Copper(0)-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Disulfurating Reagents and (Hetero)aryl/Alkyl Halides.

Herein, we reported a copper(0)-catalyzed reductive coupling of disulfurating reagents and (hetero)aryl/alkyl halides. Copper(0) can be directly inserted into tetrasulfide and then undergoes reductive coupling with (hetero)aryl Iodides to construct disulfide. The method features the unprecedented use of copper(0)-catalyzed disulfurating reagents (tetrasulfides) in cross-coupling chemistry and is convenient with broad substrate scopes, even applicable to different halogenated hydrocarbons. It is worth noting that the methodology is practical with the late-stage modification of bioactive scaffolds of pharmaceuticals. In the meantime, the synthesis of disulfides is successfully achieved on a gram scale, indicating the approach is highly valuable.

Large-Scale Atomic Strain Defects on Palladium Surfaces for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction and Zinc-Air Batteries.

Designing nano-electrocatalysts rich in surface defects is critical to improve their catalytic performance. However, prevailing synthesis techniques rely heavily on complex procedures that compromise defect extensiveness and uniformity, casting a high demand for methods capable of synthesizing large-scale crystalline defects. An innovative design strategy is herein proposed that induces ample strain/dislocation defects during the growth of palladium (Pd), which is well-known as a good oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst. The controlled defect engineering on Pd core is achieved by the tensile stress exerted from an intentionally applied Fe3O4 skin layer during synthesis, which changes the surface free energy of Pd to stabilize the defect presence. With such large-scale crystalline defects, this Pd catalyst exhibits significantly higher ORR activity than commercial Pt/C, enabling its promising future in zinc-air battery catalysis. Additionally, the protective Fe3O4 skin covering the catalyst also enhances its catalytic stability. Theoretical calculations show that the superior catalytic property of such defect-engineered Pd is associated with the correspondingly modified adsorption energy of *O intermediates onto its surface, which further improves the reaction rate and thus boosts ORR kinetics. Findings here are expected to provide a paradigm for designing efficient and stable metal catalysts with plentiful large-scale strain defects.

The U -shape relationship between free fatty acid level and adverse outcomes in coronary artery disease patients with hypertension: evidence from a large prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence is scarce on the effect of free fatty acid (FFA) level in the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with hypertension. This study. METHODS: A large prospective cohort study with a follow-up period of average 2 years was conducted at Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital from December 2016 to October 2021. A total of 10,395 CAD participants were divided into groups based on FFA concentration and hypertension status, and then primary outcome mortality and secondary endpoint ischemic events were assessed in the different groups. RESULTS: A total of 222 all-cause mortality (ACMs), 164 cardiac mortality (CMs), 718 major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and 803 major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) were recorded during follow-up period. A nonlinear relationship between FFA and adverse outcomes was observed only in CAD patients with hypertension. Namely, a "U -shape" relationship between FFA levels and long-term outcomes was found in CAD patients with hypertension. Lower FFA level (< 310 µmol/L), or higher FFA level (≥ 580 µmol/L) at baseline is independent risk factors for adverse outcomes. After adjustment for confounders, excess FFA increases mortality (ACM, HR = 1.957, 95%CI(1.240-3.087), P = 0.004; CM, HR = 2.704, 95%CI(1.495-4.890, P = 0.001) and MACE (HR = 1.411, 95%CI(1.077-1.848), P = 0.012), MACCE (HR = 1.299, 95%CI (1.013-1.666), P = 0.040) prevalence. Low levels of FFA at baseline can also increase the incidence of MACE (HR = 1.567,95%CI (1.187-2.069), P = 0.002) and MACCE (HR = 1.387, 95%CI (1.070-1.798), P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline FFA concentrations significantly associated with long-term mortality and ischemic events could be a better and novel risk biomarker for prognosis prediction in CAD patients with hypertension. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The details of the design were registered on https://www.chictr.org.cn/ (Identifier NCT05174143).

