Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for neuronal equilibrium and optimal brain function. Disruptions to BBB performance are implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. MAIN BODY: Early indicators of multiple neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animal models include impaired BBB stability, regional cerebral blood flow shortfalls, and vascular inflammation associated with BBB dysfunction. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of BBB dysfunction in brain disorders is crucial for elucidating the sustenance of neural computations under pathological conditions and for developing treatments for these diseases. This paper initially explores the cellular and molecular definition of the BBB, along with the signaling pathways regulating BBB stability, cerebral blood flow, and vascular inflammation. Subsequently, we review current insights into BBB dynamics in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. The paper concludes by proposing a unified mechanism whereby BBB dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative disorders, highlights potential BBB-focused therapeutic strategies and targets, and outlines lessons learned and future research directions. CONCLUSIONS: BBB breakdown significantly impacts the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction is vital to elucidate how neural computations are sustained under pathological conditions and to devise therapeutic approaches.

Continuous cold rubidium atomic beam with enhanced flux and tunable velocity.

We present a cold atomic beam source based on a two-dimensional (2D)+ magneto-optical trap (MOT), capable of generating a continuous cold beam of 87Rb atoms with a flux up to 4.3 × 109 s-1, a mean velocity of 10.96(2.20) m/s, and a transverse temperature of 16.90(1.56) µK. Investigating the influence of high cooling laser intensity, we observe a significant population loss of atoms to hyperfine-level dark states. To account for this, we employ a multiple hyperfine level model to calculate the cooling efficiency associated with the population in dark states, subsequently modifying the scattering force. Simulations of beam flux at different cooling and repumping laser intensities using the modified scattering force are in agreement with experimental results. Optimizing repumping and cooling intensities enhances the flux by 50%. The influence of phase modulation on both the pushing and cooling lasers is experimentally studied, revealing that the mean velocity of cold atoms can be tuned from 9.5 m/s to 14.6 m/s with a phase-modulated pushing laser. The versatility of this continuous beam source, featuring high flux, controlled velocity, and narrow transverse temperature, renders it valuable for applications in atom interferometers and clocks, ultimately enhancing bandwidth, sensitivity, and signal contrast in these devices.

Regional population and social welfare from the perspective of sustainability: Evaluation indicator, level measurement, and interaction mechanism.

Key to regional sustainable development are the development and interplay of population dynamics and social welfare, each playing a significant role. As a representative region with demographic characteristics such as negative population growth and large labor outflow, the development and interaction between population and social welfare in Nanchong deserve in-depth exploration. This article takes the development of population and social welfare in Nanchong as the research object, and constructs an evaluation indicator system of population and social welfare through research backtracking, and uses entropy method and coupling coordination model to measure the development level and interactive effect of population and social welfare in Nanchong from 2010 to 2021. The research results show that: Firstly, the comprehensive evaluation results of population in Nanchong shows a linear upward trend, which indicates the stable positive effect of population structure and distribution, the gradual improvement effect of population quality effectively compensate for the weakening effect of population quantity, thus achieving the positive development of population. Secondly, the comprehensive evaluation results of social welfare in Nanchong shows an exponential upward trend, which indicates the social welfare has maintained a rapid growth momentum in various dimensions and the long-term positive effects have completely absorbed the negative effects, thus achieving the positive development of social welfare. Thirdly, during the sample period, the population and social welfare in Nanchong consistently maintained a high level of interaction strength, with factors diffusing and integrating. On this basis, the diffusion theory is used as an empirical reference to construct three interactive mechanisms between the population and social welfare in Nanchong and the implications are inferred from the empirical results.

Enhancing sodium percarbonate catalytic wet peroxide oxidation with artificial intelligence-optimized swirl flow: Ni single atom sites on carbon nanotubes for improved reactivity and silicon resistance.

H2O2 is widely used in the treatment of refractory organic pollutants.However, due to its explosive and corrosive chemical characteristics, H2O2 will bring great safety risks and troubles in transportation.So we chose sodium percarbonate(SPC) to be used in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation enhanced by swirl flow(SF-CWPO) and we designed carbon nanotubes with Ni single atom sites(Ni-NCNTs/AC) to activate SPC to treat an m-cresol wastewater containing Si.Meanwhile, artificial intelligence which used Artificial neural network (ANN) was used to optimize the conditions.Under the conditions of pH = 9.27, reaction time of 8.91 min, m-cresol concentration is 59.09 mg L-1, SPC dosage is 2.80 g L-1 and Na2SiO3·9H2O dosage is 77.27 mg L-1, the degradation rate of total organic carbon(TOC) and m-cresol reaches 94.37% and 100%, respectively.Finally, the applicability of Ni-NCNTs/AC-SPC-SF-CWPO technology was evaluated in a wastewater system of a sewage treatment enterprise and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrum(FT-ICR MS) analysis and chemical oxygen demand(COD) analysis showed the great ability of Ni-NCNTs/AC-SPC-SF-CWPO technology to treat wastewater.It is believed that this paper is of great significance to the design and construction of the in-depth research and industrial application of SF-CWPO.