Knockout of stigmatic ascorbate peroxidase 1 (APX1) delays pollen rehydration and germination by mediating ROS homeostasis in Brassica napus L.

The successful interaction between pollen and stigma is a critical process for plant sexual reproduction, involving a series of intricate molecular and physiological events. After self-compatible pollination, a significant reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been observed in stigmas, which is essential for pollen grain rehydration and subsequent pollen tube growth. Several scavenging enzymes tightly regulate ROS homeostasis. However, the potential role of these ROS-scavenging enzymes in the pollen-stigma interaction in Brassica napus remains unclear. Here, we showed that the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), was modulated depending on the compatibility of pollination in B. napus. We then identified stigma-expressed APX1s and generated pentuple mutants of APX1s using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. After compatible pollination, the BnaAPX1 pentuple mutants accumulated higher levels of H2O2 in the stigma, while the overexpression of BnaA09.APX1 resulted in lower levels of H2O2. Furthermore, the knockout of BnaAPX1 delayed the compatible response-mediated pollen rehydration and germination, which was consistent with the effects of a specific APX inhibitor, ρ-Aminophenol, on compatible pollination. In contrast, the overexpression of BnaA09.APX1 accelerated pollen rehydration and germination after both compatible and incompatible pollinations. However, delaying and promoting pollen rehydration and germination did not affect the seed set after compatible and incompatible pollination in APX1 pentuple mutants and overexpression lines, respectively. Our results demonstrate the fundamental role of BnaAPX1 in pollen rehydration and germination by regulating ROS homeostasis during the pollen-stigma interaction in B. napus.

Alterations of lung microbiota in lung transplant recipients with pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence revealed that lung microbiota dysbiosis was associated with pulmonary infection in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that frequently causes lethal pneumonia in LTRs. However, the lung microbiota in LTRs with P. jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) remains unknow. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, we performed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) on 72 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 61 LTRs (20 with PJP, 22 with PJC, 19 time-matched stable LTRs, and 11 from LTRs after PJP recovery). We compared the lung microbiota composition of LTRs with and without P. jirovecii, and analyzed the related clinical variables. RESULTS: BALFs collected at the episode of PJP showed a more discrete distribution with a lower species diversity, and microbiota composition differed significantly compared to P. jirovecii colonization (PJC) and control group. Human gammaherpesvirus 4, Phreatobacter oligotrophus, and Pseudomonas balearica were the differential microbiota species between the PJP and the other two groups. The network analysis revealed that most species had a positive correlation, while P. jirovecii was correlated negatively with 10 species including Acinetobacter venetianus, Pseudomonas guariconensis, Paracandidimonas soli, Acinetobacter colistiniresistens, and Castellaniella defragrans, which were enriched in the control group. The microbiota composition and diversity of BALF after PJP recovery were also different from the PJP and control groups, while the main components of the PJP recovery similar to control group. Clinical variables including age, creatinine, total protein, albumin, IgG, neutrophil, lymphocyte, CD3+CD45+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells were deeply implicated in the alterations of lung microbiota in LTRs. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that LTRs with PJP had altered lung microbiota compared to PJC, control, and after recovery groups. Furthermore, lung microbiota is related to age, renal function, nutritional and immune status in LTRs.

The self-compatibility is acquired after polyploidization: a case study of Brassica napus self-incompatible trilinear hybrid breeding system.

