Association between magnesium depletion score and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk: a secondary data analysis from NHANES.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The association between magnesium depletion score (MDS) and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been examined to date. Meanwhile, the potential impact of dietary magnesium intake on this association remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the influence of dietary magnesium intake on the association between MDS and COPD incidence. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, we analysed the relationship between MDS and COPD, while also exploring the role of dietary magnesium. RESULTS: A total of 39 852 participants, including 1762 patients with COPD and 38 090 patients with non-COPD, were included in the analysis. After adjusting for confounding factors, our results demonstrated a significant association between higher MDS and increased COPD incidence (OR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.99). Furthermore, it was observed that dietary magnesium intake did not significantly impact this association. CONCLUSION: This study highlights a significant positive correlation between MDS and the incidence of COPD. Nonetheless, no significant alteration in this association was observed with dietary magnesium intake.

Corn silk (Zea mays L.), a source of natural antioxidants with α-amylase, α-glucosidase, advanced glycation and diabetic nephropathy inhibitory activities.

The oxidative stress plays a critical role in the progression of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Corn silk is a traditional medicine used to treat DM. The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant capacity of corn silk, as well as its inhibitory potential on DM and diabetic nephropathy (DN). The ethanol extract of corn silk (CS) was liquid-liquid fractionated to get petroleum ether fraction (PCS), ethyl acetate fraction (ECS), n-butanol fraction (BCS) and water fraction (WCS). The Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 assay showed that silk corn contained considerable amount of phenolics and flavonoids, ECS and BCS were the two phenolic-enriched fractions with highest TPC and TFC values. The ECS and BCS showed the highest total antioxidant activity and reducing power, as well as the strongest scavenging activity against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, compared to CS and other fractions. The ECS and BCS displayed appreciable anti-hyperglycaemic effect indicated by the significant inhibition on α-amylase and α-glucosidase in enzymatic assays. In BSA-glucose model, ECS and BCS effectively inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In addition, the anti-diabetic nephropathy activity assay displayed that CS, ECS and BCS significantly inhibited the production of Col IV, FN and IL-6 in high-glucose stimulated mesangial cells at 200 µg/mL. These findings suggested the antioxidant activities of corn silk could contribute, at least in part, to its traditionally claimed therapeutic benefits on DM and DN. The phenolic-enriched CS fractions could be considered as a source of natural antioxidants and further developed for the prevention and treatment of DM and its complications including DN.

Cytotoxic Activities of Fractions of the Willow Bracket Medicinal Mushroom, Phellinus igniarius (Agaricomycetes), and the Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in MGC-803 Cells.

Phellinus igniarius, a perennial medicinal mushroom, has been used in China and other countries of East Asia for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxic activities of different fractions of an ethanol extract from Ph. igniarius and to elucidate a possible antitumor mechanism. An ethanol extract of Ph. igniarius was partitioned into a petroleum ether fraction, an ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), an n-butanol fraction, and a water-soluble fraction. The cytotoxic activity of all the fractions was initially screened in a brine shrimp lethality test, then evaluated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay against 5 human tumor cell lines: MGC-803, BEL-7402, HeLa, MCF-7, and HCT-116. The cell cycle distribution induced by EAF on MGC-803 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining, and apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry with Annexin V/propidium iodide staining. The results of the brine shrimp lethality test and the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay showed that EAF was the most active fraction, displaying strong inhibitory activity against the MGC-803, BEL-7402, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that EAF could induce S-phase cell cycle arrest in MGC-803 cells and cause apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that EAF, as the most active fraction of Ph. igniarius, exerted antitumor activity by inducing MGC-803 cell apoptosis via S-phase cell cycle arrest.

[Study on chemical constituents from seed of Oroxylum indicum].

Oroxylum indicum was a traditional Chinese medicine. In order to study the chemical constituents from the seed of O. indicum, the chemical constituents of 80% methanol extract of seeds of O. indicum were subjected to chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and preparative HPLC, leading to the isolation of eleven compounds. The structures were identified by various spectroscopic data including ESI-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR data as oroxin B (1), chrysin (2), baicalein (3), neglectein (4), quercetin-3-O-ß-D-galactopy ranoside (5), quercetin-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (6), 2α,3ß-dihydroxylluPeol (7), lupeol (8), rengyol (9), ß-sitostero (10), and stigmasterol (11). Among them, compound 5 were firstly obtained from O. indicum.

Bioactive compounds from Cornus officinalis fruits and their effects on diabetic nephropathy.

ETHNOPARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The fruit of Cornus officinalis, called "Shanzhuyu", a traditional medicine in China, is used for the treatment of kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-diabetic nephropathy activity of Shanzhuyu and the active compounds in the fruit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The air dried fruit of Cornus officinalis was extracted in 80% EtOH, the obtained residue was fractioned on D101 resin column eluted with H2O/EtOH solution to get five crude fractions (fr. A-E). The anti-diabetic nephropathy activity of fractions (fr. A-E) was evaluated in vitro by inhibiting the expression of collagen IV (Col V), fibronectin (FN) and IL-6 in high-glucose-induced mesangial cells. By preliminary bio-assay screenings, repeated column chromatography on fraction B-D led the isolation of 22 compounds, whose structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and the anti-diabetic nephropathy activity of the isolated compounds was also evaluated. RESULTS: Two new iridoid glucosides, logmalicids A and B (1 and 2), together with 20 known compounds (3-22) were isolated from the extract of Shanzhuyu under the bioassay-guided screenings. The anti-diabetic nephropathy activity assay displayed that fractions A, D and E could significantly inhibit the production of Col IV; fractions A and C could significantly inhibit the expression of FN and IL-6 in the high-glucose-stimulated mesangial cells at concentration of 50 µg/mL; and loganin (3) and its derivatives (1 and 2) could significantly inhibit the expression of FN and IL-6 at concentration of 10 µM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that loganin and its derivatives were the active compounds in Cornus officinalis fruit (Shanzhuyu) on diabetic nephropathy. This study further supported the traditional use of Shanzhuyu to treat diabetic nephropathy and related kidney diseases.

Two new neolignans from Patrinia scabra with potent cytotoxic activity against HeLa and MNK-45 cells.

Two new neolignans, patrineolignan A (1) and patrineolignan B (2), together with seven known lignans, were isolated from the 90 % aqueous EtOH extract of the roots of Patrinia scabra. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data (HRESIMS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR) and comparison with literature data. The two new neolignans were evaluated in vitro for cytotoxic properties against human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line and gastric carcinoma MNK-45 cell line using the microculture tetrazolium assay, and both 1 and 2 exhibited strongly cytotoxic activity against the two tumor cell lines.

Cytotoxic iridoids from the roots of Patrinia scabra.

Six new iridoid glucosides, patriridosides D-I (1-6), and one new iridoid, scabrol A (7), along with 12 known non-glycosidic and glycosidic iridoids (8-19), have been isolated from an ethanolic extract of the roots of Patrinia scabra. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds against human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells and gastric carcinoma MNK-45 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. Compounds 1, 4-6, 8, and 18 showed cytotoxic activities against the MNK-45 cell line with respective IC50 values of 15.6, 8.7, 9.4, 30.9, 23.8, and 11.2 µM, while only compound 10 showed cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell line, with an IC50 value of 24.5 µM.

Novel norlignan glucosides from rhizomes of Curculigo sinensis.

Eight norlignan glucosides, including two novel skeleton-rearranged compounds, sinenside A (1) and B (2), and six known compounds, crassifoside D (3), capituloside (4), a mixture of (1S,2R)-1-O-methylnyasicoside (5), (1R,2R)-1-O-methylisonyasicoside (6), and a mixture of (1S,2R)-1-O-methylcurculigine (7) and (1R,2R)-1-O-methylisocurculigine (8), were isolated from the rhizomes of Curculigo sinensis. Compounds 3-8 were isolated for the first time from this plant. Structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic analysis, including UV, IR, HRESI-MS, and 1D/2D NMR, and hydrolysis experiments. The free radical scavenging activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. All the isolated compounds showed strong radical scavenging activities.

Isolation and identification of compounds responsible for antioxidant capacity of Euryale ferox seeds.

Euryale ferox seed is consumed medicinally or for food in China. The present study revealed it to contain significant antioxidant activity, which may be associated with its medical applications as a proteinuria inhibitor of diabetic nephropathy. This study resulted in the identification of 3 new sesquineolignans, named euryalins A-C (1-3), and 16 known compounds, which were all first isolated from this plant apart from 5,7,4-trihydroxy-flavanone. The antioxidant potential of the partial isolates was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and mesangial cellular assay. Compounds 2, rel-(2α,3ß)-7-O-methylcedrusin (4), syringylglycerol-8-O-4-(sinapyl alcohol) ether (5), and (+)-syringaresinol (7) were found to be most active on DPPH assay, whereas compounds 2, 4, 7, (1R,2R,5R,6S)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, and buddlenol E could significantly inhibit high glucose-stimulated reactive oxygen species production in mesangial cells. The results suggested that E. ferox seed could be considered as an excellent source of natural antioxidants and is useful in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy.

