the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics for predicting tumor subtype and grade has not been investigated. HYPOTHESIS: Canine intracranial meningiomas are a heterogenous group of tumors with differing histological subtypes and grades. Prediction of histopathological classification is possible based on MRI characteristics. ANIMALS: One hundred and twelve dogs with a histological diagnosis of intracranial meningioma. METHODS: Retrospective observational study. RESULTS: Meningiomas were overrepresented in the Golden Retriever and Boxer breeds with no sex predilection. The incidence of specific tumor grades was 56% benign (Grade I), 43% atypical (Grade II), and 1% malignant (Grade III). Grade I histological subtypes included meningothelial (43%), transitional (40%), microcystic (8%), psammomatous (6%), and angiomatous (3%). No statistically significant (P < .05) associations were found among tumor subtype or grade and any of the MRI features studied. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Meningiomas in dogs differ from their counterparts in humans mainly in their higher incidence of atypical (Grade II) tumors observed. MRI characteristics do not allow for prediction of meningioma subtype or grade, emphasizing the necessity of histopathology for antemortem diagnosis. The higher incidence of atypical tumors in dogs may contribute to the poorer therapeutic response in dogs with meningiomas as compared with the response in humans with meningiomas.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/clasificación , Técnicas Histológicas/veterinaria , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Neoplasias Meníngeas/veterinaria , Meningioma/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Neoplasias Meníngeas/clasificación , Neoplasias Meníngeas/patología , Meningioma/clasificación , Meningioma/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Meningioma is the most common primary intraspinal nervous system tumor in dogs. Clinical findings, clinicopathologic data, and treatment of these tumors have been reported sporadically, but little information is available regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, histologic tumor grade, or efficacy of radiation therapy as an adjunct to cytoreductive surgery. ANIMALS: Dogs with histologically confirmed intraspinal meningiomas (n = 34). METHODS: A retrospective study of dogs with intraspinal meningiomas between 1984 and 2006 was carried out. Signalment, historical information, physical examination, clinicopathologic data, radiation therapy protocols, surgery reports, and all available images were reviewed. All tumors were histologically classified and graded as defined by the international World Health Organization classification scheme for central nervous system tumors. RESULTS: Intraspinal mengiomas in dogs are most common in the cervical spinal cord but can be found throughout the neuraxis. Location is correlated with histologic grade, with grade I tumors more likely to be in the cervical region than grade II tumors. Myelography generally shows an intradural extramedullary compressive lesion. On magnetic resonance imaging, the masses are strongly and uniformly contrast enhancing and a dural tail often is present. CSF analysis usually shows increased protein concentration with mild to moderate mixed pleocytosis. Surgical resection is an effective means of improving neurologic status, and adjunctive radiation therapy may lead to an improved outcome. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Biopsy is necessary for definitive diagnosis, but imaging and CSF analysis can suggest a diagnosis of meningioma. Treatment of meningiomas with surgery and radiation therapy can result in a fair to excellent prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Meningioma/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/clasificación , Perros , Femenino , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Masculino , Meningioma/clasificación , Meningioma/patología , Radiografía/veterinaria , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Two geriatric domestic shorthaired cats (DSH) were treated surgically with a ventral bulla osteotomy and craniectomy for middle ear tumours that invaded the calvarium. Both cats had a history of vestibular disease. One cat had a normal neurological examination. Both cats underwent computed tomographic imaging of the head. After intravenous injection of an iodinated contrast material, one cat had a ring-enhancing intracranial lesion and the other had a uniform contrast-enhancing intracranial lesion, which either communicated with the bulla or was associated with bulla osseous lysis/production. One cat had a papillary adenoma and the other had an adenocarcinoma. Both cats had prolonged survivals (630 days; alive and lost to follow-up at 840 days), which is longer than reported in cats with middle ear neoplasia. Craniectomy, in addition to ventral bulla osteotomy, may be part of the treatment plan for middle ear tumours that invade the calvarium.
