[Narrowing and sliding genioplasty procedure combined with mandibular outer cortex ostectomy technique to correct square jaw in short face].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the the feasibility and effectiveness of narrowing and sliding genioplasty combined with mandibular outer cortex ostectomy technique to reshape a square jaw in short face. METHODS: From July 2005 to October 2009, a total of 57 patients received narrowing and sliding genioplasty combined with mandibular outer cortex ostectomy procedure to correct square jaw in short face. All the patients had standard frontal and lateral cephalometric radiographs, panoramic radiographs, and were photographed preoperatively and postoperatively to assess their face contour. The alteration of mandibular angle, mental contour and width of lower face was observed for 6 to 24 months postoperatively. Questionnaires were used to assess the patients' satisfactory. RESULTS: It showed that the postoperative lower face had narrowed and become softer, slender and oval, with a slick mental region. The final aesthetic outcomes were quite satisfactory in all cases from both the view of surgeons and patients. CONCLUSIONS: Narrowing and sliding genioplasty combined with mandibular outer cortex ostectomy procedure could efficiently adjust the shape and position of chin to obtain a good proportion of the lower face, and to change square and short face to slender oval one by single operation in accordance with the fashionable aesthetics in orientals.

[Correction of low angel-square jaw with mandibular "V-Line" ostectomy combined with mandibular outer cortex ostectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of mandibular "V-Line" osteotomy combined with mandibular outer cortex osteotomy for correction of low angle-square jaw. METHODS: From Jul. 2005 to Nov. 2007, 31 patients with low angle-square jaw were corrected with mandibular "V-Line" osteotomy combined with mandibular outer cortex osteotomy. The patients were followed up for 6-24 months. Pre- and Post-operative standard images and X-ray cephalometric examination were used to assess the therapeutic effect. RESULTS: The wounds were healed primarily in all the 31 cases with no severe complication. The lower labial numbness was happened in 13 cases, which was recovered within 4 months. All the patients achieved esthetic improvement at the frontal and lateral view. The mandibular angle and the mandibular plane angle reached 110 degrees - 120 degrees and 25 degrees - 30 degrees after operation. The distance between the angles was decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The low angle-square jaw can be corrected satisfactorily with mandibular "V-Line" osteotomy combined with mandibular outer cortex osteotomy.

Matrix metalloproteinase and its inhibitor in temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis after indirect trauma in young goats.

Our aim was to examine the change in expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-13), matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the articular cartilage of goats with experimentally-induced osteoarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) at various times. Osteoarthrosis was induced in 20 goats in the bilateral TMJ and 5 goats acted as controls. There were 5 goats in each group, and a group was killed at 7 days, and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. The samples were collected, and the joints evaluated histologically. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the presence of MMPs and TIMP-1 in the articular disc and condylar cartilage. The ultrastructure of the articular disc and condylar surface at 1 month was examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Osteoarthrosis of the TMJ progressed gradually over time. MMP-13, MMP-3, and TIMP-1 were expressed strongly in the TMJ soon after injury; MMP-13 became gradually weakened, and MMP-3 strengthened later. None of these were expressed in the normal condyle. After a month the surface of the arthrotic condyle was uneven, and the underlying collagen fibrils were exposed in irregular fissures on the surface. The secretion of TIMP-1 was related closely to the changes of MMPs during osteoarthrosis of the TMJ. The unbalanced ratio between them caused degradation of the matrix of the cartilage and might be the cause of osteoarthrosis of the TMJ.

[Influence of thermochemotherapy on the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte in oral maxillofacial cancer patients].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of thermochemotherapy on the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) in peripheral blood of patients with oral maxillofacial cancer. METHODS: Twenty-one subjects with oral maxillofacial cancer were treated by thermochemotherapy, and the activity of CTL in peripheral blood was analyzed. RESULTS: Thermochemotherapy can obviously enhance the activity of CTL (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Thermochemotherapy can enhance the activity of CTL, thus enhance the patient's immune function. Therefore, it can enhance the antitumor response in whole body.

[Induction of drug resistance in Tca8113 cell line by exposing to chemotherapy drug].

