From antiferromagnetic order to static magnetic stripes: the phase diagram of (La,Eu)2-xSrxCuO4

The magnetic order of (La,Eu)2-xSrxCuO4 ( x

Cigarette smoking and progression of retinopathy and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.

The objective of the present study was to analyse the association between cigarette smoking and progression of retinopathy and nephropathy, respectively, in a prospective multicentre study including 636 people with Type 1 diabetes: 81% of the original cohort of consecutively referred patients, aged 15 to 40 years and free of severe late diabetic complications. At baseline, all patients had participated in a 5-day in-patient group treatment and teaching programme for intensification of insulin therapy. Patients were examined at recruitment, and after 1, 2, 3 and 6 years including assessment of smoking status, blood pressure, metabolic control, and degree of nephropathy. Degree of retinopathy was assessed by ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography at baseline and after 6 years. Several logistic regression analyses were performed by describing the responses retinopathy and nephropathy, respectively, either as progression yes/no or as actual status at the 6-year follow-up and by using different measures for smoking. Adjustments for important covariables were made. While significant associations between smoking, and retinopathy and nephropathy respectively, were found, the relations were variable depending on the statistical model used. The results show that the real associations between smoking and retinopathy and nephropathy are complex and that more emphasis should be put on the complete description of the response variables and the statistical models used in clinical and epidemiological research.

Comparison of M and T type antigen testing to field inversion gel electrophoresis in the differentiation of strains of group A streptococcus.

Recent clusters of patients with acute rheumatic fever and invasive group A Streptococcus (GAS) have stimulated renewed interest in the epidemiology of streptococcal infections. We compared conventional serotyping for M and T antigens and serum opacity factor with field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) for distinguishing among GAS. Fifteen pairs of throat isolates obtained from children positive for GAS before and after therapy were evaluated by conventional serotyping and by FIGE after SmaI digestion. Ten of the 15 pairs were identical by serotyping. FIGE correctly identified the 10 concordant and 5 discordant pairs. Individual clones were identified within each M type tested, including analysis performed on additional isolates of M1 and M3 obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This preliminary experience suggests that FIGE can successfully determine whether serial isolates from a given patient represent persistence of one strain or acquisition of a new strain of GAS and that this method might provide an alternative typing system for GAS.

Liberalized diet in patients with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To document that strict dietary regimen are not necessary in the context of intensified insulin therapy. DESIGN: German multicentre, prospective cohort study; 6 years follow-up. SETTING: Ambulatory examination using a mobile ambulance. SUBJECTS: A total of 636 type 1 diabetic patients (age 33 +/- 7 years, diabetes duration 15 +/- 7 years; mean +/- SD), who had participated in a structured, 5-day, in-patient, group treatment and teaching programme for intensification of insulin therapy and liberalization of the diabetes diet 6 years prior to follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relations between the extent to which patients practise a liberalized diet, the degree of metabolic control (HbA1c, severe hypoglycaemia, body mass index, cholesterol), and the patients' perceived burden through dietary treatment. RESULTS: In the total patient group, HbA1c was 7.9 +/- 1.6%, and the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was 0.17 cases per patient during the preceding year; 31% patients injected insulin < or = 3 times per day, 58% 4-7 times per day, and 11% used insulin pump therapy. Only 11% patients reported following a meal plan, whereas 89% continually changed timing and amount of carbohydrate intake; only 5% had the same number of meals every day, whereas as many as 20% varied the number of meals per day by four or more; 53% skipped main meals; 85% habitually consumed sugar or sugar containing foods. Patients with a higher degree of diet liberalization injected insulin or used an insulin pump therapy more frequently, and perceived their dietary treatment to be less burdensome. No clinically significant associations were found between the extent of diet liberalization and metabolic control. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions where type 1 diabetic patients have the opportunity to participate in an intensified insulin treatment and teaching programme, liberalization of the diabetes diet is not associated with adverse effects on glycaemic control, but is associated with less perceived burden through dietary treatment.

Lethal meningoencephalitis and septicemia caused by Haemophilus influenzae type f in an adult with multiple myeloma.

A patient with chemotherapy-treated multiple myeloma developed overwhelming sepsis and meningoencephalitis with Haemophilus influenzae type f. Typable H. influenzae other than type b has only rarely been reported as a cause of serious disease in adults. The patient's immunosuppressed status presumably predisposed her to this unusual infection.