A statistical model to predict the occurrence of blunt impact injuries on the human hand-arm system.

Biomechanical limits based on pain thresholds ensure safety in workplaces where humans and cobots (collaborative robots) work together. Standardization bodies' decision to rely on pain thresholds stems from the assumption that such limits inherently protect humans from injury. This assumption has never been verified, though. This article reports on a study with 22 human subjects in which we studied injury onset in four locations of the hand-arm system using an impact pendulum. During the tests, the impact intensity was slowly increased over several weeks until a blunt injury, i.e., bruising or swelling, appeared in the body locations under load. A statistical model, which calculates injury limits for a given percentile, was developed based on the data. A comparison of our injury limits for the 25th percentile with existing pain limits confirms that pain limits provide suitable protection against impact injuries, albeit not for all body locations.

[AKTIN - The German Emergency Department Data Registry - real-time data from emergency medicine : Implementation and first results from 15 emergency departments with focus on Federal Joint Committee's guidelines on acuity assessment]. / Das AKTIN-Notaufnahmeregister ­ kontinuierlich aktuelle Daten aus der Akutmedizin : Ergebnisse des Registeraufbaus und erste Datenauswertungen aus 15 Notaufnahmen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Vorgaben des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses zur Ersteinschätzung.

BACKGROUND: Emergency care in Germany is in transition. Emergency departments (EDs) treat their patients based on symptoms and acuity. However, this perspective is not reflected in claims data. The aim of the AKTIN project was to establish an Emergency Department Data Registry as a data privacy-compliant infrastructure for the use of routine medical data. METHODS: Data from the respective documentation systems are continuously transmitted to local data warehouses using a standardized interface. They are available for several applications such as internal reports but also multicentre studies, in compliance with data privacy regulations. Based on a 12-months period we evaluate the population with focus on acuity assessment (triage) and vital parameters in combination with presenting complaints. RESULTS: For the period April 2018 to March 2019, 436,149 cases from 15 EDs were available. A triage level is documented in 86.0% of cases, and 70.5% were triaged within 10 min of arrival. Ten EDs collected a presenting complaint regularly (82.3%). The respective documentation of vital signs shows plausible patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The AKTIN registry provides an almost real-time insight into German EDs, regardless of the primary documentation system and health insurance claims data. The Federal Joint Committee's requirements are largely met. Standardized presenting complaints allow for symptom-based analyses as well as health surveillance.

A Statistical Model to Determine Biomechanical Limits for Physically Safe Interactions With Collaborative Robots.

Collaborative robots (cobots) provide a wide range of opportunities to improve the ergonomics and efficiency of manual work stations. ISO/TS 15066 defines power and force limiting (PFL) as one of four safeguarding modes for these robots. PFL specifies biomechanical limits for hazardous impacts and pinching contacts that a cobot must not exceed to protect humans from serious injuries. Most of the limits in ISO/TS 15066 are preliminary, since they are based on unverified data from a literature survey. This article presents a human-subject study that provides new and experimentally verified limits for biomechanically safe interactions between humans and cobots. The new limits are specifically tailored to impact and pinching transferred through blunt and semi-sharp surfaces as they can occur in the event of human error or technical failures. Altogether 112 subjects participated in the study and were subjected to tests with emulated impact and pinching loads at 28 different body locations. During the experiments, the contact force was gradually increased until the load evoked a slightly painful feeling on the subject's body location under test. The results confirm that the pain thresholds of males and females are different in specific body regions. Therefore, when defining biomechanical limits, the gender difference must be taken into account. A regression model was utilized to incorporate the gender effect as a covariate into a conventional statistical distribution model that can be used to calculate individual limits, precisely fitted to a specific percentile of a mixed group of male and female workers which interacting with cobots.

[Even low-acuity patients prefer hospital-based emergency care : A survey of non-urgent patients in an emergency department with unique regional position]. / Der Notfall "geht" ins Krankenhaus : Eine Befragung von Patienten mit niedriger Dringlichkeit in einer Notfallaufnahme mit regionaler Alleinstellung.