OBJECTIVE: To study the drug resistance changes in Tca8113 cell lines by exposing to carboplatin. METHODS: The concentration of carboplatin added to Tca8113 cells was increased gradually and continually, which was to induce the carhoplatin-resistance in Tca8113 cells. The sensibility to drugs of the cells was analyzed by MTT method. Immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR were utilized to examine the expression of multidrug resistance proteins and genes. RESULTS: After exposing to carboplatin, the Tca8113/CBP cells had higher drug-resistance to CBP, MTX, PYM, VCR and higher expression of MRP, GST-pi than Tca8113 cells. CONCLUSION: Multidrug resistance of Tca8113/CBP is associated with over expression of MRP, GST-pi and MDR. Tca8113/CBP can provide an ideal model for multidrug resistance research.

[Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cartilage in progression of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cartilage of temporomandibular joint osteoarthriti (TMJOA), and to evaluate the role of iNOS in the progression of TMJOA. METHODS: The goats were used and TMJOA was induced by injection of collagenase in upper joint space. The joints were obtained and were investigated by using immunohistochemistry at 2, 4, 12, 24 weeks after injection. RESULTS: Almost no expression of iNOS in normal cartilage of TMJ. In the diseased joints, strong or definite iNOS reactivity was expressed. CONCLUSION: iNOS plays an important role in the progression of TMJOA.

[Study of reconstruction of mandibular condyle by transport distraction osteogenesis in monkeys].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of reconstruction of mandibular condyle by transport distraction osteogenesis in an animal model of rhesus monkeys. METHODS: Six adult rhesus monkeys were used in this study. Bilateral condyles and articular discs were extirpated, and the technique of transport distraction osteogenesis was performed to reconstruct the condyle. X-ray and CT scanning films were taken at various intervals. Two monkeys selected at random were sacrificed respectively at 4, 12 and 24 weeks after completion of distraction, and the newly formed condyles resulted from bony transport disc were harvested and processed for histologic examination. The removed condyles at surgery were used as normal control and prepared in the same manner. RESULTS: Open bite was seen in all animals postoperatively, and disappeared at the end of distraction. The shape and appearance of the bony transport disc was similar to original condyles at sacrifice. The articular cavity was filled with fibrous connective tissue and considerable cartilage cells were observed in the surface of the condyle stump. Bone regeneration was perfect in the distraction gap. CONCLUSION: A neocondyle with functional shape can be created by transport distraction osteogenesis, which suggested that this technique might be an alternative method in reconstruction of the condyle.

The role of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in vivo in regeneration of peripheral nerves.

We investigated the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and some other BMPs on regeneration of peripheral motor nerves in vivo. The facial nerves of 24 New Zealand rabbits were crushed to examine a series of retrograde changes in the facial nuclei and axons, in what has been called the "axon reaction". The facial nerves of the experimental group were treated with epineurial coaptation and BMP-2 after the injury. Nerves not treated with BMP-2 were regarded as controls. The expression of BMP-2 was investigated by in situ hybridisation in the neurons of facial nuclei. The electrophysiology, image analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the level of the recovery of facial nerves. The results showed that the axons in the experimental group were thicker and denser than those in the control group four weeks later. The expression of BMP-2 in the neurons of facial nuclei increased after injury. The electron microscopic observations showed that the axons' degeneration in the experimental group was less than that in the control group. Despite the morphological difference between the two groups, there was no apparent difference between them in nerve conduction velocity. These findings suggest that BMP-2 might be involved in the regeneration of facial nerves, and might function as a potential neurotrophic factor.

[Effect of hyperthermia on multidrug resistance of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line (Tca8113) and its multidrug resistance cell line Tca8113/CBDEA].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of hyperthermia on expressions of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line Tca8113 and its MDR cell line Tca8113/CBDEA and intracellular ADM concentration. METHODS: Cell lines were hyperthermia-treated (42 degrees C for 0.5 h), 4 h and 24 h later real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detected expressions of MDR relative genes (MDR1, MRPI, GST-pi) and HTS 7000 Plus Bio Assay Reader measured intracellular ADM concentration. RESULTS: Expressions of MDR1, MRPI, GST-'pi genes in Tca8113/CBDEA significantly descended at 4 h and 24 h post-hyperthermia (P < 0.01). Expressions of MDR1, MRP1 genes in Tca8113 significantly descended at 4 h and 24 h post-hyperthermia (P < 0.05), but there was not statistical difference between 4 h and 24 h post-hyperthermia. GST-pi expression had not statistical descent at 4 h, but there was significantly descend at 24 h post-hyperthermia (P < 0.01). Drug tolerance decreased and hyperthermia increased intracellular drug concentration in Tca8113/CBDEA and Tca8113 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Hyperthermia enhance chemotherapy effect and reverse MDR genes expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. It is suggested that hyperthermia could be used as a method to overcome MDR, which is worth more investigation.

