Glycerophospholipid remodeling is critical for orthoflavivirus infection.

Flavivirus infection is tightly connected to host lipid metabolism. Here, we performed shotgun lipidomics of cells infected with neurotropic Zika, West Nile, and tick-borne encephalitis virus, as well as dengue and yellow fever virus. Early in infection specific lipids accumulate, e.g., neutral lipids in Zika and some lysophospholipids in all infections. Ceramide levels increase following infection with viruses that cause a cytopathic effect. In addition, fatty acid desaturation as well as glycerophospholipid metabolism are significantly altered. Importantly, depletion of enzymes involved in phosphatidylserine metabolism as well as phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis reduce orthoflavivirus titers and cytopathic effects while inhibition of fatty acid monounsaturation only rescues from virus-induced cell death. Interestingly, interfering with ceramide synthesis has opposing effects on virus replication and cytotoxicity depending on the targeted enzyme. Thus, lipid remodeling by orthoflaviviruses includes distinct changes but also common patterns shared by several viruses that are needed for efficient infection and replication.

Function of PoLAE2, a laeA homolog, in appressorium formation and cAMP signal transduction in Pyricularia oryzae.

A novel homolog of laeA, a global regulatory gene in filamentous fungi, was identified from Pyricularia oryzae. A deletion mutant of the homolog (PoLAE2) exhibited lowered intracellular cAMP levels, and decreased appressorium formation on non-host surface; the decrease was recovered using exogenous cAMP and IBMX, indicating that PoLAE2 deletion affected the cAMP signaling pathway.

Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of Shewanella xiamenensis strains carrying blaOXA-48-like genes isolated from a water environment in Vietnam.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to understand the natural bacterial hosts of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and their impact on the processes of evolution, spread and positive selection of acquired ARGs. METHODS: Environmental carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Vietnam were screened for based on a One Health approach. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and comparative genomic analysis of the isolates were performed. WGS of three carbapenem-resistant Shewanella xiamenensis strains (SxND_W2_2018, SxND_W5_2018 and SxND_W9_2018) isolated from canals in Truc Ninh District and Nghia Hung District, Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam, in 2018 was performed using an Illumina MiniSeq system. ARGs in the draft genome sequences were detected using ResFinder, and comparison of genomic regions was performed using BLASTn and Easyfig. RESULTS: TheblaOXA-48-like carbapenem-hydrolysing class D ß-lactamase genes blaOXA-48, blaOXA-252 and blaOXA-547 were detected in chromosomal contigs of SxND_W2_2018, SxND_W5_2018 and SxND_W9_2018, respectively. Comparative analysis of the surrounding regions of the blaOXA-48-like genes, including both 10 kb upstream and 10 kb downstream of the genes, showed that the genomic regions were highly conserved in all three isolates. CONCLUSION: This study analysed the draft genome sequences of carbapenem-resistantS. xiamenensis strains isolated from a water environment in Vietnam. All of the strains carried blaOXA-48-like gene variants in their chromosomes. This information will contribute to highlight the evolution of blaOXA-48 family carbapenemase genes in nature and the importance of S. xiamenensis as a natural reservoir of important ARGs in the environment in Vietnam.