New species, new records and common species of Pluteussect.Celluloderma from northern China.

Wood-rotting fungi are organisms that can decompose wood substrates and extract nutrients from them to support their growth. They play a crucial role in the material cycle of forest ecosystems. The genus Pluteus plays a significant role in wood decomposition. In this study, the morphology and molecular systematics of the sect. Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus were carried out. Pluteusbrunneodiscus was identified as a new species, along with the discovery of two new records, P.cystidiosus and P.chrysophlebius, and a common species, P.romellii. Pluteusbrunneodiscus is characterized by the brown center of the pileus that transitions to white towards the margins, with the surface cracking to form irregular granules. It is typically found in Populus forests growing on decomposing twigs or wood chips. Line drawings, color photographs, and phylogenetic analyses of related species within the genus Pluteus accompany the descriptions of these four species. The analyses are based on ITS + TEF1-α sequence data. Finally, a key for the twenty species within the sect. Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus, which has been documented in China, is provided.

Chemical Constituents from the Heartwood of Solanum Verbascifolium L. And Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities Combined Network Pharmacology.

Phytochemical studies on 95 % ethanol extract of the heartwood of Solanum verbascifolium L. resulted in the isolation of one new amide derivative (1), and 21 known phenylpropanoids compounds. The structures were characterized by spectral analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity of amide compounds 1-4 and 6-9 by investigating their impact on the release of nitric oxide (NO) in MH-S cells. Our findings unveiled significant inhibitory effects on NO secretion. Compound 1 exhibited robust dose-dependent suppression, with pronounced inhibition observed at both 20 µM (P<0.01) and 40 µM (P<0.01). Furthermore, compound 9 demonstrated noteworthy inhibitory effects at 40 µM (P<0.01). Similarly, compounds 3 and 4 displayed substantial inhibition of NO secretion at the same concentration, although the significance level was slightly lower (P<0.05). It is expected that there is a substantial association between the anti-inflammatory activities of amides and their targets, specifically PTGS2, by combining network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. This discovery emphasizes amides' potential as an interesting subject for additional study in the realm of anti-inflammatory medications.

Dendrocandin U from Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo Inhibits M1 Polarization in Alveolar Macrophage by Suppressing NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo is a valuable and homologous medicine and food traditional Chinese medicine. Currently there are few studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of lipophilic components. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of the lipophilic compounds in Dendrobium officinale. Six compounds were isolated and identified, including three bibenzyl compounds, dendrocandin U, dendronbibisline B, erianin, and three lignans, (-)-syringaresinol, (+)-syringaresinol-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, 5-methoxy-(+)-isolariciresinol. Among them, dendronbibisline B and 5-methoxy-(+)-isolariciresinol were isolated from Dendrobium officinale for the first time. Besides, we found dendrocandin U, dendronbibisline B and (-)-syringaresinol exhibited the anti-inflammation to inhibit nitric oxide secretion induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN-γ) in MH-S cells. Furthermore, dendrocandin U could inhibit the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Cluster of Differentiation 86 (CD86), and reduce inflammatory morphological changes of macrophages. Meanwhile, we confirmed that the anti-inflammation mechanism of dendrocandin U was to inhibit M1 polarization by suppressing toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/recombinant myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In this paper, dendrocandin U with significant anti-inflammatory activity was found from Dendrobium officinale, which could provide a basis for the study of its anti-inflammatory drugs.

[Research progress on the role and mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in hyperhomocysteine-induced atherosclerosis].

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is considered to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are not fully understood. Endothelial dysfunction is a key initiating factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which is commonly observed in almost all HHcy-induced vascular diseases. HHcy promotes oxidative stress, inhibits nitric oxide production, suppresses hydrogen sulfide signaling pathway, promotes endothelial mesenchymal transition, activates coagulation pathways, and promotes protein N-homocysteination and cellular hypomethylation, all of which can cause endothelial dysfunction. This article reviews the specific links between HHcy and endothelial dysfunction, and highlights recent evidence that endothelial mesenchymal transition contributes to HHcy-induced vascular damage, with a hope to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of HHcy-related vascular diseases.

