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Introduction: Background: little information is availaible on the effect of fructose on bile lipids. The first stage in the formation of gallstones corresponds to biliary cholesterol crystallization, derived from the vesicular transporters. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of consuming diets with different fructose concentrations on serum lipids and their implications on gallstones formation. Methods: BALB/c mice divided into a control group as well as groups were treated with different fructose concentrations (10 %, 30 %, 50 % or 70 %) for different periods (1, 2 or 5 months). Blood, liver and bile samples were obtained. In bile samples, cholesterol and phospholipids levels were analyzed, and cholesterol transporters (vesicles and micelles) were separated by gel filtration chromatography. Results: treated animals showed: 1) increases in body weight similar to the control group; 2) a significant increase in plasma triglycerides only at very high fructose concentrations; 3) a significant increase in total serum cholesterol in the treatment for 1 month; 4) no variations in HDL-cholesterol; 5) a significant increase in serum glucose only at very high fructose concentrations in the second month of treatment; 6) no differences in the plasma alanine-aminotransferase activity; 7) a significant increase in liver triglyceride levels only at very high fructose concentrations; 8) no change in biliary lipid concentrations or in micellar and vesicular phospholipids. Conclusion: changes in plasma, liver and bile lipids were only observed at very high fructose concentrations diets. We conclude that fructose apparently does not alter the gallstone formation process in our experimental model.
Introducción: Introducción: se dispone de escasa información sobre el efecto de la fructosa sobre los lípidos biliares. La primera etapa en la formación de cálculos biliares corresponde a la cristalización del colesterol biliar, derivado de los transportadores vesiculares. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la influencia del consumo de dietas con diferentes concentraciones de fructosa en los lípidos séricos y sus implicaciones en el proceso de formación de cálculos biliares. Métodos: ratones BALB/c fueron tratados con diferentes concentraciones de fructosa (10 %, 30 %, 50 % o 70 %) durante diferentes períodos (1, 2 o 5 meses). Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre, hígado y bilis. En muestras de bilis se analizaron los niveles de colesterol y fosfolípidos, y los transportadores de colesterol (vesículas y micelas) se separaron mediante cromatografía de filtración en gel. Resultados: los animales tratados mostraron: 1) aumentos en el peso corporal similares al grupo de control; 2) aumento significativo en los triglicéridos plasmáticos sólo a concentraciones muy altas de fructosa; 3) aumento significativo del colesterol sérico total en el tratamiento durante 1 mes; 4) ninguna variación en los niveles de HDL-colesterol; 5) aumento significativo en glucosa sérica solo a concentraciones muy altas de fructosa; 6) ninguna diferencia en la actividad de la alanina-aminotransferasa plasmática; 7) aumento significativo en los niveles de triglicéridos hepáticos sólo a concentraciones muy altas de fructosa; 8) ningún cambio en las concentraciones de lípidos biliares o en los fosfolípidos micelares y vesiculares. Conclusión: se observaron cambios en los lípidos plasmáticos, hígado y bilis sólo en dietas con concentraciones muy altas de fructosa. Concluimos que la fructosa aparentemente no altera el proceso de formación de cálculos biliares en nuestro modelo experimental.
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Cálculos Biliares , Ratones , Animales , Bilis/química , Colesterol , Hígado , Ácidos y Sales Biliares , DietaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between a lifestyle score and all-cause mortality in the Chilean population. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTINGS: The score was based on seven modifiable behaviours: salt intake, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, smoking, physical activity and sedentary behaviours. 1-point was assigned for each healthy recommendation. Points were summed to create an unweighted score from 0 (less healthy) to 7 (healthiest). According to their score, participants were then classified into: less healthy (0-2 points), moderately healthy (3-4 points) and the healthiest (5-7 points). Associations between the categories of lifestyle score and all-cause mortality were investigated using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for confounders. Nonlinear associations were also investigated. PARTICIPANTS: 2706 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 10·9 years, 286 (10·6 %) participants died. In the maximally adjusted model, and compared with the healthiest participants, those less healthy had 2·55 (95 % CI 1·75, 3·71) times higher mortality risk due to any cause. Similar trends were identified for the moderately healthy group. Moreover, there was a significant trend towards increasing the mortality risk when increasing unhealthy behaviours (hazard ratio model 3: 1·61 (95 % CI 1·34, 1·94)). There was no evidence of nonlinearity between the lifestyle score and all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Individuals in the less healthy lifestyle category had higher mortality risk than the healthiest group. Therefore, public health strategies should be implemented to promote adherence to a healthy lifestyle across the Chilean population.