Self-incompatibility plays a vital role in angiosperms, by preventing inbreeding depression and maintaining genetic diversity within populations. Following polyploidization, many angiosperm species transition from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility. Here, we investigated the S-locus in Brassicaceae and identified distinct origins for the sRNA loci, SMI and SMI2 (SCR Methylation Inducer 1 and 2), within the S-locus. The SMI loci were found to be widespread in Cruciferae, whereas the SMI2 loci were exclusive to Brassica species. Additionally, we discovered four major S-haplotypes (BnS-1, BnS-6, BnS-7, and BnS-1300) in rapeseed. Overexpression of BnSMI-1 in self-incompatible Brassica napus ('S-70S1300S6 ') resulted in a significant increase in DNA methylation in the promoter regions of BnSCR-6 and BnSCR-1300, leading to self-compatibility. Conversely, by overexpressing a point mutation of BnSmi-1 in the 'S-70S1300S6 ' line, we observed lower levels of DNA methylation in BnSCR-6 and BnSCR-1300 promoters. Furthermore, the overexpression of BnSMI2-1300 in the 'SI-326S7S6 ' line inhibited the expression of BnSCR-7 through transcriptional repression of the Smi2 sRNA from the BnS-1300 haplotype. Our study demonstrates that the self-compatibility of rapeseed is determined by S-locus sRNA-mediated silencing of SCR after polyploidization, which helps to further breed self-incompatible or self-compatible rapeseed lines, thereby facilitating the utilization of heterosis.

Differentiation between lung allograft rejection and infection using donor-derived cell-free DNA and pathogen detection by metagenomic next-generation sequencing.

Background: In lung transplant recipients (LTRs), the primary causes of mortality are rejection and infection, which often present similar symptoms, making differentiation challenging. This study aimed to explore the diagnostic efficacy of plasma donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in conjunction with metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for pathogen detection in differentiation between lung allograft rejection and infection in LTRs experiencing new-onset pulmonary complications. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 188 LTRs who underwent lung or heart-lung transplantation at our institution from 2015 to 2021. The LTRs were categorized into three groups: stable, rejection, and infection. We measured plasma dd-cfDNA levels and utilized both mNGS and culture methods to identify pathogens in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results: The rejection group exhibited the highest levels of plasma dd-cfDNA (median 1.34 %, interquartile range [IQR] 1.06-2.19 %) compared to the infection group (median 0.72 %, IQR 0.62-1.07 %) and the stable group (median 0.69 %, IQR 0.58-0.78 %) (both p < 0.001). Within the infection group, a significantly higher level of dd-cfDNA was observed in the cytomegalovirus infection subgroup (p < 0.001), but not in the fungal (p > 0.05) or bacterial infection subgroups (p > 0.05), when compared to the stable group. Elevated dd-cfDNA levels, in combination with negative mNGS results, strongly indicated lung allograft rejection, with a positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 88.7 % and 99.2 %, respectively. Conclusions: Plasma dd-cfDNA in combination with BALF pathogen detection by mNGS shows satisfactory accuracy in differentiating lung allograft rejection from infectious complications.

Single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing analysis to predict the role and clinical value of CD36 in lung squamous cell carcinoma.

The majority of patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which poses a challenge to the efficacy of chemotherapy. Therefore, the search for an early biomarker needs to be addressed. CD36 is a scavenger receptor expressed in various cell types. It has been reported that it is closely related to the occurrence and development of many kinds of tumours. However, its role in lung squamous cell carcinoma has not been reported. Our research aims to reveal the role of CD36 in lung squamous cell carcinoma by integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing data. We used bioinformatics methods to explore the potential carcinogenicity of CD36 by analysing the data from the cancer genome map (TCGA), gene expression comprehensive map (GEO), human protein map (HPA) comparative toxicology genomics database (CTD) and other resources. Our study dissected the relationship between CD36 and prognosis and gene correlation, functional analysis, mutation of different tumours, infiltration of immune cells and exploring the interaction between CD36 and chemicals. The results showed that the expression of CD36 was heterogeneous. Compared with normal patients, the expression was low in lung squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, CD36 showed early diagnostic value in four kinds of tumours (LUSC, BLCA, BRCA and KIRC) and was positively or negatively correlated with the prognosis of different tumours. The relationship between CD36 and the tumour immune microenvironment was revealed by immunoinfiltration analysis, and many drugs that might target CD36 were identified by the comparative toxicological genomics database (CTD). In summary, through pancancer analysis, we found and verified for the first time that CD36 may play a role in the detection of lung squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, it has high specificity and sensitivity in detecting cancer. Therefore, CD36 can be used as an auxiliary index for early tumour diagnosis and a prognostic marker for lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Efficacy of different durations of antifungal prophylaxis with nebulized amphotericin B after lung transplantation: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Nebulized amphotericin B (NAB) is recommended for preventing invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) after lung transplantation. However, the optimal duration of NAB treatment is still unknown. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three different durations of antifungal prophylaxis with NAB after lung transplantation: a prolonged course beyond post-transplant 3 months, a medium course of 2 weeks to 3 months, and a short course of less than 2 weeks. Methods: This a single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed 333 patients who underwent lung or heart-lung transplantation between January 2015 and November 2021. Results: A prolonged course of NAB treatment was associated with a significantly lower incidence of IFDs (12.6%) at 1 year post-transplant compared with a short (50.9%) or a medium course (28.0%) (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the rates of adverse effects among the three durations of NAB treatment (P>0.05). A prolonged course of NAB treatment was associated with a significantly higher 1-year survival rate (94.7%) compared with a short (36.8%) or a medium course (72.0%) (P<0.001). Conclusions: A prolonged course of NAB treatment provided better protection against IFDs than a short or medium course after lung transplantation. Prolonged use of NAB did not significantly increase the incidence of adverse effects.