Correlation Between Clinical Characteristics and Radionuclide Salivagram Findings in Infants With Congenital Laryngeal Developmental Anomalies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between clinical characteristics and radionuclide salivagram findings in infants with congenital laryngeal developmental anomalies, and determine the clinical characteristics that could predict the positive results of radionuclide salivagram. METHODS: 151 hospitalized infants with congenital laryngeal developmental anomalies were retrospectively included to assess the correlation between positive radionuclide salivagram results and clinical features, and a multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to identify significant correlates that jointly predict positive radionuclide salivagram results. RESULTS: Positive radionuclide salivagram results were significantly associated with fever, neurological diseases, congenital syndromes, and positive pathogenetic test results in univariate analysis. Positive radionuclide salivagram were significantly associated with fever (odds ratio [OR] = 3.494; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.414-8.630; P = 0.007), neurological diseases (OR = 3.296; 95% CI 1.335-8.138; P = 0.010), and congenital syndromes (OR = 5.069, 95% CI 1.696-15.154; P = 0.004) in a multivariable logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Fever, concurrent neurological diseases, and concurrent congenital syndromes were discovered as clinical factors that could predict positive radionuclide salivagram results and salivary aspiration should be highly suspected in infants with these clinical factors of congenital laryngeal developmental anomalies.

Schisandrin A ameliorates increased pulmonary capillary endothelial permeability accompanied with sepsis through inhibition of RhoA/ROCK1/MLC pathways.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response, and vascular leakage associated with acute lung injury (ALI) is an important pathophysiological process during sepsis. Schisandrin A (SchA) is a bioactive lignan which has been reported to have the anti-inflammatory effects in many studies, while whether SchA can ameliorate ALI-related vascular leakage caused by sepsis is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role and the underlying mechanism of SchA in increase of pulmonary vascular permeability induced by sepsis. METHODS: The effect of SchA on pulmonary vascular permeability was examined in rat acute lung injury model. The effect of SchA on skin vascular permeability of mice was investigated through Miles assay. MTT assay was performed to detect the cell activity, and transwell assay was used to detect the effect of SchA on cell permeability. The effects of SchA on junction proteins and RhoA/ROCK1/MLC signaling pathway were manifested by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. RESULTS: The administration of SchA alleviated rat pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, relieved increased permeability in the mouse skin and HUVECs induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Meanwhile, SchA inhibited the formation of stress fibers, reversed the decrease of expression of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin. Subsequent experiments confirmed that SchA inhibited RhoA/ROCK1/MLC canonical pathway in rat lungs and HUVECs induced by LPS. Moreover, overexpression of RhoA reversed the inhibitory effect of SchA in HUVECs, which suggested that SchA protected the pulmonary endothelial barrier by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK1/MLC pathway. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results indicate that SchA ameliorates the increase of pulmonary endothelial permeability induced by sepsis through inhibition of RhoA/ROCK1/MLC pathway, providing a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for sepsis.

Death-associated protein kinase 1 is associated with cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder.

We previously showed that death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) expression is increased in hippocampal tissue in a mouse model of major depressive disorde and is related to cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, depression is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease, as well as an early clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, cognitive dysfunction is a distinctive feature of major depressive disorder. Therefore, DAPK1 may be related to cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder. In this study, we established a mouse model of major depressive disorder by housing mice individually and exposing them to chronic, mild, unpredictable stressors. We found that DAPK1 and tau protein levels were increased in the hippocampal CA3 area, and tau was hyperphosphorylated at Thr231, Ser262, and Ser396 in these mice. Furthermore, DAPK1 shifted from axonal expression to overexpression on the cell membrane. Exercise and treatment with the antidepressant drug citalopram decreased DAPK1 expression and tau protein phosphorylation in hippocampal tissue and improved both depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. These results indicate that DAPK1 may be a potential reason and therapeutic target of cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder.