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Estilo de Vida Saludable , Estilo de Vida , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Chile/epidemiología , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Antecedentes: Tanto el gen FTO (Fat-mass and obesity-associated-gene) y el tiempo sedente se asocian a obesidad, sin embargo, se desconoce si el tiempo sedente puede modificar la predisposición genética a la obesidad. Por ende, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la asociación entre el polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO y marcadores de adiposidad podrían ser modificados por el tiempo sedente. Métodos: Este estudio de corte transversal incluye a 409 participantes del estudio GENADIO. Los marcadores de adiposidad estudiados fueron peso corporal, índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cintura (PC) y porcentaje masa grasa. El tiempo sedente se determinó mediante acelerometría de movimiento. La interacción entre el gen FTO (rs9939609) y el tiempo sedente sobre los marcadores de adiposidad se determinó mediante análisis de regresión múltiple. Resultados: Tanto la variante de riesgo del gen FTO como el tiempo sedente se asociaron a mayor peso corporal, IMC, PC y masa grasa. Sin embargo, la asociación entre tiempo sedente y marcadores de adiposidad fue mayor en personas portadoras del alelo de riesgo del gen FTO. Por cada 1 hora de incremento en tiempo sedente, el peso corporal incrementa en 1,36 kg ([95% IC: 0,27; 2,46], p = 0,015) y 2,95 kg ([95% IC: 1,24; 4,65], p = 0,001) en personas con la variante protectora (TT) versus aquellos con la variante de riesgo (AA), respectivamente. Resultados similares se encontraron para (PC). Conclusión: La asociación entre la variante de riesgo de FTO y mayor nivel de adiposidad es más acentuada en individuos que presentan mayores niveles de sedentarismo.
Background: The Fat-mass and obesity-associated-gene (FTO gene) and sedentary behavior time are associated with obesity. However, whether sedentary behavior time can modify the genetic predisposition to obesity in the Chilean population is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the association between sedentary behavior, adiposity markers, and the FTO gene. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 409 participants from the Genes, Environment, Diabetes, and Obesity (GENADIO) study. Adiposity markers studied included body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat mass. Sedentary behaviors were measured using accelerometers. Using multiple regression, we evaluated the interaction between sedentary behaviors and the FTO gene (rs9939609) on adiposity markers. Results: Sedentary behaviors and the FTO genotype were positively associated with higher body weight, BMI, WC, and fat mass. However, the association between time of sedentary behavior and adiposity markers was higher in carriers of the risk variant for the FTO gene. For each hour of increment in sedentary behaviors, body weight increases by 1.36 kg ([95% CI: 0.27; 2.46], p = 0.015) and 2.95 kg ([95%CI: 1.24; 4.65], p = 0.001) in non-risk carriers (TT) versus risk carriers (AA), respectively. We observed similar results for WC, BMI, and body fat, but the interaction was significant only for WC. Conclusion: The association between sedentary behaviors and adiposity markers, especially body weight and WC, is higher in individuals who carry the risk variant of the FTO gene.