BACKGROUND: Besides increasing numbers of cases in German emergency departments (ED), the spectrum of attending patients is also changing. Patients with acute illnesses tend to prefer EDs to ambulatory care as primary contact point. This study examines the motives for use and use behavior of low-urgent ED-patients. METHODS: Anonymous patient survey in the ED of Wolfsburg Hospital between 12/2015 and 03/2016 with descriptive analysis. All patients with low urgency (Manchester-Triage-System (MTS), levels blue and green) were eligible. RESULTS: 81.5% of respondents (729 evaluable out of 7000 questionnaires distributed) attended the ED between 8:00 a. m. and 5:00 p. m., 70.1 % of them were walk-in patients. The motive most frequently cited was that they would receive better care in the ED (48.3 %). Contrary to acuity assessment, 67.8 % of respondents considered themselves a medium to life-threatening emergency. As alternative option, 49.2 % would choose a nearby clinic in the region for their complaints. CONCLUSION: Self-assessed urgency differs with acuity assessment according to MTS. Patients who fear an acute threat to their health do not use services provided in the ambulatory sector such as the emergency practice of the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians in the immediate proximity sufficiently. Previous approaches for patient navigation do not seem to be successful in this setting. Strengthening of EDs as a single 24/7 access point for emergency care with simultaneous abolition of parallel care structures should be discussed.

[Restructuring of inpatient emergency treatment : What will change?] / Neustrukturierung der stationären Notfallversorgung : Was ändert sich?

The resolution on the restructuring of inpatient emergency treatment was passed by the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) on 19 April 2018 based on the Hospital Structure Act and became binding with the publication in the Bundesanzeiger on 18 May 2018. The resolution describes the future structural and qualitative prerequisites for participation of hospitals in the provision of emergency treatment in three levels: basic emergency treatment, extended emergency treatment and comprehensive emergency treatment. Furthermore, a level of nonparticipation is also planned. In addition, there are special modules, e.g. for the treatment of children and auxiliary modules for specifically equipped hospitals with highly specialized patient treatment (e.g. stroke unit). A transition regulation period of 3-5 years provides hospitals with the possibility to adjust to the new minimum requirements. The German Hospital Federation (DKG) and the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds (GKV-SV) will negotiate the assessment of surcharges and deductions subsequent to the resolution.

Competitive advantage gained from the use of helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) for trauma patients: Evaluation of 1724 patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) in comparison to EMS, in respect to patient's mortality and morbidity. DESIGN: From a cohort of traumatized patients (n = 1724) prospectively enrolled in the German trauma registry (DGU-R) at Frankfurt University Hospital from 2009 to 2013, 1646 could be analyzed for in-hospital mortality and short-term outcome (GOS) at discharge and compared between HEMS and EMS. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 129 patients (7.8%) died in the hospital. Unadjusted mortality was significantly lower in the HEMS group compared to EMS (p = 0.001). In a multiple logistic regression analysis after adjustment of variables including reanimation and age as the strongest predictors, in-hospital mortality was significantly reduced in HEMS (p = 0.014, OR = 0.21). Further predictors in the multiple logistic regression analysis were GCS > = 8 (p = 0.001), RRsys (p < 0.001), ISS at Head/Neck > = 3 (p = 0.003), and total ISS > = 9 (p < 0.001). Total rescue time and on scene time were associated with mortality (p < 0.001) but not included in the multiple logistic regression model. Without adjustment, short-term outcome (GOS) was significantly improved (p = 0.014). In a linear model, after adjusting for multiple variables including age, ISS Head/Neck > = 3, ISS Extremities > = 3, GCS > = 8, and RRsys as the strongest predictors (p < 0.001), the association remained significant (p = 0.043). Further predictors in the multiple linear regression analysis were total ISS > = 9 (p = 0.002), ISS abdomen (p = 0.001), and ISS Chest (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: A significant improvement for in-hospital survival for HEMS could be demonstrated. Especially in Germany, with a high number of secondary call outs (about 44%) after EMS has already reached the traumatized patient, HEMS must be the first choice for severely injured trauma patients. Dispatch criteria for immediate alarm of HEMS are recommended under practical considerations.