Air pollution, alcohol consumption, and the risk of elevated liver enzyme levels: a cross-sectional study in the UK Biobank.

Evidences on the association between exposure to air pollution and liver enzymes was scarce in low pollution area. We aimed to investigate the association between air pollution and liver enzyme levels and further explore whether alcohol intake influence this association. This cross-sectional study included 425,773 participants aged 37 to 73 years from the UK Biobank. Land Use Regression was applied to assess levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx. Levels of liver enzymes including AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP were determined by enzymatic rate method. Long-term low-level exposure to PM2.5 (per 5-µg/m3 increase) was significantly associated with AST (0.596% increase, 95% CI, 0.414 to 0.778%), ALT (0.311% increase, 0.031 to 0.593%), and GGT (1.552% increase, 1.172 to 1.933%); The results were similar for PM10; NOX and NO2 were only significantly correlated with AST and GGT Significant modification effects by alcohol consumption were found (P-interaction < 0.05). The effects of pollutants on AST, ALT, and GGT levels gradually increased along with the weekly alcohol drinking frequency. In conclusion, long-term low-level air pollutants exposure was associated with elevated liver enzyme levels. And alcohol intake may exacerbate the effect of air pollution on liver enzymes.

Mutant p53 leads to low-grade IFN-I-induced inflammation and impairs cGAS-STING signalling in mice.

Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a class of proinflammatory cytokines produced in response to viruses and environmental stimulations, resulting in chronic inflammation and even carcinogenesis. However, the connection between IFN-I and p53 mutation is poorly understood. Here, we investigated IFN-I status in the context of mutant p53 (p53N236S , p53S). We observed significant cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) derived from nuclear heterochromatin in p53S cells, along with an increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes. Further study revealed that p53S promoted cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and IFN-regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) expression, thus activating the IFN-I pathway. However, p53S/S mice were more susceptible to herpes simplex virus 1 infection, and the cGAS-stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway showed a decline trend in p53S cells in response to poly(dA:dT) accompanied with decreased IFN-ß and IFN-stimulated genes, whereas the IRF9 increased in response to IFN-ß stimulation. Our results illustrated the p53S mutation leads to low-grade IFN-I-induced inflammation via consistent low activation of the cGAS-STING-IFN-I axis, and STAT1-IRF9 pathway, therefore, impairs the protective cGAS-STING signalling and IFN-I response encountered with exogenous DNA attack. These results suggested the dual molecular mechanisms of p53S mutation in inflammation regulation. Our results could be helping in further understanding of mutant p53 function in chronic inflammation and provide information for developing new therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory diseases or cancer.

Two aspartic proteases, BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s, regulate pollen tube guidance in Brassica napus.