[Short-term persistent symptoms in preschool children with mild/common coronavirus disease 2019 caused by Omicron variant infection after discharge: a follow-up study]. / Omicronå˜å¼‚æ ªæ„ŸæŸ“çš„è½»åž‹/æ™®é€šåž‹æ–°åž‹å† çŠ¶ç— æ¯’è‚ºç‚Žå­¦é¾„å‰å„¿ç«¥å‡ºé™¢åŽçŸ­æœŸç›¸å ³æŒç»­ç—‡çŠ¶çš„éšè®¿.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the persistent symptoms in preschool children after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection, and to provide a basis for developing follow-up plans after infection and reducing and preventing related symptoms after infection. METHODS: The children, aged 0-5 years, who had Omicron BA.2 infection and were discharged from the pediatric ward of Shanghai Renji Hospital South Branch from April 13 to May 8, 2022, were enrolled as subjects, and related demographic and clinical data were collected. The children were followed up from the time to SARS-CoV-2 clearance for two consecutive tests with an interval of >24 hours till 4-5 weeks after clearance, and telephone follow-up was performed on the primary caregivers to investigate related persistent symptoms. RESULTS: Among the 103 children who met the inclusion criteria, there were 61 boys and 42 girls, with a median age of 18 months. The primary caregivers who had received two or more doses of COVID-19 vaccine accounted for 64.1% (66/103). Fever (98.1%, 101/103) was the most common symptom in these children, followed by cough/expectoration (63.1%, 65/103), gastrointestinal problems (37.9%, 39/103), loss of appetite (30.1%, 31/103), weakness (27.2%, 28/103), and nasal obstruction/runny nose (16.5%, 17/103). The follow-up at 1 month after discharge reported that 44 children (42.7%) had at least one persistent symptom, including respiratory symptoms in 14 children (13.6%) and gastrointestinal problems in 19 children (18.4%). The children whose primary caregivers received two or more doses of COVID-19 vaccine had a significantly shorter time to SARS-CoV-2 clearance than those whose primary caregivers did not receive or only received one dose of COVID-19 vaccine (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of children with at least one persistent symptom (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of the preschool children may have related persistent symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection, mainly gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms. Most of the symptoms may be mild, and continuous follow-up is needed to observe their outcomes. Vaccination of COVID-19 vaccine for primary caregivers has a certain protective effect on children.

Management experience of a designated hospital for children with coronavirus disease 2019. / æ–°åž‹å† çŠ¶ç— æ¯’è‚ºç‚Žå„¿ç«¥å®šç‚¹åŒ»é™¢ç®¡ç†ç»éªŒåˆ†äº«.

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought great challenges to the traditional medical model. During the outbreak of COVID-19 in Shanghai, China, from March to May, 2022, there was a significant increase in the number of pediatric cases due to high transmissibility, immune escape, and vaccine breakthrough capacity of Omicron variants. The designated hospitals for children with COVID-19 served as a connecting link between children's specialized hospitals and mobile cabin hospitals. From April 7 to June 2, 2022, a total of 871 children with COVID-19 were admitted to Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (South Branch), a designated hospital for children with COVID-19. Among these patients, 568 (65.2%) were children under 3 years old, 870 (99.9%) were mild or moderate, and 1 was severe. This article reports the experience in the management of pediatric cases in this designated hospital, which included the following aspects: establishing an optimal case-admission process; strengthening multidisciplinary standardized diagnosis and treatment; optimizing the management, warning, and rescue system for severe COVID-19; implementing family-centered nursing care; formulating an individualized traditional Chinese medicine treatment regimen; optimizing the discharge process and strengthening bed turnover; implementing strict whole-process control to reduce the risk of nosocomial infection; constructing a structured medical record system and using information platforms to adapt to the work mode of large-volume cases; conducting scientific research and sharing the experience in diagnosis and treatment.

Efficacy of the herbal pair, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae and Eucommiae Cortex, in preventing glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in the zebrafish model.

OBJECTIVE: In traditional Chinese medicine, the herbal pair, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (RAB) and Eucommiae Cortex (EC), is widely used to treat osteoporosis. Herein, we determined whether this herbal pair can be used to ameliorate glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) and find its optimal dosage in zebrafish. METHODS: The characteristics of the aqueous extract of RAB and EC were separately characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography. Osteoporosis was induced in 5-day post-fertilization zebrafish larvae by exposing them to 10 µmol/L dexamethasone (Dex) for 96 h. Seven combinations of different ratios of RAB and EC were co-administered. Treatment efficacy was determined by calculating zebrafish vertebral area and sum brightness, via alizarin red staining, and by detecting alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the optimal dosage ratio. RESULTS: According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015), ß-ecdysone (ß-Ecd) is a major bioactive marker in RAB extract, while pinoresinol diglucoside (PDG) is the major marker in EC extract. Both of ß-Ecd and PDG content values aligned with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia standards. Treatment with 10 µmol/L Dex reduced zebrafish vertebral area, sum brightness, and ALP activity, but RAB and EC attenuated these effects. Combining 50 µg/mL RAB and 50 µg/mL EC was optimal for preventing GIOP in zebrafish. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes. A treatment of 10 µmol/L Dex decreased runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1), bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP), and ß-catenin levels. This effect was counteracted by RAB and EC co-treatment (P < 0.05). Additionally, the effect of using the two herbal extracts together was better than single-herb treatments separately. These results demonstrated that RAB and EC preserve osteoblast function in the presence of GC. The best mass ratio was 1:1. CONCLUSION: RAB and EC herbal pair could ameliorate GC-induced effects in zebrafish, with 1:1 as the optimal dosage ratio.