[Prehospital application of tourniquets for life-threatening extremity hemorrhage : Systematic review of literature]. / Prähospitale Anwendung von Tourniquets bei lebensbedrohlichen Extremitätenblutungen : Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit.

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of a tourniquet in the case of life-threatening hemorrhages of the extremities is well recognized and led to the recommendations on "Tourniquet" of the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (DGAI) in 2016. The aim of this systematic review was to re-evaluate the current medical literature in relation to the published DGAI recommendations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on the analysis of all studies published from January 2015 until January 2018 in the PubMed databases, the publicized recommendations for action on "Tourniquet" of the DGAI were critically re-evaluated. For this purpose, 17 questions on 6 subjects were formulated in advance. The systematic review followed the PRISMA recommendations and is registered in PROSPERO (International prospective register of systematic reviews, Reg.-ID: CRD42018091528). RESULTS: Of the 284 studies identified with the keywords tourniquet and trauma in the period from January 2015 to January 2018 in PubMed, 50 original papers discussing the prehospital application of tourniquet for life-threatening hemorrhage of the extremities were included. The overall level of evidence is low. No article addressed any of the formulated questions with a prospective randomized interventional study. Scientific deductions could be found only in an indirect way in a descriptive manner. CONCLUSION: The 50 original articles included in this qualitative, systematic review revealed that the recommendations "Tourniquet" of the DGAI published in 2016 are mostly still up to date despite an inhomogeneous study situation. A deviation occurred in the conversion of a tourniquet but due to the short prehospital treatment time in the civilian setting this is of little importance; however, in the future a strict distinction should be made between tourniquets which were placed for tactical reasons and those placed as a medical necessity.

[Legal medicine specialists within the framework of acute care : Analysis of legal medicine consultations in relation to the victims' statistics of the state office of criminal investigation in Saxony-Anhalt]. / Der Rechtsmediziner im Rahmen der Akutversorgung : Analyse rechtsmedizinischer Konsile in Relation zur Opferstatistik des Landeskriminalamtes Sachsen-Anhalt.

BACKGROUND: In acute medical care, there are patients who have been injured by the influence of others. The aim of this study was to analyze all cases which were presented to the Institute for Legal Medicine of the University Halle (Saale). The cases where analyzed in relation to the victims' statistics of the state office of criminal investigation in Saxony-Anhalt. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The consultations of the Institute for Legal Medicine Halle-Wittenberg for 2012-2015 were evaluated with regard to the age and gender distribution, the reasons for the consultation and time until the request for consultations. These cases were statistically compared to the victims' statistics of the state office of criminal investigation in Saxony-Anhalt 2014-2015. RESULTS: A total of 536 cases (55.6% male and 44.4% female patients) were evaluated. In all, 62.1% of patients were under 18 years of age; 43.5% of all consultations were requested by pediatric (surgery) clinics. The most common reasons for consultation were sexual child abuse or violence against children (50.7%). Compared to the victims' statistics, significantly more children were examined by legal medicine specialists than could have been expected (p < 0.001). In adult patients, the most common causes for consultation were acts of violence (20.4%) and domestic violence (10.1%). Among adults, significantly more women and fewer men were presented than expected (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: There were only a small number of consultations of legal medicine specialists in relation to the victims' statistics. Most of them were children and women. The temporal latency between the act of violence and the consultations was one day and more. The latency and the renunciation of the consultation of the legal medicine specialists can lead to loss of evidence.

[Standardized collection of presenting complaints in the emergency room : Integration of coded presenting complaints into the electronic medical record system of an emergency department and their value for health care research]. / Standardisierte Erhebung von Vorstellungsgründen in der Notaufnahme : Implementierung von codierten Vorstellungsgründen in das elektronische Notaufnahmeinformationssystem eines Schwerpunktversorgers und deren Potenzial für die Versorgungsforschung.

