[Radionuclide study of calcium homeostasis during combined treatment of lymphogranulomatosis]. / Radionuklidnoe issledovanie kal'tsievogo gomeostaza v protsesse kompleksnogo lecheniia limfogranulematoza.

The paper is concerned with a study of the levels of total and ionized Ca and calcitropic hormones in the peripheral blood of primary patients with Hodgkin's disease and at different stages of treatment. Altogether 27 primary patients, 18 patients after radiotherapy and 30 patients after chemotherapy were examined. The absorption of 131I-glycerin trioleate in the intestine was determined in 15 patients during chemotherapy. Twenty healthy persons entered into the control group. No differences in the levels of total, ionized Ca, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in the blood were noted, on an average, either in the patients or in the controls. The absorption of glycerin trioleate was unchanged in the patients as compared to the controls. An increased evacuation of the gastric content into the intestine was observed in the patients. The results obtained were suggestive of the absence of the ectopic production of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in Hodgkin's disease. Modern intensive care of these patients did not result in Ca homeostatic disturbances in them.

[Preliminary results of medical studies during the 5-month space flight aboard the "Saliut-7"--"Soiuz-T" orbital complex]. / Predvaritel'nye rezul'taty meditsinskikh issledovanii v 5-mesiachnom kosmicheskom polete na orbital'nom komplekse "Saliut-7"--"Soiuz-T".

The medical examinations carried out in the 150-day flight were a continuation of the previous studies in terms of the approaches and methods used. The novel approach was a biochemical study of body fluids collected during flight. An important place was occupied by during EVA. The medical results of the 150-day flight were in consistency with the data obtained during previous space flights of similar duration. The health condition and work capacity of the crewmembers throughout the flight (including two EVA events) were good. The changes seen during and after flight were adaptive and disappeared after a relatively short readaptation period.

[Main results of the medical research in the Saliut 6-Soiuz program]. / Osnovnye itogi meditsinskikh issledovanii po programme "Saliut-6"-"Soiuz".

In 1977-1981 the Soviet Union launched 18 manned space missions under the Salyut-6--Soyuz program which included five flights of prime crews for 96, 140, 175, 185, and 75 days and eleven flights of visiting crews. Altogether 30 cosmonauts, including 9 crewmembers from other than the USSR socialist countries, took part in the program. Emphasis was given to the medical investigations, since their purpose was not only to assess the health status of the crewmembers and to investigate their responses to prolonged weightlessness, but also to identify the maximum allowable flight time.

[Changes in the functional activity of the kidneys after irradiation of the para-aortic lymph nodes in patients with seminoma and lymphogranulomatosis]. / Izmenenie funktsional'noi aktivnosti pochek posle oblucheniia paraaortal'nykh limfaticheskikh uzlov u bolnykh seminomoi i limfogranulematozom.

During treatment of seminomas and lymphogranulomatosis, the paraaortal lymph nodes are subjected to irradiation, the dose of ionizing radiation to the renal area ranging from 12 to 48 Gy. Irradiation of the kidneys leads to both functional and organic lesions because of their anatomical proximity to the regional lymph nodes. Seventy patients with seminoma and lymphogranulomatosis who received therapeutic irradiation for the paraaortal lymph nodes were examined. Of these, 13 manifested functional lesions in the kidneys during the whole observation period, whereas in 14 patients, these abnormalities occurred after radiation therapy. In 9 patients, they were seen in the long-term period.

[Results of medical research in the performance of the long-term manned flights of the Saliut-6 program]. / Rezul'taty meditsinskikh issledovanii pri provedenii dlitel'nykh pilotiruemykh poletov po programme "Saliut-6".

The major goal of biomedical investigations in prolonged (up to 6 months) manned missions was to obtain information about physiological reactions to long-term weightlessness and to carry out detailed clinical, physiological, immunological and anthropometric investigations before, during and after flight. The results obtained give evidence that man can adapt to the prolonged exposure and to maintain good health condition and high work capacity. The changes detected postflight were reversible and disappeared completely within a relatively short time period. The changes were not correlated with the flight duration. The good health condition and high performance inflight were maintained and postflight readaptation was facilitated due to a rational work-rest cycle and specific countermeasures which were modified with respect to the results of regular medical examinations. Salyut-6 medical data have demonstrated that the duration of forthcoming manned missions can be extended.

[Partial shielding of the bone marrow as a method of local protection of the body from the effects of cosmic radiation]. / Ekranirovanie chasti kostnogo mozga kak metod lokal'noi zashchity organizma ot deistviia kosmicheskoi radiatsii.

This paper reviews existing data on bone marrow partial shielding in animal studies with reference to partial-body protection in space radiobiology and medicine. Analysis of reported data indicates the efficacy of the method to protect animals (including dogs) exposed to gamma-radiation and high-energy protons. Experimental findings that demonstrate the effectiveness of bone marrow partial shielding show that this method may be used for partial-body protection in space flight.

[Chemical protection of the body against irradiation with high-energy protons]. / Khimicheskaia zashchita organizma pri obluchenii protonami vysokikh énergii.

Comparison of chemical protection against electromagnetic radiations (X- and gamma-rays) and high-energy proton radiations give evidence that the mechanism of antiradiation effects of radioprotectors and other biological protectors against different radiations is identical. On the basis of the data published in the literature it has been shown that the degree of radiation protection of animals and other biological objects in comparable doses differs insignificantly during exposures to proton and standard irradiations.

Preliminary results of medical investigations during piloted flights in the Salyut-6 program.

The changes observed during flight on the whole corresponded with the preflight prognosis and reflected the phase nature of the processes of adaptation. They were shown by blood redistribution symptoms, fluctuations in the main indices of hemodynamics at rest not going beyond the limits of the physiological norm, an increase in the pulse-filling of the head with blood, and a decrease in that of the shank. The reaction of the blood circulation to a physical load and the application of negative pressure varied, and in a number of investigations during flight it was more pronounced than on Earth. The changes observed after the flight appeared regular for the period of readaptation of the reactions of the organism. These reactions bore a functional nature and qualitatively did not differ from reactions observed after other flights, and after the 140-day flight they were, on the whole, less pronounced than after the 96-day flight. In the postflight period to accelerate the process of adaptation a complex of restorative-healing measures was carried out, including mainly a regulation of motor activity, restorative massage of the muscles, remedial physical culture and aquatic procedures. The flight lasting 140 days revealed no contraindications to a further regular increase in the time of cosmic flights and demonstrates once again the possibility of the planned control of the state of a healthy subject in flight and the readiness of the organism for a return to the terrestrial force of gravity.