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Alternariol is a toxic metabolite of Alternaria fungi and studies have shown multiple potential pharmacological effects. To outline the anticancer effects and mechanisms of alternariol and its derivatives based on database reports, an updated search of PubMed/MedLine, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus databases was performed with relevant keywords for published articles. The studies found to suggest that this mycotoxin and/or its derivatives have potential anticancer effects in many pharmacological preclinical test systems. Scientific reports indicate that alternariol and/or its derivatives exhibit anticancer through several pathways, including cytotoxic, reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked cytotoxic effect, anti-inflammatory, cell cycle arrest, apoptotic cell death, genotoxic and mutagenic, anti-proliferative, autophagy, and estrogenic and clastogenic mechanisms. In light of these results, alternariol may be one of the hopeful chemotherapeutic agents.
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Children carrying the minor allele 'A' at the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) gene have higher obesity prevalence. We examined the link between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and plasma adiponectin and the mediating role of body adiposity, in a cross-sectional study comprising 323 children aged 6-11 years. Adiponectin and FTO genotypes were assessed using a commercial kit and a real-time polymerase chain reaction with high-resolution melting analysis, respectively. Body adiposity included body mass index z-score, body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio. To investigate adiponectin (outcome) associations with FTO and adiposity, linear regressions were implemented in additive models and across genotype categories, adjusting for sex, age and Tanner's stage. Using mediation analysis, we determined the proportion of the association adiponectin-FTO mediated by body adiposity. Lower adiponectin concentrations were associated with one additional risk allele (ßadditive = -0.075 log-µg/mL [-0.124; -0.025]), a homozygous risk genotype (ßAA/TT = -0.150 [-0.253; -0.048]) and a higher body mass index z-score (ß = -0.130 [-0.176; -0.085]). Similar results were obtained for body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio. Body adiposity may mediate up to 29.8% of the FTO-adiponectin association. In conclusion, FTO rs9939609-related differences in body adiposity may partially explain lower adiponectin concentrations. Further studies need to disentangle the biological pathways independent from body adiposity.
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GLUT1 is a facilitative glucose transporter that can transport oxidized vitamin C (i.e., dehydroascorbic acid) and complements the action of reduced vitamin C transporters. To identify the residues involved in human GLUT1's transport of dehydroascorbic acid, we performed docking studies in the 5 Å grid of the glucose-binding cavity of GLUT1. The interactions of the bicyclic hemiacetal form of dehydroascorbic acid with GLUT1 through hydrogen bonds with the -OH group of C3 and C5 were less favorable than the interactions with the sugars transported by GLUT1. The eight most relevant residues in such interactions (i.e., F26, Q161, I164, Q282, Y292, and W412) were mutated to alanine to perform functional studies for dehydroascorbic acid and the glucose analog, 2-deoxiglucose, in Xenopus laevis oocytes. All the mutants decreased the uptake of both substrates to less than 50%. The partial effect of the N317A mutant in transporting dehydroascorbic acid was associated with a 30% decrease in the Vmax compared to the wildtype GLUT1. The results show that both substrates share the eight residues studied in GLUT1, albeit with a differential contribution of N317. Our work, combining docking with functional studies, marks the first to identify structural determinants of oxidized vitamin C's transport via GLUT1.
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Ácido Deshidroascórbico , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1 , Humanos , Ácido Ascórbico , Transporte Biológico , Ácido Deshidroascórbico/metabolismo , Glucosa , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/química , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Fat-mass and obesity-associated-gene (FTO gene) and sedentary behavior time are associated with obesity. However, whether sedentary behavior time can modify the genetic predisposition to obesity in the Chilean population is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the association between sedentary behavior, adiposity markers, and the FTO gene. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 409 participants from the Genes, Environment, Diabetes, and Obesity (GENADIO) study. Adiposity markers studied included body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat mass. Sedentary behaviors were measured using accelerometers. Using multiple regression, we evaluated the interaction between sedentary behaviors and the FTO gene (rs9939609) on adiposity markers. RESULTS: Sedentary behaviors and the FTO genotype were positively associated with higher body weight, BMI, WC, and fat mass. However, the association between time of sedentary behavior and adiposity markers was higher in carriers of the risk variant for the FTO gene. For each hour of increment in sedentary behaviors, body weight increases by 1.36 kg ([95% CI: 0.27; 2.46], p = 0.015) and 2.95 kg ([95%CI: 1.24; 4.65], p = 0.001) in non-risk carriers (TT) versus risk carriers (AA), respectively. We observed similar results for WC, BMI, and body fat, but the interaction was significant only for WC. CONCLUSION: The association between sedentary behaviors and adiposity markers, especially body weight and WC, is higher in individuals who carry the risk variant of the FTO gene.