BACKGROUND: The point of entry of a patient in emergency care is a symptom or a complaint. To evaluate subsequent processes in an emergency department until a diagnosis is made, this information has to be taken into account. OBJECTIVES: We report the introduction of coded presenting complaints into the electronic medical record system of an emergency department and describe the patients based on these data. METHODS: The CEDIS presenting complaint list was integrated into the emergency department information system of an emergency department (38,000 patients/year). After 8 months, we performed an exploratory analysis of the most common presenting complaints. Furthermore, we identified the most frequent diagnoses for presenting complaint "shortness of breath" and the most frequent presenting complaints for the diagnosis of sepsis. RESULTS: After implementing the presenting complaint list, a presenting complaint code was assigned to each patient. In our sample (26,330 cases), "extremity pain and injury" comprised the largest group of patients (29.5%). "Chest pain-cardiac features" (3.7%) and "extremity weakness/symptoms of cerebrovascular accident" (2.4%) were the main cardiac and neurologic complaints, respectively. They were mostly triaged as urgent (>80%) and hospitalized in critical care units (>50%). The main diagnosis for presenting complaint "shortness of breath" was heart failure (25.1%), while the main presenting complaint for the diagnosis sepsis was "shortness of breath" (18.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Containing 171 presenting complaints, this classification was implemented successfully without providing extensive staff training. The documentation of coded presenting complaints enables symptom-based analysis of the health care provided in emergency departments.

The effect of video-assisted oral feedback versus oral feedback on surgical communicative competences in undergraduate training.

PURPOSE: Feedback can significantly improve future performance. Reviewing one's performance by video is discussed as useful adjunct to debriefing, particularly for non-technical skills. Communicative competencies are an essential part of daily clinical practice; thus should be taught and assessed during undergraduate training. The aim of this study was to compare the educational value of video-assisted feedback versus oral feedback in communicative competencies in the surgical context. METHODS: Fourth-year medical students completed a 210-min training unit of 'taking patient's history and obtaining informed consents prior to surgery' using role plays. Oral feedback was received directly thereafter using agenda-led, outcome-based guidelines (ALOBA). In the study group, the role plays were video-taped and reviewed thereafter. Afterwards, students completed two OSCE stations, where they were assessed regarding their communicative competencies and the content of the clinical scenario. RESULTS: One-hundred students (49 receiving video-assisted feedback, 51 oral) participated in the study. Those receiving video-assisted feedback performed significantly better in overall score in both OSCE stations (p < 0.001), in all five assessed communicative competencies at taking patient history (p = 0.029 or better), and in 2 of 5 items at obtaining informed consent (p = 0.008, <0.001). The educational effect size for both tasks was large. CONCLUSION: Using our methodology, video-assisted feedback offered a significant educational benefit over oral feedback alone during a simulated patient encounter in a surgical context.

[Materials/Biomaterials in Clinical Practice - a Short Review and Current Trends]. / Werkstoffe/Biomaterialien in der interventionellen und operativen Medizin ­ eine kurze Übersicht und aktuelle Trends.

Biomaterials play a major role in interventional medicine and surgery. However, the development of biomaterials is still in its early phases in spite of the huge progress made within the last decades. On the one hand, this is because our knowledge of the molecular and cellular processes associated with biomaterials is still increasing exponentially. On the other hand, a wide variety of advanced materials with highly interesting properties is being developed currently. This review provides a short introduction into the variety of materials in use as well as their application in interventional medicine and surgery. Also the importance of biomaterials for tissue engineering in the field of regenerative medicine and the functionalisation of biomaterials, including sterilisation methods are discussed. For the future, an even broader interdisciplinary scientific collaboration is necessary in order to develop novel biomaterials and facilitate their translation into clinical practice.

[Who Stays Loyal to Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery? Results of a Nationwide Survey]. / Wer bleibt nach einer Famulatur in Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie dem Fachbereich treu? Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Umfrage.