Risk factors for Clostridioides difficile infection in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors and consequences associated with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are still uncertain. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess risk factors and outcomes associated with CDI in children and adolescents with IBD. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to 24th February, 2021. Studies investigating risk factors, bowel surgery rate in pediatric IBD patients with and without CDI were included. Random-effects model was used for calculating summary estimates. Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used for quality assessment. RESULTS: Fourteen studies, comprising 17,114 patients, were included. There was a significant association between 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) use and CDI [odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-3.03], with minimal heterogeneity (I2 = 0.00%). Increased risk of active disease (OR = 4.66, 95% CI 2.16-10.07) were associated with CDI in those studies performed in high quality score (NOS > 6) and significantly higher CDI rates in studies conducted outside USA (OR = 2.94, 95% CI 1.57-5.58). The bowel surgery rate in IBD with CDI was 3.8-57.1%, compared to that in IBD without CDI (0-21.3%). All studies were of moderate to high quality. CONCLUSIONS: 5-ASA use and active disease might be risk factors associated with CDI in children and adolescents with IBD. Bowel surgery rates associated with CDI in IBD patients varied greatly. Large-scale clinical studies on CDI in children and adolescents with IBD are still needed to verify risk factors and outcomes.

Best practice for infection prevention in pediatric respiratory clinics during the COVID-19 epidemic.

During the COVID-19 epidemic, it is important for ensuring infection prevention and control in the pediatric respiratory clinics. Herein, we introduced the practice of infection prevention and control in pediatric respiratory clinics in China. Triage measures for patients who visit respiratory clinics, quality control for pediatric respiratory clinics and other preventive measures for related examinations and treatment have been introduced in this review article.

Bronchial Artery Embolization in Pediatric Pulmonary Hemorrhage: A Single-Center Experience.

PURPOSE: To explore the safety and effectiveness of bronchial artery (BA) embolization (BAE) in children with pulmonary hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2016 and February 2019, 41 patients (median age, 4 y; interquartile range, 2.3-8 y; median weight, 17.6 kg; interquartile range, 12.3-23.6 kg) underwent BAE. The indication of BAE included massive hemoptysis in 10 patients (24.4%), recurrent hemoptysis in 18 patients (43.9%), and refractory anemia in 13 patients (31.7%). The main etiology of pulmonary hemorrhage included pulmonary hemosiderosis (58.5%), congenital heart disease (17.1%), and infection (14.6%). A retrospective review was conducted of clinical outcomes of BAE. RESULTS: There were 44 embolization sessions, with a total of 137 embolized vessels. Pulmonary hemorrhage was caused by BAs in 30 cases, nonbronchial systemic arteries plus BAs in 10, and nonbronchial systemic arteries in 1. Embolic particles were used in 30 cases (24 polyvinyl alcohol [PVA] and 6 microsphere), coils in 9 cases, and particles plus coils in 5 cases (4 PVA and 1 microsphere). Technical success (ability to embolize abnormal vessel) was achieved in 97.6% of patients (40 of 41), and clinical success (complete or partial resolution of hemoptysis within 30 days of embolization) was achieved in 90.2% (37 of 41). There was 1 procedure-related complication (2.4%) of cerebral infarction and 1 death from multiple-organ dysfunction (2.4%). Bleeding-free survival rates at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months were 92.5%, 83.9%, 83.9%, and 70.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BAE is a safe and effective procedure in children with pulmonary hemorrhage.

Carvacryl acetate, a semisynthetic monoterpenic ester obtained from essential oils, provides neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative stress injury via the Nrf2 signalling pathway.

Carvacryl acetate (CA) is a semisynthetic monoterpenic ester obtained from essential oils, and it exerts an antioxidation effect. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether CA could provide neuroprotection against oxidative stress caused by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced damage was established in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and PC12 cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to imitate oxidative stress damage. TTC, HE and Nissl staining were used to observe the pathological morphology of lesions. The contents of ROS and MDA, and the activity of SOD were measured to reflect the level of oxidative stress. In addition, the TUNEL method was used to assess injuries in vitro, and the expression of Nrf2 was determined by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Importantly, we constructed and validated Nrf2 knockdown PC12 cells to confirm the key role of Nrf2 in the neuroprotective effect of CA against oxidative stress injuries. CA alleviated CIRI in rats with MCAO, as shown by brain tissue pathophysiology. The contents of ROS and MDA were reduced, and the SOD activity was augmented by the simultaneous promotion of Nrf2 expression. In addition, the H2O2-induced injury in Nrf2-knockdown PC12 cells was more serious than it was in control cells, and CA-mediated neuroprotection was exclusively inhibited by the knock down of Nrf2 in PC12 cells. In conclusion, it is shown here that CA has the effect of relieving cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative stress injury via the Nrf2 signalling pathway.