Pollen tube (PT) growth towards the micropyle is critical for successful double fertilization. However, the mechanism of micropyle-directed PT growth is still unclear in Brassica napus. In this study, two aspartate proteases, BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s, were identified in B. napus. BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s were localized to the plasma membrane. The homologues of BnaAP36 and BnaAP39 were highly expressed in flower organs, especially in the anther. Sextuple and double mutants of BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s were then generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Compared to WT, the seed-set of cr-bnaap36 and cr-bnaap39 mutants was reduced by 50% and 60%, respectively. The reduction in seed-set was also found when cr-bnaap36 and cr-bnaap39 were used as the female parent in a reciprocal cross assay. Like WT, cr-bnaap36 and cr-bnaap39 pollen were able to germinate and the relative PTs were able to elongate in style. Approximately 36% and 33% of cr-bnaap36 and cr-bnaap39 PTs, respectively, failed to grow towards the micropyle, indicating that BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s are essential for micropyle-directed PT growth. Furthermore, Alexander's staining showed that 10% of cr-bnaap39 pollen grains were aborted, but not cr-bnaap36, suggesting that BnaAP39s may also affect microspore development. These results suggest that BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s play a critical role in the growth of micropyle-directed PTs in B. napus. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01377-1.

Genetic susceptibility and lifestyle modify the association of long-term air pollution exposure on major depressive disorder: a prospective study in UK Biobank.

BACKGROUND: Evidence linking air pollution to major depressive disorder (MDD) remains sparse and results are heterogeneous. In addition, the evidence about the interaction and joint associations of genetic risk and lifestyle with air pollution on incident MDD risk remains unclear. We aimed to examine the association of various air pollutants with the risk of incident MDD and assessed whether genetic susceptibility and lifestyle influence the associations. METHODS: This population-based prospective cohort study analyzed data collected between March 2006 and October 2010 from 354,897 participants aged 37 to 73 years from the UK Biobank. Annual average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx were estimated using a Land Use Regression model. A lifestyle score was determined based on a combination of smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, television viewing time, sleep duration, and diet. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was defined using 17 MDD-associated genetic loci. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 9.7 years (3,427,084 person-years), 14,710 incident MDD events were ascertained. PM2.5 (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07-1.26; per 5 µg/m3) and NOx (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.05; per 20 µg/m3) were associated with increased risk of MDD. There was a significant interaction between the genetic susceptibility and air pollution for MDD (P-interaction < 0.05). Compared with participants with low genetic risk and low air pollution, those with high genetic risk and high PM2.5 exposure had the highest risk of incident MDD (PM2.5: HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.23-1.46). We also observed an interaction between PM2.5 exposure and unhealthy lifestyle (P-interaction < 0.05). Participants with the least healthy lifestyle and high air pollution exposures had the highest MDD risk when compared to those with the most healthy lifestyle and low air pollution (PM2.5: HR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.92-2.58; PM10: HR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.78-2.45; NO2: HR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.82-2.46; NOx: HR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.97-2.64). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with MDD risk. Identifying individuals with high genetic risk and developing healthy lifestyle for reducing the harm of air pollution to public mental health.

Clinical outcomes and survival following lung transplantation for work-related lung disease: a single-center retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with work-related lung disease (WRLD) are at increased risk of death caused by severe lung tissue damage and fibrosis. This study aimed to assess the clinical outcomes of lung transplantation (LTx) for WRLD and compare the results of LTx between WRLD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study reviewed the clinical data of patients who underwent LTx for WRLD or IPF at our hospital between January 2015 and December 2021. Cumulative survival rates after LTx were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The final analysis included 33 cases of WRLD and 91 cases of IPF. The 33 WRLD patients consisted of 19 (57.6%) cases of silicosis, 8 (24.2%) cases of coal workers' pneumoconiosis, 3 (9.09%) cases of asbestosis, and 3 (9.09%) cases of other WRLD. Pneumothorax as an indication for LTx was significantly more common in the WRLD group than in the IPF group (51.5% vs. 2.2%, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the 5-year cumulative survival rate between the WRLD patients and the IPF patients (66.6% vs. 56.7%, P = 0.67). There was no significant difference in the best performance of exercise capacity and lung function between the two groups at 1 year post-transplant. CONCLUSIONS: LTx had similar survival outcomes and lung function for WRLD and IPF patients. Pneumothorax was the primary indication for lung transplantation in WRLD.

