Iron homeostasis and management of oxidative stress response in bacteria.

Iron is both an essential nutrient for the growth of microorganisms, as well as a dangerous metal due to its capacity to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton reaction. For these reasons, bacteria must tightly control the uptake and storage of iron in a manner that restricts the build-up of ROS. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that the control of iron homeostasis and responses to oxidative stress are coordinated. The mechanisms concerned with these processes, and the interactions involved, are the subject of this review.

A proteome analysis of the response of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa oxyR mutant to iron limitation.

In Pseudomonas aeruginosa the response to oxidative stress is orchestrated by the LysR regulator OxyR by activation of the transcription of two catalase genes (katA and katB), of the alkyl-hydroxyperoxidases ahpCF and ahpB. Next to the expected high sensitivity to oxidative stress generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS: H(2)O(2), O(2)(-)), the oxyR mutant shows a defective growth under conditions of iron limitation (Vinckx et al. 2008). Although production and uptake of the siderophore pyoverdine is not affected by the absence of oxyR, the mutant is unable to satisfy its need for iron when grown under iron limiting conditions. In order to get a better insight into the effects caused by iron limitation on the physiological response of the oxyR mutant we decided to compare the proteomes of the wild type and the mutant grown in the iron-poor casamino acids medium (CAA), in CAA plus H(2)O(2), and in CAA plus the strong iron chelator ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA). Especially in the presence of hydrogen peroxide the oxyR cells increase the production of stress proteins (Dps and IbpA). The superoxide dismutase SodM is produced in higher amounts in the oxyR mutant grown in CAA plus H(2)O(2). The PchB protein, a isochorismate-pyruvate lyase involved in the siderophore pyochelin biosynthesis is not detectable in the extracts from the oxyR mutant grown in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. When cells were grown in the presence of EDDHA, we observed a reduction of the ferric uptake regulator (Fur), and an increase in the two subunits of the succinyl-CoA synthetase and the fumarase FumC1.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa oxidative stress regulator OxyR influences production of pyocyanin and rhamnolipids: protective role of pyocyanin.

The LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) OxyR orchestrates the defence of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa against reactive oxygen species. In previous work we also demonstrated that OxyR is needed for the utilization of the ferrisiderophore pyoverdine, stressing the importance of this regulator. Here, we show that an oxyR mutant is unable to swarm on agar plates, probably as a consequence of absence of production of rhamnolipid surfactant molecules. Another obvious phenotypic change was the increased production of the phenazine redox-active molecule pyocyanin in the oxyR mutant. As already described, the oxyR mutant could not grow in LB medium, unless high numbers of cells (>10( 8) ml(-1)) were inoculated. However, its growth in Pseudomonas P agar (King's A), a medium inducing pyocyanin production, was like that of the wild-type, suggesting a protective action of this redox-active phenazine compound. This was confirmed by the restoration of the capacity to grow in LB medium upon addition of pure pyocyanin. Although both rhamnolipid and pyocyanin production are controlled by quorum sensing, no obvious changes were observed in the production of N-acylhomoserine lactones or the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS). Complementation of rhamnolipid production and motility, and restoration of normal pyocyanin levels, was only possible when the oxyR gene was in single copy, while pyocyanin levels were increased when oxyR was present in a multicopy vector. Conversely, plating efficiency was increased only when the oxyR gene was present in multicopy, but not when in single copy in the chromosome, due to lower expression of oxyR compared with the wild-type, suggesting that some phenotypes are differently affected in function to the levels of OxyR molecules in the cell. Analysis of transcripts of oxidative stress-response enzymes showed a strong decrease of katB, ahpC and ahpB expression in the oxyR mutant grown in LB, but this was not the case when the mutant was grown on P agar, suggesting that the OxyR dependency for the transcription of these genes is not total.

Loss of the oxidative stress regulator OxyR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 impairs growth under iron-limited conditions.

Pyoverdine is the main siderophore secreted by fluorescent pseudomonads to scavenge iron in the extracellular environment. Iron uptake, however, needs to be tightly regulated, because free iron stimulates the formation of highly toxic oxygen derivatives. In the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the transcriptional regulator OxyR plays a key role in the upregulation of defense mechanisms against oxidative stress as it stimulates the expression of the antioxidant genes katB, ahpB and ahpCF after contact with oxidative stress-generating agents. Inactivation of the oxyR gene in Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 and in P. aeruginosa PAO1 impairs pyoverdine-mediated iron uptake. The pyoverdine utilization defect can be restored by complementation with the oxyR gene of P. aeruginosa, as well as by adding catalase. Growth of the oxyR mutant in low- or high-iron media is also impaired at a low, but not at a high inoculum density. Uptake of radioactive (59)Fe pyoverdine is, however, not affected by the oxyR mutation, nor is the transcription of the fpvA gene encoding the ferripyoverdine receptor, suggesting that the defect lies in the inability to remove iron from the ferrisiderophore.