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Adiposidad , Dioxigenasa FTO Dependiente de Alfa-Cetoglutarato , Índice de Masa Corporal , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Obesidad , Conducta Sedentaria , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Humanos , Dioxigenasa FTO Dependiente de Alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Chile , Adiposidad/genética , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/genética , Circunferencia de la Cintura/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Genotipo , Factores de Riesgo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genéticaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) participates in the control of appetite at the level of the central nervous system, through the leptin-melanocortin pathway. An association between different polymorphisms of the MC4R gene and obesity has been reported. However, there are few studies of the rs483145 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of this gene. OBJECTIVE: To investigate its prevalence and association with adiposity markers in Chilean adults. METHODS: The prevalence of SNP rs483145, of the MC4R gene, was determined in 259 participants of the GENADIO study (genes, environment, diabetes and obesity) by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The association between the risk allele of MC4R (A) and adiposity markers (body weight, body mass index, fat mass percentage, hip circumference, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) was performed by linear regression analysis and adjusted for confusion variables (socio-demographic and physic activity) using three statistical models. RESULTS: It was determined that the prevalence of the risk allele (A) of the SNP rs483145 of the MC4R gene is 24.5% in the Chilean adult population included in this study, without finding an association with any of the adiposity markers studied, both in adjusted and unadjusted models. CONCLUSION: The presence of the risk allele of SNP rs483145 of the MC4R gene is not associated with adiposity markers in the Chilean adult population studied. New studies with a bigger sample size will be necessary to confirm these results.
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Obesidad , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4 , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Chile/epidemiología , Humanos , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/genéticaRESUMEN
Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant associated with the prevention of the common cold and is also a cofactor of hydrolases that participate in the synthesis of collagen and catecholamines, and in the regulation of gene expression. In cancer, vitamin C is associated with prevention, progression, and treatment, due to its general properties or its role as a pro-oxidant at high concentration. This review explores the role of vitamin C in cancer clinical trials and the aspects to consider in future studies, such as plasmatic vitamin C and metabolite excretion recording, and metabolism and transport of vitamin C into cancer cells. The reviewed studies show that vitamin C intake from natural sources can prevent the development of pulmonary and breast cancer, and that vitamin C synergizes with gemcitabine and erlotinib in pancreatic cancer. In vitro assays reveal that vitamin C synergizes with DNA-methyl transferase inhibitors. However, vitamin C was not associated with cancer prevention in a Mendelian randomized study. In conclusion, the role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of cancer is still an ongoing area of research. It is necessary that new phase II and III clinical trials be performed to collect stronger evidence of the therapeutic role of vitamin C in cancer.