Effect of body mass index trajectory on lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease in a Chinese population: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The longitudinal trajectories of body mass index (BMI) can reflect the pattern of BMI changes. Lifetime risk quantifies the cumulative risk of developing a disease over the remaining life of a person. We aimed to identify the trajectory of BMI and explore its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Chinese population. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 68,603 participants with a mean age of 55.46 years were included from the Kailuan cohort in Tangshan, China, who were free of CVD and cancer and with repeated measurements of BMI from 2006 to 2010. A latent mixture model was used to identify BMI trajectories. An improved Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to predict the lifetime risk of CVD according to BMI trajectories. During a median follow-up of 7.0 years, 3325 participants developed CVD. Five BMI trajectories were identified at three index ages (35, 45, and 55) respectively. For index age 35 years, compared with the stable low-normal weight group (22.7% [95% CI, 20.0%-25.4%]), the stable high-normal weight (27.6% [25.6%-29.5%]), stable overweight (29.4% [27.4%-31.4%]), stable-low obesity (32.8% [30.0%-35.5%]), and stable-high obesity (38.9% [33.3%-44.5%]) groups had a higher lifetime risk of CVD (P < 0.05). We observed similar patterns for stroke and myocardial infarction. Similarly, the lifetime risk of CVD was higher in the long-term overweight and obese groups at 45 and 55 index ages. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term overweight and obesity were associated with an increased lifetime risk of CVD. Our findings could assist in predicting the population burden of CVD.

Association between rare earth element exposure during pregnancy and newborn telomere length.

Telomere length (TL) is considered a marker of biological aging and lifetime health, and some epidemiological studies report that the environmental exposures may influence TL at birth. We aimed to investigate the associations between prenatal rare earth elements (REE) exposure and newborn TL. A total of 587 mother-newborn pairs were recruited during 2013 to 2015 in Wuhan, China. Maternal urinary concentrations of REE collected during three trimesters were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure relative cord blood TL. The trimester-specific associations between prenatal REE exposure and cord blood TL were evaluated using multiple informant models. Weighted quantile sum regression was used to estimate the mixture effect of urinary REE on cord blood TL. After adjustment for potential confounders, per doubling of urinary REE (Dy, Yb, Pr, Nd, and Tm) concentrations (µg/g creatinine) during the second trimester was respectively associated with 1.94% (95% CI 0.19%, 3.72%), 2.10% (95% CI 0.31%, 3.92%), 2.11% (95% CI 0.35%, 3.89%), 2.08% (95% CI 0.01%, 4.20%), and 1.38% (95% CI 0.09%, 2.70%) increase in cord blood TL. Furthermore, exposure to the mixture of REE during the second trimester was also significantly associated with increased cord blood TL (percent change 1.20%, 95% CI 0.30%, 2.11%). However, these associations were not statistically significant in the first and third trimesters. This study provides new evidence on the potential effect of prenatal REE exposure on the initial (newborn) setting of offspring's telomere biology. Further epidemiological studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