[Influence of the expression of heat shock protein 70 in maxillofacial squamous cell carcinoma by thermochemotherapy].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of thermochemotheraphy on the expression of HSP70 in maxillofacial squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: 12 patients were treated with thermochemotheraphy twice a week, altogether 10 times. After 8 mg of Pingyangmycin infused, the patients were treated with microwave hyperthermia at 43 degrees C for 40 min. The part of carcinoma tissue was removed with surgical operations at before treatment and aftre five times of treatment. The expression of HSP70 in tumor cells was determined by SP immunohistochemcial method. RESULTS: The expression of HSP70 in tumor cells was enhanced obviously by thermochemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Special high expression of HSP70 in the tumor cells was induced by thermochemotherapy. With the antigen presenting action and other action, HSP70 have special antitumor effect.

[Experimental study on the microcosmic changes of compressed premaxillary suture with laser scanning confocal microscopy].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiment is to know whether active orthopedic appliance is rationale to do presurgical treatment and seek some regularities. METHODS: Laser scanning confocal microscopy and triple fluorochrome labeling in bone were used to observe and study detailed changes occurred in compressed suture systematically. RESULTS: Widened suture and broken fibres between the adjoining bones was observed at the 3rd week postoperatively. At the 3rd week hyperplasia of organic tissue components was also seen. At the 6 and 9th week there were no apparent differences among all groups no matter whether in control group or experimental groups. CONCLUSION: Retarding injury of compressed suture and surrounding tissue hyperplasia exists. With growth and development wounded suture will gradually assimilate to control group structurally and functionally.

[Combining of TNP-470 and 5-Fu in inhibition of adenoid cystic carcinoma in nude mice model].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of angiogenesis inhibitor and its combine with chemical drug in suppressing the growth of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). METHODS: Acc-M cells were inoculated subcutaneous into BABL/C nu/nu mice. The mice were divided into control, different dose of TNP-470 treatment groups, 5-Fu treatment group and TNP-470 plus 5-Fu treatment group. Treatments were given 48 hours after inoculation. The mice were sacrificed on the 22nd day and excised tumors were weighted. Tumors were also investigated by immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural observations. RESULTS: TNP-470 100 mg/kg/qod efficiently inhibited the growth of Acc-M tumors. TNP-470 30 mg/kg/qod combined with 50 mg/kg/week 5-Fu also resulted in significant growth inhibit of the tumors. TNP-470 suppressed tumor growth by inhibiting neovascularization, therefore inducing apoptosis of Acc-M cells. All experimental groups had different degrees of VEGF and bFGF express. CONCLUSION: Since ACC is a slow developing tumor, blood supply is not so sufficient as sarcomas. Angiogensis inhibitor may inhibit its growth in high dosage. Combining medium dosage of angiogensis inhibitor with chemical drug may have synergistic result in inhibiting ACC growth.

[Effect of anti-human VEGF monoclonal antibody on VEGF level in serum of nude mice transplanted buccal carcinoma: a quantitative study].

OBJECTIVE: Quantitative study of the effect of anti-human VEGF mAb E11 to VEGF level in serum of nude mice transplanted buccal carcinoma. METHODS: E11 was administered into BALB/c nu/nu mice which were transplanted human buccal carcinoma. The saline was administrated as negative control. Mice were killed at 18 days. The VEGF level in serum of mice was determined by improved indirect ELISA. RESULTS: Compared with the VEGF level in serum of mice in saline group, it was dramatically decreased in E11 group. The VEGF level in serum of mice treated E11 by subcutaneous was lowest and only reached (1.17 +/- 0.13) microg/L. CONCLUSION: It demonstrated that the anti-human VEGF mAb could reduce the VEGF level in serum by binding VEGF, and block its biological activity. It indicates that VEGF in serum of malignant tumor patient is a new tumor marker.