INTRODUCTION: The general shortage of medical doctors in Germany can also be felt in the area of trauma and orthopaedics. Medical elective placements, in Germany known as "Famulatur", are sensitive interfaces between the theoretical university studies and the practical medical workplace. In this research project, the aim was to study how medical students perceive these types of placements and if it alters their decision making when planning their further career. METHODS: During the summer term of 2012, 9079 medical students answered an online questionnaire. Of these, the subgroup was evaluated that had had a placement of at least 4 weeks in the field of trauma and orthopaedics. Overall, 37 test items about this placement and further career steps were included in this study. Groups were evaluated separately by the item "I am considering a career in trauma and orthopaedics" (PJ-Ja) versus "I am not considering a career in trauma and orthopaedics" (PJ-Nein). RESULTS: Overall 397 students were included in this study; 55 % were female. 267 (67.3 %) stated: "I am considering a career in trauma and orthopaedics"; 130 (32.7 %) were not. There was no significant difference in age or sex between these groups (sex: χ²= 2.50, p = 0.114; age: F[1.93]< 1, p = 0.764). Specific and statistically significant differences between those groups were found in the items team integration, ward climate, qualification of teaching, training for specific knowledge in the field, practical aspects of the tasks performed, general planning and structure of the elective achievement of the teaching goals. DISCUSSION: Knowledge of satisfaction during medical elective placements is essential if one aims to inspire students for a specific medical profession. Instructors who can identify weaknesses and deficits in their training regime can therefore in the future increase the number of medical doctors who choose their speciality. The foundation of personal development has to be laid very early in the career of medical students.

[Patients with Acute, Non-Traumatic Abdominal Pain in German Emergency Departments: A Prospective Monocentric Observation Study]. / Patienten mit akutem, nicht traumatischem Abdominalschmerz in der zentralen Notaufnahme ­ eine prospektive, monozentrische Beobachtungsstudie.

Background: Up to 11 % of patients in an Emergency Department (ED) present with non-traumatic acute abdominal pain. Based on this presenting symptom, this study aimed to analyse how residents (surgery, internal medicine, anaesthesiology and other fields) working in an ED during their second and third year of education treat these patients. Material and Methods: We performed a prospective, monocentric observation study in an ED in accordance with the STROBE recommendations, following the recommendations from the Ethics Committee of the University of Ulm (application no. 335/12) and the Declaration of Helsinki. The hospital's data protection officer approved the study. During a 12-month period (Dec. 2012 to Dec. 2013), a random sample of patients with non-traumatic abdominal pain was obtained in the ED of a major German acute care hospital by an independent observer, who was not part of the ED team. In addition to demographic data, the study focused on analysing processes and patient care (including medical history taking and physical examinations). In addition, subgroups were defined (clinical background of the treating physician, severity pursuant to the Manchester Triage Score [MTS]). Results: 143 patients met the inclusion criteria. The clinical background of the physician had no influence on the reviewed processes such as medical history taking, initial examinations, the request of consultative examinations or diagnostic procedures. Patients triaged as "urgent" were treated significantly earlier than patients triaged as "non-urgent" (time to first physician contact 26 ± 24 vs. 46 ± 34 min, p < 0.001). However, the overall time spent in the ED was equal (210 ± 79 vs. 220 ± 114 min, p = 0.555). Yet the initially estimated urgency was correlated with the need for hospitalisation (share: 57 %). Conclusion: The overall compliance with standards of care was high. The clinical background (surgery, internal medicine, anaesthesiology, other fields) of the physician in charge of initial treatment had no influence on the reviewed processes.

[Physician Shortage: How to Prevent Generation Y From Staying Away - Results of a Nationwide Survey]. / Ärztemangel: Was tun, bevor Generation Y ausbleibt? Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Befragung.