The modifiable effect of vitamin D in the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: Evidence on the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and serum glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is limited and inconclusive. In addition, whether vitamin D can modify the association between air pollution exposure and glucose metabolism has not been previously investigated. We aimed to evaluate the effects of various air pollutants on serum HbA1c levels in patients with hypertension and, further, to explore the modification effect of individual serum vitamin D levels. METHODS: This study was derived from UK Biobank study, and 246 027 participants with hypertension were included in our analysis. Individual exposures to particulate matters (PMs) and nitrogen oxides were estimated using the land use regression model. The associations between air pollutants and HbA1c were assessed using the multivariable linear regression model. Among the 222 845 participants with a measurement of serum vitamin D, we explored the associations in subgroups stratified by vitamin D levels. RESULTS: Long-term air pollutant exposures were significantly associated with higher HbA1c levels. After adjusting for potential confounders, 10-µg/m3 (or 1-m-1) increases in concentrations of PM with diameters ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), PM with diameters ≤10 µm, PM with diameters from 2.5 µm to 10 µm, PM2.5 absorbance, nitrogen oxides, and nitrogen dioxide were significantly associated with 0.59 (95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.89), 0.49 (0.33-0.65), 0.81 (0.48-1.14), 0.56 (0.44-0.69), 0.06 (0.04-0.09), and 0.16 (0.12-0.21) mmol/mol increase in serum HbA1c levels, respectively. The associations were weakened but remained significant after additional adjustment of vitamin D. In addition, the associations of air pollutants with HbA1c were more evident in participants with low serum vitamin D levels (all P values for interaction <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposures to ambient air pollutants were associated with higher levels of HbA1c in a dose-response fashion in a large UK cohort. Serum vitamin D status significantly modified these associations, and high serum vitamin D levels may attenuate the relationships between air pollution exposures and HbA1c levels.

Association of fasting plasma glucose trajectory with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have used multiple measurements of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) to examine the impact of long-term FPG trajectory patterns on lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to identify the long-term patterns in FPG trajectories and to estimate the lifetime risk of CVD according to FPG trajectories. METHODS: Individuals free of CVD at index ages 35 (n = 72,324), 45 (n = 62,049), and 55 (n = 38,113) years were included. FPG concentrations were measured in 2006, 2008, and 2010. The FPG trajectories were identified by latent mixture modeling. The modified Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate lifetime risk of CVD. RESULTS: We identified five distinct FPG trajectories and named them according to FPG range and changing pattern over time: low-stable, moderate-stable, moderate-increasing, elevated-decreasing, and elevated-stable. At index age 35 years, we documented 3110 CVD events in men during 371,219 person-years of follow-up and 357 CVD events in women during 107,447 person-years of follow-up. Among all participants, the elevated-stable FPG pattern experienced the highest lifetime risk of CVD (44.8%, 95% CI: 37.8-51.9%), low-stable pattern was lowest (24.3%, 95% CI: 23.3-25.2%). At index age 55 years, although the elevated-stable and elevated-decreasing FPG patterns had similar original FPG concentrations, individuals with elevated-decreasing pattern (30.0%, 95% CI: 23.9-36.1%) had approximately one-third less lifetime risk of CVD than those with elevated-stable pattern (43.6%, 95% CI: 31.8-55.3%). CONCLUSIONS: FPG trajectories were significantly associated with the lifetime risk of CVD. Both decrease in FPG over time and consistently lower FPG over 4 years were associated with lower lifetime risk of CVD.

Ambient temperature variability and hospital admissions for pneumonia: A nationwide study.

Few investigations have assessed the impact of short-term ambient temperature change on pneumonia risk. We aimed to study the relation of temperature variability (TV) with daily hospitalizations for pneumonia in China. We conducted a time-series study in 184 major cities by extracting daily hospital data between 2014 and 2017 from a medical insurance claims database of 0.28 billion beneficiaries. TV was calculated as standard deviation of daily minimum and maximum temperatures over exposure days. We estimated associations of pneumonia admissions with TV for each city using over-dispersed generalized linear models controlling for weather conditions and ambient air pollution, and pooled city-specific estimates using random effects meta-analyses. We also investigated exposure-response relationship curve and potential effect modifiers. We identified 4.2 million pneumonia hospitalizations during the study period. TV was positively related to daily pneumonia admissions. At the national-average level, each 1-°C increase in TV at 0-6 days' exposure corresponded to a 0.65 % (95 % CI: 0.34 %-0.96 %) increase in pneumonia admissions. An approximately linear exposure-response curve for the relation of TV with pneumonia admission was noted. The relations were more evident in cities with larger average age (P = 0.038). As the first study in China to assess the impact of temperature change on pneumonia on a national scale, our results indicated that acute TV exposure was related to higher admissions for pneumonia. Our findings should provide new insight into the health impacts associated with climate change.