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RESUMEN Introducción: La lactancia materna (LM) es un factor protector contra la obesidad infantil; sin embargo, los mecanismos a través de los cuales ejerce este efecto aún no están claros. El objetivo fue describir los mecanismos asociados al efecto protector que ejerce la lactancia materna contra la obesidad infantil. Métodos: Se utilizaron los buscadores PUBMED, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library y Scielo para desarrollar una revisión descriptiva de la evidencia científica. Las palabras clave fueron: lactancia materna, obesidad, mecanismo y dieta. Se revisaron artículos en español e inglés, desde 1977 hasta el 2020. Resultados: El efecto protector de la LM contra la obesidad infantil está dado por una combinación de varios mecanismos, se destaca su composición nutricional y el aporte de sustancias bioactivas, algunas de ellas reguladoras de la ingesta energética. Los lactantes que reciben LM por más tiempo seleccionan alimentos más saludables en etapa preescolar, independiente de factores sociodemográficos. También han sido descritos efectos en la adiposidad, el control del peso corporal y la ingesta energética mediante regulación de la programación epigenética y de la microbiota intestinal. Conclusión: La LM es un proceso único, que interacciona de forma compleja con factores del crecimiento y desarrollo de los lactantes y preescolares. Su rol protector contra la obesidad ha sido asociado a diversos mecanismos. Sin embargo, se requiere de nuevas investigaciones para comprender los alcances que puede presentar la LM en la etapa pediátrica y su rol en la prevención de la obesidad.
ABSTRACT Background and aim: Breastfeeding (BF) is a protective factor against childhood obesity; however, the mechanisms associated with this effect have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to describe the mechanisms related to the protective effect of breastfeeding against childhood obesity. Methods: A search on PUBMED, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library and SCIELO databases was carried out to develop a descriptive review of the scientific evidence. The key words were breastfeeding; obesity; mechanism and diet. Articles were reviewed in Spanish and English from 1977 to 2020. Results: The protective effect of BF against childhood obesity is given by a combination of several mechanism. Its nutritional composition and the contribution of bioactive substances stand out, some of them regulated by the energy intake. Infants who are breastfed choose healthier foods in preschool, regardless of sociodemographic factors. Effects on adiposity, control of body weight and energy intake have also been described by epigenetic regulation programming and the intestinal microbiota. Conclusion: BF is a unique process that interacts in a complex way with infants and preschoolers' growth and developmental factors Its protective role against childhood obesity has been associated with various mechanisms. New research is still required to understand the implications of BF in pediatric age and its role in preventing obesity.
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BACKGROUND: Adiposity and education are two independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is limited evidence whether both education and adiposity are associated with T2D in an additive manner in the Chilean population. AIM: To investigate the joint association between adiposity and education with T2D in the Chilean adult population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of data of the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,033 participants with a mean age of 43 years, (51% women). Poisson regression analyses with robust standard error were used to investigate the joint association of the education level and general and central adiposity with T2D. The results were reported as Prevalence Ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (PR, 95% CI). RESULTS: Obesity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in men than in women, however central adiposity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in women than in men. Compared with men who had higher education (> 12 years) and had normal body weight, those with the same educational level and who were obese had 2.3-times higher probability of having T2D (PR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.02; 5.39]). For women, having a low education and being obese was associated with 4.4-times higher probability of having T2D compared to those with higher education and normal body mass index (BMI) (PR: 4.47 [95% IC: 2.12; 9.24]). Similar results were observed when waist circumference was used as a marker of obesity rather than BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Women and men with higher BMI and low education had a higher risk of T2D. However, this risk was higher in women than in men.
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Adiposidad , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Circunferencia de la CinturaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Genetic variants within the FTO gene have been associated with increased adiposity and metabolic markers; however, there is limited evidence regarding the association of FTO gene variants with physical activity-related variables. The authors aimed to investigate the association of the rs17817449 single-nucleotide polymorphism of FTO with physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness in Chilean adults. METHODS: A total of 409 participants from the GENADIO study were included and genotyped for the rs17817449 single-nucleotide polymorphism of FTO in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured with ActiGraph accelerometers. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using the Chester step test. The associations were assessed by using multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: No associations were found for FTO variant with physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness. The risk allele (G) of the FTO was found to be associated with sedentary time in the minimally adjusted model (ß = 19.7 min/d; 95% confidence interval, 4.0 to 35.5, per each copy of the risk allele; P = .006), but the association was no longer significant when body mass index was included as a confounder (P = .211). CONCLUSION: The rs17817449 single-nucleotide polymorphism of the FTO gene was not associated with the level of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and sedentary behaviors in Chilean adults.