BACKGROUND: Medical students' attitudes and expectations about their future working life are changing. To hire the best talents from Generation Y, hospitals must pay attention to these factors to make working in patient care more attractive. However, little detailed knowledge about the professional and career expectations of today's medical students is available to date. METHOD: In a nationwide online survey, a total of 9079 medical students from all German medical faculties returned the questionnaire. Twenty-one questions related to future career choices and work satisfaction, followed by 21 questions dealing with reasons for not working in patient care. RESULTS: Factor analysis yielded five factors: work-life balance, career, professional needs, working atmosphere, and prestige. A correlation analysis between these factors and respondents' socio-demographic data revealed significant correlations with sex, specialty choice, and marital/parental status. A correlation analysis with "reasons for not working in patient care" revealed that work-life balance, career, professional needs, and working atmosphere had high priority for both sexes. DISCUSSION: It is crucial to collect data on the work satisfaction of Generation Y, whose members are motivated and willing to perform in today's highly demanding work environment. However, sex-dependent/independent expectations must be met to make the medical profession more attractive, to overcome the Germany-wide shortage of physicians, and to attract young doctors to the hospitals.

[Consideration of guidelines, recommendations and quality indicators for treatment of stroke in the dataset "Emergency Department" of DIVI]. / Berücksichtigung von Leitlinien, Empfehlungen und Qualitätsindikatoren zur Schlaganfalltherapie im Datensatz Notaufnahme der DIVI.

BACKGROUND: The dataset "Emergency Department" of the German Interdisciplinary Association of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine (DIVI) has been developed during several expert meetings. Its goal is an all-encompassing documentation of the early clinical treatment of patients in emergency departments. Using the example of the index disease acute ischemic stroke (stroke), the aim was to analyze how far this approach has been fulfilled. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study German, European and US American guidelines were used to analyze the extent of coverage of the datasets on current emergency department guidelines and recommendations from professional societies. In addition, it was examined whether the dataset includes recommended quality indicators (QI) for quality management (QM) and in a third step it was examined to what extent national provisions for billing are included. In each case a differentiation was made whether the respective rationale was primary, i.e. directly apparent or whether it was merely secondarily depicted by expertise. In the evaluation an additional differentiation was made between the level of recommendations and further quality relevant criteria. RESULTS: The modular design of the emergency department dataset comprising 676 data fields is briefly described. A total of 401 individual fields, divided into basic documentation, monitoring and specific neurological documentation of the treatment of stroke patients were considered. For 247 data fields a rationale was found. Partially overlapping, 78.9 % of 214 medical recommendations in 3 guidelines and 85.8 % of the 106 identified quality indicators were primarily covered. Of the 67 requirements for billing of performance of services, 55.5 % are primarily part of the emergency department dataset. Through appropriate expertise and documentation by a board certified neurologist, the results can be improved to almost 100 %. CONCLUSION: The index disease stroke illustrates that the emergency department dataset of the DIVI covers medical guidelines, especially 100 % of the German guidelines with a grade of recommendation. All necessary information to document the specialized stroke treatment procedure in the German diagnosis-related groups (DRG) system is also covered. The dataset is also suitable as a documentation tool of quality management, for example, to participate in the registry of the German Stroke Society (ADSR). Best results are obtained if the dataset is applied by a physician specialized in the treatment of patients with stroke (e.g. board certified neurologist). Finally the results show that changes in medical guidelines and recommendations for quality management as well as billing-relevant content should be implemented in the development of datasets for documentation to avoid duplicate documentation.

[Value of clinical key symptoms in the primary treatment of severely injured patients]. / Wertigkeit klinischer Leitsymptome bei der Primärversorgung schwerverletzter Patienten.

BACKGROUND: The initial diagnostic procedure of severely injured patients in the emergency room (ER) during the primary survey is first and foremost a clinical examination. The clinical S3 guidelines provide recommendations for the treatment of patients with severe and multiple injuries. OBJECTIVES: The study was performed to investigate the reliability of clinical key symptoms or red flags registered in the ER that lead to further diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An evaluation of key symptoms as a synopsis of the current literature considering aspects of probability calculation and medical experience was carried out. RESULTS: Key symptoms registered during the clinical examination are not sufficiently safe to be solely relied upon for further diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. This confirms the sense of purpose of the strict approach according to the advanced trauma life support (ATLS) algorithm. Red flags can serve as a warning to focus on relevant injuries early on. A rational imaging diagnostic procedure must follow.