New norlignan derivatives from Curculigo capitulata.

Two new norlignan derivatives, crassifoside I (1) and sinensigenin C (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Curculigo capitulate, along with six known norlignan derivatives, 1,1-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-furan)-methane (3), crassifogenin B (4), crassifoside A (5), breviscaside A (6), crassifoside D (7), and curcapital (8). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence and comparisons with literature data. The 1H and 13C NMR data of compound 3 was first assigned. Compounds 3-7 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Norlignan derivatives from Curculigo breviscapa.

Phytochemical study on the ethanol extract of the rhizomes of Curculigo breviscapa led to the isolation of two new norlignans, breviscapin C (1) and breviscaside B (2), together with six known norlignans, curcapital (3), capituloside (4), pilosidine (5), curcapitoside (6), crassifoside H (7), and crassifoside F (8). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparisons of their data with literature values. All the compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant.

Norlignan derivatives from Curculigo crassifolia and their DPPH radical scavenging activity.

A novel norlignan derivative, crassifogenin C (1), and a known compound, curcapital (2), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparisons with literature data. Curcapital (2) was isolated from this plant for the first time. The free radical scavenging activity of the isolated compounds along with crassifoside E (3) and crassifoside F (4), which were reported previously, was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. All compounds showed strong radical scavenging activity. The primary structure-activity relationship is also discussed.

New acetylenic norlignan compounds from rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia.

Two pairs of diastereoisomeric acetylenic norlignan compounds with PhCH(OR(1))CH(OR(2))CH(2)C triple bond CPh skeleta: (1R, 2R)-1-O-methylnyasicoside (1) and (1S, 2R)-1-O-methylnyasicoside (2), and (1R, 2R)-crassifogenin D (3) and (1S, 2R)- crassifogenin D (4), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia. Compounds 3 and 4 are new and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparisons with literature data.

Antioxidant phenolic compounds from rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia.

A pair of new phenolic glycosides, crassifoside G (5) and isocrassifoside G (6), along with five known phenolic compounds (1-4 and 7), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia. Their structures were established by spectroscopic techniques and chemical methods. Most of the isolated compounds exhibited strong antioxidant activity in the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay.

New phenolic constituents from Balanophora polyandra with radical-scavenging activity.

The 80% acetone extract of Balanophora polyandra Griff. (Balanophoraceae) was found to exhibit high radical-scavenging activity (SC(50)=14.48 mug/ml) towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Further chemical investigation led the isolation of two new hydrolysable tannins, balapolyphorins A (1) and B (2), together with 20 known phenolic compounds (3-22). Their structures were established by detailed spectroscopic analysis, and the radical-scavenging properties of all isolated compounds were determined by DPPH assay.

Antioxidant phenolic constituents from Fagopyrum dibotrys.

Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don.) Hara. is an erect perennial Polygonaceous herb. In China, its rhizome was used as folk medicine for the treatment of lung diseases, dysentery and rheumatism. The crude aqueous acetone extract from the rhizomes of this plant exhibited high antioxidant activity (SC50 = 10.95 microg/mL) in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Detailed chemical investigation on the extract led to the isolation of two new phenols (1 and 2), together with 14 known antioxidant phenolic compounds (3-16). Their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis. The two new compounds were characterized as 3-methyl-gossypetin 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 1,3,6'-tri-p-coumaroyl-6-feruloyl sucrose (diboside A, 2). The radical scavenging activity of all the isolated compounds was also described.

Antioxidant phenolic compounds from rhizomes of Polygonum paleaceum.

Polygonum paleaceum Wall. ex Hook. f. is a small herb in Polygonaceae family. In southwest of China, the rhizomes of this plant were used as folk drug for the treatment of chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcers, dysentery, wound, pain, hemorrhage and irregular menstruation. The crude aqueous acetone extract exhibited high antioxidant activity (SC(50) = 16.72 micro/ml) in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay. With bioactivity-guided fractionations, 14 antioxidant phenolic compounds 1-14 were obtained from the air-dried rhizomes of this plant. Of them, compound 1, a new phenol named paleaceolactoside, was determined to be 3,5-dihydroxyl hexanoic acid 1,5-lactone 3-(6'-o-galloyl)-o-beta-D-glucopyranoside by detailed spectroscopic analysis. The radical-scavenging activity of all the isolated compounds was also described.