RESUMEN
Although pure granular cell tumors have been reported in various sites in the dog, only one tumor has been reported in the central nervous system. Two dogs presented with neurologic signs had brain lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging in the area of the olfactory bulbs and frontal cortex. In both dogs, a clinical diagnosis of a granular cell tumor was made from tissues obtained from stereotactic biopsies guided by computed tomography. Surgical removal of the tumors was followed by histopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical characterization. Although not conclusive, these studies indicated that the granular cells were not of leucocyte origin but may have been derived from the meninges. One dog died 12 months after surgery, and the other was alive 4 months later.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Tumor de Células Granulares/veterinaria , Animales , Biopsia/veterinaria , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirugía , Neoplasias Encefálicas/ultraestructura , Craneotomía/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Perros , Tumor de Células Granulares/patología , Tumor de Células Granulares/cirugía , Tumor de Células Granulares/ultraestructura , Inmunohistoquímica/veterinaria , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica/veterinaria , Convulsiones/patología , Convulsiones/cirugía , Convulsiones/veterinariaRESUMEN
Nine dogs presenting for investigation of cervical or thoracolumbar myelopathies were diagnosed with extradural spinal synovial cysts. Degenerative disease affecting the articular facets or intervertebral discs was present on plain spinal radiographs in all cases. Myelography was consistent with dorsolateral, extradural spinal cord compression. Two groups of dogs were identified: (1) young, giant breed dogs with multiple cysts involving one or more levels of the cervical spinal cord; and (2) older, large breed dogs with solitary cysts involving the thoracolumbar spinal cord. The synovial cysts constituted the major compressive lesions in four of the dogs. Analysis of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid demonstrated albuminocytological dissociation, consistent with chronic compressive myelopathy, in six dogs. All dogs underwent decompressive surgery and the diagnosis of synovial cysts was confirmed histologically. The mean follow-up period was 17 months (range four to 36 months). At the time of follow-up, all dogs were fully ambulatory with improved neurological function compared with that at initial presentation.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Quiste Sinovial/veterinaria , Animales , Cruzamiento , Vértebras Cervicales/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Perros/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Perros , Femenino , Laminectomía/veterinaria , Masculino , Mielografía/veterinaria , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/diagnóstico , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/etiología , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/cirugía , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/etiología , Quiste Sinovial/complicaciones , Quiste Sinovial/diagnóstico , Quiste Sinovial/diagnóstico por imagen , Quiste Sinovial/cirugíaRESUMEN
The recent application of neuroimaging techniques in veterinary neurology has led to the accurate localization of many types of intracranial lesions but has also created a clinical need, particularly with brain tumors, for a specific intraoperative diagnosis. For human brain tumors, a smear technique has been used successfully for many years to provide an extremely rapid, highly accurate intraoperative diagnosis. In similar smear preparations of intracranial lesions, obtained either by computed tomography (CT)-guided stereobiopsy or from a craniotomy, we have described distinguishing cytologic features of some primary spontaneous nervous system tumors in 80 dogs and 13 cats. A final diagnosis was confirmed by evaluation of paraffin-embedded sections from the same sample and, when appropriate, by immunocytochemical staining. Preliminary findings indicate that, in dogs and cats, this procedure is useful for rapid, accurate intraoperative diagnosis of many primary nervous system tumors. The distinguishing features of the canine and feline tumors bear a remarkably close resemblance to their human counterparts.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Animales , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Perros , Glioma/diagnóstico , Glioma/patología , Glioma/veterinaria , Inmunohistoquímica , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/diagnóstico , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/patología , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/veterinariaRESUMEN
Existing reports concerning intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) have focused almost exclusively on dogs, although a small number of individual case reports of IVDD of cats has been published. The medical records of six cats with IVDD were reviewed. Radiographic studies confirmed narrowed intervertebral disc spaces, mineralised intervertebral discs, and one or more extradural compressive lesions of the spinal cord in each cat. All disc extrusions were located in the thoracolumbar region. Surgical decompression of the spinal cord was achieved in all cats by means of hemilaminectomy and removal of compressive extradural material confirmed to be degenerative disc material. Good to excellent neurological recovery was noted in five of the six cats included in this report. Based on this review, it appears that IVDD of cats has many similarities to IVDD of dogs, and that healthy cats with acute intervertebral disc extrusion(s) respond favourably to surgical decompression of the spinal cord.