[Which learning methods are expected for ultrasound training? Blended learning on trial]. / Welche Lehrmethoden werden für die Ultraschallausbildung erwartet? : "Blended learning" auf dem Prüfstand.

BACKGROUND: Current teaching methods in graduate and postgraduate training often include frontal presentations. Especially in ultrasound education not only knowledge but also sensomotory and visual skills need to be taught. This requires new learning methods. AIM: This study examined which types of teaching methods are preferred by participants in ultrasound training courses before, during and after the course by analyzing a blended learning concept. It also investigated how much time trainees are willing to spend on such activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey was conducted at the end of a certified ultrasound training course. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire based on a visual analogue scale (VAS) in which three categories were defined: category (1) vote for acceptance with a two thirds majority (VAS 67-100%), category (2) simple acceptance (50-67%) and category (3) rejection (< 50%). RESULTS: A total of 176 trainees participated in this survey. Participants preferred an e-learning program with interactive elements, short presentations (less than 20 min), incorporating interaction with the audience, hands-on sessions in small groups, an alternation between presentations and hands-on-sessions, live demonstrations and quizzes. For post-course learning, interactive and media-assisted approaches were preferred, such as e-learning, films of the presentations and the possibility to stay in contact with instructors in order to discuss the results. Participants also voted for maintaining a logbook for documentation of results. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate the need for interactive learning concepts and blended learning activities. Directors of ultrasound courses may consider these aspects and are encouraged to develop sustainable learning pathways.

[National data set "emergency department": development, structure and approval by the Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin]. / Nationaler Datensatz "Notaufnahme": Entwicklung, Struktur und Konsentierung durch die Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin.

BACKGROUND: The Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin (DIVI) is divided into sections one of which is the "Sektion Notaufnahmeprotokoll" (emergency department protocol section) founded in 2007. The main task was to create a national data set for the documentation of patients in emergency departments (ED). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In order to create such a data set a careful look was taken at the current state of documentation in many different hospitals throughout Germany. In addition, existing registries and international requirements were also taken into consideration. The content of the dataset "ED documentation" was developed in interdisciplinary and interprofessional expert rounds. RESULTS: The dataset "ED documentation" forms the first basis for documentation in German EDs. The modular data set contains 676 fields and covers all relevant information of the whole clinical process in the ED. Legal issues as well as several aspects for internal and external quality management are also included. For this reason the data of several German quality registries (e.g. TraumaRegister DGU® of the German Society of Trauma Surgery) are part of the data set. Furthermore, the data set forms the basis for several financial and billing aspects. A set of six forms was created in accordance with the developed modular data set. In 2010 the data set was approved by the executive committee of the DIVI. Several German medical associations (e.g. German Association for Emergency Medicine/Deutsche Gesellschaft Interdisziplinäre Notfall- und Akutmedizin, DGINA) recommend its use. Currently 80 hospitals are using the data set. CONCLUSION: Beside the ability to exchange information the presented data set is the basis for internal and external quality assessment in the ED even if most of the available scoring and benchmarking tools are not validated for the German medical system. Implementing an ED register in Germany which is planned in the future, could close this gap.

[HIV prophylaxis kits. A concept for emergency treatment in the context of postexposure prophylaxis]. / HIV-Prophylaxe-Kits. Ein Konzept zur Erstversorgung im Rahmen einer Postexpositionsprophylaxe.

Occupational transmission of HIV among healthcare personnel is rare but has repeatedly been published in the literature. Early initiation of postexposure HIV prophylaxis (HIV-PEP) is crucial to prevent virus transmission. For this reason the need for HIV-PEP has to be evaluated immediately and if necessary, started as soon as possible. This article presents an early intervention program in a university hospital which enables healthcare personnel immediate 24/7/365 access to a HIV-PEP prophylaxis kit following occupational HIV exposure.