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Capacidad Cardiovascular , Conducta Sedentaria , Adulto , Dioxigenasa FTO Dependiente de Alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , Aptitud Física , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) participates in the control of appetite at the level of the central nervous system, through the leptin-melanocortin pathway. An association between different polymorphisms of the MC4R gene and obesity has been reported. However, there are few studies of the rs483145 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of this gene. OBJECTIVE: To investigate its prevalence and association with adiposity markers in Chilean adults. METHODS: The prevalence of SNP rs483145, of the MC4R gene, was determined in 259 participants of the GENADIO study (genes, environment, diabetes and obesity) by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The association between the risk allele of MC4R (A) and adiposity markers (body weight, body mass index, fat mass percentage, hip circumference, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) was performed by linear regression analysis and adjusted for confusion variables (socio-demographic and physic activity) using three statistical models. RESULTS: It was determined that the prevalence of the risk allele (A) of the SNP rs483145 of the MC4R gene is 24.5% in the Chilean adult population included in this study, without finding an association with any of the adiposity markers studied, both in adjusted and unadjusted models. CONCLUSION: The presence of the risk allele of SNP rs483145 of the MC4R gene is not associated with adiposity markers in the Chilean adult population studied. New studies with a bigger sample size will be necessary to confirm these results.
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The study describes the current state of knowledge on nanotechnology and its utilization in medicine. The focus in this manuscript was on the properties, usage safety, and potentially valuable applications of chitosan-based nanomaterials. Chitosan nanoparticles have high importance in nanomedicine, biomedical engineering, discovery and development of new drugs. The manuscript reviewed the new studies regarding the use of chitosan-based nanoparticles for creating new release systems with improved bioavailability, increased specificity and sensitivity, and reduced pharmacological toxicity of drugs. Nowadays, effective cancer treatment is a global problem, and recent advances in nanomedicine are of great importance. Special attention was put on the application of chitosan nanoparticles in developing new system for anticancer drug delivery. Pre-clinical and clinical studies support the use of chitosan-based nanoparticles in nanomedicine. This manuscript overviews the last progresses regarding the utilization, stability, and bioavailability of drug nanoencapsulation with chitosan and their safety.
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Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) prevalence has significantly increased worldwide in recent years due to population age, obesity, and modern sedentary lifestyles. The projections estimate that 439 million people will be diabetic in 2030. T2DM is characterized by an impaired ß-pancreatic cell function and insulin secretion, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and recently the epigenetic regulation of ß-pancreatic cells differentiation has been underlined as being involved. It is currently known that several bioactive molecules, widely abundant in plants used as food or infusions, have a key role in histone modification and DNA methylation, and constituted potential epidrugs candidates against T2DM. In this sense, in this review the epigenetic mechanisms involved in T2DM and protein targets are reviewed, with special focus in studies addressing the potential use of phytochemicals as epidrugs that prevent and/or control T2DM in vivo and in vitro. As main findings, and although some controversial results have been found, bioactive molecules with epigenetic regulatory function, appear to be a potential replacement/complementary therapy of pharmacological hypoglycemic drugs, with minimal side effects. Indeed, natural epidrugs have shown to prevent or delay the T2DM development and the morbidity associated to dysfunction of blood vessels, eyes and kidneys due to sustained hyperglycemia in T2DM patients.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Epigénesis Genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Secreción de Insulina , Fitoquímicos/uso terapéutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patología , HumanosRESUMEN
Differentiated mammary epithelial cells are responsible for milk synthesis during lactation, supporting early postnatal life in mammals. These cells are found in the terminal alveoli of a secretory epithelium, which is surrounded by myoepithelial cells and a stroma rich in fatty tissue. The aim of this study was to explore the cell-specific expression of the glucose transporter GLUT8 in mammary gland and evaluate its functionality for glucose transport, in order to confirm its role in lactose synthesis. Our histological results revealed that GLUT8 is expressed in adipocytes and the epithelial and myoepithelial cells in mammary gland, with a predominant intracellular granular pattern. Colocalization studies of endogenous and green fluorescent protein fused GLUT8 revealed their expressions in lysosome and Golgi, respectively, with Pearson's coefficient correlations of 0.82 ± 0.05 and 0.68 ± 0.16. Functional studies of dileucine to dialanine mutant of GLUT8 showed a fructose-sensitive 2-deoxy glucose uptake at a rate of 83.3 pmoles/(min∗106 cells), 7 folds over empty vector, with a 60 ± 4 and 72 ± 6% decline in 2-deoxy glucose in the presence of 20 and 50 mM fructose, respectively. We concluded that functional GLUT8 is expressed in mammary gland, localizing in mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells, and adipocytes. In lactation, GLUT8 is expressed mainly in luminal epithelial cells, at the compartments of the endomembrane system. It is necessary to explore the physiological/pathological functions of GLUT8 in mammary gland, including its role in lactation.