Preeclampsia exposed offspring have greater body mass index than non-exposed offspring during peripubertal life: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the effect of preeclampsia on body mass index (BMI) of offspring who were exposed to preeclampsia in utero. METHODS: Data were obtained from studies identified by a literature search in electronic databases. Random-effects metanalyses were conducted to achieve mean difference in BMI, waist circumference, gestation length, and birthweight between preeclampsia exposed (PE) and non-exposed (non-PE) offspring older than 5 years. Metaregression analyses were performed to identify factors affecting offspring BMI. RESULTS: Sixteen studies (11639 PE offspring; age 15.5 years [14.2, 16.8]; 33.3% [32.6, 33.9] males vs 526,576 non-PE offspring; age 15.7 years [15.0, 16.4]; 42.6% [40.6, 44.5] male) were used. Gestation duration and birthweight of PE fetuses were significantly lesser than those of non-PE fetuses (mean difference (MD) -0.66 weeks [-1.25, -0.07]; p = 0.03 and MD -207.9 [-344.0, -71.8]; p = 0.003) respectively. BMI of PE offspring was significantly higher than non-PE offspring (MD 0.54 kg/m2 [0.27, 0.82]; p = 0.0001). Odds of being obese was significantly higher in PE than non-PE offspring (odds ratio 2.12 [1.70, 2.66]; P < 0.00001). Waist circumference was also significantly higher in PE than in non-PE offspring (MD 1.37 cm [0.67, 2.06]; p = 0.0001). Offspring BMI was significantly inversely associated with maternal age in both PE and non-PE groups. CONCLUSION: Preeclampsia poses risk of higher BMI and waist circumference especially to the offspring of older mothers.

MicroRNA-705 regulates the differentiation of mouse mandible bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

The craniofacial skeleton is the foundation of most stomatological treatments, including prosthodontics and maxillofacial surgery. Although histologically similar to the appendicular skeleton, the craniofacial skeleton manifests many unique properties in response to external stimuli and signals. However, the mandibular or maxillary bone marrow mesenchyme, which is the intrinsic foundation of the functions of craniofacial skeleton, has not been well studied, and its homeostasis mechanism remains elusive. Osteoporosis is a systemic disease that affects all skeletons and is characterized by bone mass loss. Osteoporotic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) exhibit disturbed homeostasis and distorted lineage commitment. Many reports have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating MSCs homeostasis. Here, to obtain a better understanding of mandibular bone marrow MSCs homeostasis, we isolated and cultured mandible marrow MSCs from mouse mandibles. Using miR-705 mimics and an inhibitor, we demonstrated that miR-705 played a vital role in shifting the mandibular MSCs lineage commitment in vitro. Utilizing an osteoporosis mouse model, we demonstrated that MSCs from ovariectomized (OVX) mouse mandibular bone marrow exhibited impaired osteogenic and excessive adipogenic differentiation. miR-705 was found overexpressed in OVX mandibular MSCs. The knock down of miR-705 in vitro partially attenuated the differentiation disorder of the OVX mandibular MSCs by upregulating the expression of osteogenic marker genes but suppressing adipogenic genes. Taken together, our findings provide a better understanding of the homeostasis mechanism of mandibular BMMSCs and a novel potential therapeutic target for treating mandibular osteoporosis.

Preparative separation of four isomers of synthetic anisodamine by HPLC and diastereomer crystallization.

Anisodamine (654-1), a well-known cholinergic antagonist, is marketed as synthetic anisodamine (mixture of four isomers, 654-2) in China. To preparative resolution and comparison of the bioactivities of the four isomers of synthetic anisodamine, current work explores an economic and effective separation method by using preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and diastereomer crystallization. Their absolute configurations were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and circular dichroism method. The purities of each isomer were more than 95%. Among them, 654-2-A2 (6R, 2'S configuration) exhibited better effect on cabachol preconditioned small intestine tension more than 654-2 and other isomers. The direct separation method without using HPLC was tried as well, which was still on progress. This is the first report of the method for preparative separation of four isomers of synthetic anisodamine which could be used for large-scale production in industry.