[Effect of orthopedic premaxillary retrution on craniofacial development in animal model].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the whole process of cranio-maxillofacial development of an animal model with bilateral premaxillary clefts, after being exerted with premaxillary retro-pressing forces. METHODS: Experimental rabbits with premaxillary clefts and without clefts were exerted with retro-pressing forces respectively. Roentgenographic cephalometric analysis and different investigations of premaxillary suture were performed during the whole craniofacial development. RESULTS: The longitudinal cephalometric analysis showed that a temporary retarding effect of mid-facial growth existed. The hindrance of maxillary growth potentiality did not occur in spite of being exerted retro-pressing force as to this experimental extent. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Infant rabbit combined with the designed retro-pressing appliance is an ideal experimental model for quantitative study of active orthopedic treatment of protruding premaxilla. (2) Using active preoperative orthopedics to reposit the protruding premaxilla of bilateral cleft palate is a reasonable and effective approach.

[Recombinant human BMP-2 accelerates bone formation of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of rhBMP-2 on bone formation of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rabbits. METHODS: Bilateral mandibular osteotomies were performed in 12 mature rabbits. 5 mg rhBMP-2 with the collagen carrier was implanted in the osteotomy site of one side of the mandibles. Only the collagen sponge was placed in the contra-lateral side as control. The mandibles of 8 rabbits were lengthened by 6mm using a custom-made distractor. At 4 weeks after the end of distraction, all animals were killed and the distracted calluses were harvested and processed for histological, scanning electron microscopic, as well as Ca/P ratio analysis. RESULTS: The regenerated bone was found in the distraction gap after mandibular lengthening. The mandibular side treated with rhBMP-2 had greater amounts of new bone formation and earlier mineralization than contra-lateral side (non-rhBMP-2 treated). CONCLUSION: Recombinant human BMP-2 appears to be able to accelerate bone formation of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rabbits.

[Detection of P-glycoprotein and glutathine S-transferase in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary gland].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism(MDR) of multidrug resistance(MDR) of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in salivary gland. METHODS: 40 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in salivary gland were examined the MDR gene product P-glycoprotein using a monoclonal antibody JSB-1. And 10 of them were also investigated by detecting the expression of GST-pi. All the cases had not been accepted any therapy before the samples were collected. RESULTS: 1. Positive expression of JSB-1 was observed in 27 of the 40 specimens. The positive expression was related not only with clinical stage, but also with differentiation degree. 2. The GST-pi positive expression was found in 9 of 10 cases. There was no significant different between the positive expression of JSB-1 and GST-pi. CONCLUSION: JSB-1 and GST-pi play an important role in MDR of mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

[Rhabdomysarcoma and combined treatment in oral and maxillofacial regions].

OBJECTIVE: To study the treatment outcome of rhabdomysarcoma(RMS). METHODS: 74 cases of RMS with definite pathologic diagnosis treated in our department during the past 20 years were investigated. The relationship between the therapy and prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS: 52 cases among the 74 patients received different surgical treatment and post-operative radiotherapy. 22 cases received radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy without surgical treatment. The survival rates demonstrated great differences depending on the different clinical stages and therapy. CONCLUSION: The combined therapy including radiotherapy after surgical treatment may increase 5-year survival rate.

[Expression and implication of Pgp, MRP, LRP, GST-pi, Topo II alpha in tongue squamous cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation of chemotherapy efficacy in tongue squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) with expression level of P-glycoprotein(Pgp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), lung resistance-related protein (LRP), glutathiones-tranferase (GST-pi), DNA topo-isomerase II alpha (Topo II alpha). METHODS: The expression patterns of Pgp, MRP, LRP, GST-pi and Topo II alpha in 40 patients (pre and post-chemotherapy, respectively) with tongue SCC were examined by immunohistochemically labelled streptavidin bioein method (LsAB). RESULTS: The expression ratios of Pgp, MRP, LRP, GST-pi and Topo II alpha in pre-chemotherapy cases were 47.5%, 50%, 35%, 45%, 82.5%, respectively. No relations between expression of Pgp, MRP, LRP, GST-pi, Topo II alpha and clinic indexes were established (P > 0.05). Expression ratios of Pgp, MRP in post-chemotherapy cases were higher than that in pre-chemotherapy cases (P < 0.05). Expression of Pgp and MRP showed relevance with drug resistance (P < 0.05). The co-expression was common, the ratios of co-expression of Pgp, MRP, GST-pi and MRP, GST-pi in chemotherapy non-responders were 40% and 50%, respectively, but 0 in responders. CONCLUSION: The intrinsic multidrug resistance of tongue SCC is relevant to the effects of Pgp, MRP, GST-pi.