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Proteínas Facilitadoras del Transporte de la Glucosa/genética , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/citología , Adipocitos/citología , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular , Células Epiteliales/citología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Proteínas Facilitadoras del Transporte de la Glucosa/análisis , Humanos , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB CRESUMEN
A pesar de que son muchos los suplementos deportivos que se etiquetan como ergogénicos, pocos son los que realmente demuestran su efectividad. Si bien estos suplementos están destinados principalmente para deportistas de élite, su uso se ha masificado en la po-blación general, esto debido a la falta de regulación en uso y venta, así como por los potenciales beneficios que podrían otorgar. Frente a estas limitantes ¿cuál es la efectividad de estos productos más allá de la moda? En esta comunicación breve se revisa la evidencia respecto al efecto y la efectividad de 11 suplementos y plantas utilizados como ayuda ergogénica. A pesar de los múltiples beneficios en los suplementos ergogénicos identificados, es necesario tener precaución al momento de generalizar los resultados obtenidos por algunos ergogénicos, ya que su efecto podría ser secundario y/o estar condicionado por otros factores. Es necesario mayores estudios clínicos que permitan asociar una relación causa-efecto en el rendimiento deportivo y la población general.
Although many sports supplements have been identified as ergogenic, few have demonstrated their effectiveness. They were originally created for high-performance athletes, but their consumption has incremented in the general population. Lack of regulation to sell and use these products is one of the main problems in our society. In this context, what is the effectiveness of ergogenic supplements beyond the trends? In this short communication, 11 ergogenic supplements and plants will be discussed regarding their effect and efficacy. However, considering that their effect could be a side effect of other factors, findings should be analyzed with caution. Further clinical trials are needed to estimate the causal effect in sports performance and the general population.
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Deportes , Revisión , Sustancias para Mejorar el Rendimiento , Suplementos Dietéticos , DietaRESUMEN
Background: Adiposity and education are two independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is limited evidence whether both education and adiposity are associated with T2D in an additive manner in the Chilean population. Aim: To investigate the joint association between adiposity and education with T2D in the Chilean adult population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data of the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,033 participants with a mean age of 43 years, (51% women). Poisson regression analyses with robust standard error were used to investigate the joint association of the education level and general and central adiposity with T2D. The results were reported as Prevalence Ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (PR, 95% CI). Results: Obesity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in men than in women, however central adiposity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in women than in men. Compared with men who had higher education (> 12 years) and had normal body weight, those with the same educational level and who were obese had 2.3-times higher probability of having T2D (PR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.02; 5.39]). For women, having a low education and being obese was associated with 4.4-times higher probability of having T2D compared to those with higher education and normal body mass index (BMI) (PR: 4.47 [95% IC: 2.12; 9.24]). Similar results were observed when waist circumference was used as a marker of obesity rather than BMI. Conclusions: Women and men with higher BMI and low education had a higher risk of T2D. However, this risk was higher in women than in men.