Urinary Markers and Chronic Effect of Physical Exercise.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of kidney disease in which there is gradual loss of kidney function over a period of months to years. The clinical protocol of CKD forecasts that markers such as serum creatinine, the estimate of the glomerular filtration rate value, microalbuminuria, cystatin c are evaluated as routine markers. In recent years, new studies have identified new markers to diagnose and assess the level of kidney damage.The prevalence of CKD increases in subjects suffering from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The highest risk of cardiovascular risk in the CKD patient compared to the general population is related to risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and specific renal disease factors such as albuminuria.Physical exercise, especially aerobic, has been seen through the analysis of urinary markers, able to mitigate the adverse effect of sedentary, hypertension and interstitial damage in patients with CKD and decrease the urinary levels liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and lower urinary albumin excretion.

Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Physical Activities.

The interest about circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentration increased from several years because of its correlation with various conditions like osteoarthritis, cancers, stroke, and sepsis; recently it has become an important marker for overtraining syndrome or performance diagnostics.Several studies have demonstrated that cfDNA increases in vigorous and exhausting exercise but also endurance exercise. Acute effect of exercise on cfDNA concentration seems to be correlated to stress factor, while chronic effect is associated with necrosis and apoptosis.The intensity and duration seem to have effects on the variation of cfDNA concentration that is strongly correlated with other metabolic markers like acid lactate and creatine kinase, recognized as markers of muscle damage. Variation of cfDNA value could be used to predict overtraining syndrome.