Associations between maternal mid-pregnancy apolipoprotein A-1, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-1 ratio and preterm birth.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Elevated lipid levels during pregnancy have been shown to be related to the risk of preterm birth. Despite the importance of apolipoprotein (Apo) in lipid metabolism and transportation, evidence regarding apolipoprotein levels during pregnancy and preterm birth is still limited. Therefore, we aim to investigate the associations between maternal ApoA-1, ApoB, ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio and preterm birth. MATERIALS AND METH: Data were extracted from the information system of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital. Lipoprotein levels were tested using Beckman Coulter AU5800 in mid-pregnancy at a median gestational age of 18 w. Maternal serum ApoB, ApoA-1 and ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio were categorized into tertiles. Logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for preterm birth. RESULTS: A total of 5,986 maternal-newborn pairs were included in this study. The rate of preterm birth was 5.7% (n = 344). The multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of preterm birth were 1.51 (1.06, 2.10) for individuals with high ApoB (>90th), 0.63 (0.38, 0.99) for those with low ApoB (<10th), and 1.64 (1.18, 2.24) for those with high ApoB/ApoA-1 (>90th). Subgroup analyses showed that the association of ApoB and preterm birth was only significant among women with pre-pregnancy BMI 18.5-24 kg/m2 (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.12-1.65), age at delivery ≥ 35 years (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.12-1.83). CONCLUSION: Elevated maternal ApoB level and ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio during mid-pregnancy were related to increased risk of preterm birth. Monitoring maternal serum apolipoprotein levels may help to identify the high-risk population of preterm birth.

Role of socioeconomic, lifestyle, and clinical factors in the progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in China: A 10-year prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity has become increasingly common over the past few decades. Little is known about how risk factors affect temporal progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity. We aim to explore the role of socioeconomic, lifestyle, and clinical risk factors in the progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity. METHODS AND RESULTS: This prospective cohort study included 56,587 participants aged ≥45 years who were free of diabetes, stroke, and heart disease. Three clusters of risk factors were assessed and each on a 5-point scale: socioeconomic, lifestyle, and clinical factors. We used multi-state models (MSMs) to examine the roles of risk factors in five transitions of multimorbidity trajectory: from healthy to first cardiometabolic disease, first cardiometabolic disease to cardiometabolic multimorbidity, health to mortality, first cardiometabolic disease to mortality, and cardiometabolic multimorbidity to mortality. In MSMs, socioeconomic (HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.19-1.25) and clinical (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.51-1.56) scales were associated with the transition from health to first cardiometabolic. Socioeconomic (HR: 2.39; 95% CI: 2.24-2.54) and lifestyle (HR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.18-1.26) scales were associated with the transitions from first disease to cardiometabolic multimorbidity. In addition, socioeconomic and lifestyle scales were associated with increased risk of mortality in people without cardiometabolic disease, with first cardiometabolic disease, and with cardiometabolic multimorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors were not only important predictors of multimorbidity in those with existing cardiometabolic disease, but also important in shaping risk of mortality. However, clinical factors were the only key determinants of incidence of a first cardiometabolic disease.

Inhibition of autophagy potentiates the cytotoxicity of the irreversible FGFR1-4 inhibitor FIIN-2 on lung adenocarcinoma.

For patients with platinum-resistant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the exploration of new effective drug candidates is urgently needed. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have been identified as promising targets for LUAD therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the exact role of the irreversible FGFR1-4 inhibitor FIIN-2 in LUAD and to clarify its underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that FIIN-2 significantly inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, and migration of A549 and A549/DDP cells but induced the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of these cells. Meanwhile, FIIN-2 increased the autophagy flux of A549 and A549/DDP cells by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and further activating the class III PI3K complex pathway. More importantly, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that autophagy inhibitors could enhance the cytotoxicity of FIIN-2 on A549 and A549/DDP cells, confirming that FIIN-2 induced protective autophagy. These findings indicated that FIIN-2 is a potential drug candidate for LUAD treatment, and its use in combination with autophagy inhibitors might be an efficient treatment strategy, especially for patients with cisplatin resistance.