The effect of perineural dexamethasone on nerve injury and recovery of nerve function after surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: While numerous studies have examined the influence of perineural dexamethasone on nerve block duration, its potential impact on postoperative nerve injury has not been adequately addressed. Objective: This study aims to elucidate the effect of perineural dexamethasone on nerve injury and nerve function recovery after surgery. Design: A prospective randomized double-blinded trial. Setting: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China. The study was conducted between 14 June and 30 December 2022. Participants: Patients aged 18 - 80 years, ASA I - II, scheduled for elective orthopedic or burn and plastic surgery. Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive either perineural dexamethasone (D group) or no dexamethasone (ND group). Main outcome measures: Primary outcomes were the incidence and recovery of nerve injury. Secondary outcomes included postoperative pain scores, analgesic consumption, and adverse events. Results: Initial postoperative nerve injury rates were similar between groups (D: 30.4 %, ND: 33.3 %, P > 0.05). At 12 weeks post-discharge, significantly more patients in the ND group recovered from nerve deficits (78.8 % vs 60.3 %; OR = 2.45, 95 % CI = 1.05 - 5.72, P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in postoperative hyperglycemia or surgical site infection rates. Conclusion: Perineural dexamethasone may impede nerve function recovery, suggesting caution in its use, particularly for patients with pre-existing nerve damage or diabetes. Further research is needed to elucidate the long-term effects of dexamethasone on nerve tissue recovery. Trial registration: chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR2200059424.

Mediated self-assembled gold nanoclusters with mesoporous silica particles to boost fluorescence for enhanced on-site monitoring of organophosphate pesticides.

Accurate detection of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) is paramount for ensuring food safety. Dendritic mesoporous silica sphere was employed to confine gold nanoclusters (AuNCs@dmSiO2) to ameliorate fluorescent property of AuNCs. A AuNCs@dmSiO2-based fluorescent method was developed for OPs sensing. Identification of Cu2+ by AuNCs quenched AuNCs@dmSiO2 fluorescence. Interaction between Cu2+ and generated thiocholine in catalysis of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) caused fluorescence enhancement. OPs, an inhibitor of AChE, suppressed thiocholine production to cause fluorescence quenching. Based on fluorescent variation, a fluorescent method was proposed for OPs by selecting paraoxon as a model within range of 0.05-25.0 ng/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.032 ng/mL. Besides, a portable test swab was prepared for on-site monitoring OP paraoxon with a smartphone-based 3D-printing portable device with a LOD of 0.65 ng/mL. This work is highlighted by the inspiration of designing highly fluorescent AuNCs, and the provision of a viable avenue for OPs-related food analysis.

2LiBH4-MgH2 System Catalytically Modified with a 2D TiNb2O7 Nanoflake for High-Capacity, Fast-Response, and Long-Life Hydrogen Energy Storage.

To achieve large-scale hydrogen storage for growing high energy density and long-life demands in end application, the 2LiBH4-MgH2 (LMBH) reactive hydride system attracts huge interest owing to its high hydrogen capacity and thermodynamically favorable reversibility. The sluggish dehydrogenation kinetics and unsatisfactory cycle life, however, remain two challenges. Herein, a bimetallic titanium-niobium oxide with a two-dimensional nanoflake structure (2D TiNb2O7) is selected elaborately as an active precursor that in situ transforms into TiB2 and NbB2 with ultrafine size and good dispersion in the LMBH system as highly efficient catalysts, giving rise to excellent kinetic properties with long-term cycling stability. For the LMBH system added with 5 wt% 2D TiNb2O7, 9.8 wt% H2 can be released within 20 min at 400 °C, after which the system can be fully hydrogenated in less than 5 min at 350 °C and 10 MPa H2. Moreover, a dehydrogenation capacity of 9.4 wt% can be maintained after 50 cycles corresponding to a retention of 96%, being the highest reported to date. The positive roles of TiB2 and NbB2 for kinetics and recyclability are from their catalytic nucleation effects for MgB2, a main dehydrogenation phase of LMBH, thus reducing the apparent activation energy, suppressing the formation of thermostable Li2B12H12 byproducts, and inhibiting the hydride coarsening. This work develops an advanced LMBH system, bringing hope for high-capacity, fast-response, and long-life hydrogen energy storage.

Achieving a balance of rapid Zn2+ desolvation and hydrogen evolution reaction inertia at the interface of the Zn anode.

It is difficult to achieve fast kinetics of Zn2+(H2O)6 desolvation as well as HER inertia at the same electrolyte/Zn interface during long-term cycling of Zn plating/stripping in aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Herein, an effective interface construction strategy with hydrophilic transition metal oxides was proposed to achieve that balance using a CeO2 layer coating. The hydrophilic CeO2 layer can bring a balance between improving the access to the anode surface for Zn2+(H2O)6 electrolyte ions, providing uniform Zn2+ nucleation sites and HER inertia. What's more, Zn corrosion can be significantly inhibited benefiting from this coating layer. The efficiency of aqueous Zn-ion batteries showed a great enhancement. Ultra-long plating/stripping stability up to 1600 h and excellent recovery (returning to 0.5 from 20 mA cm-2) for the symmetric CeO2@Zn system were observed. A full cell with the MnO2 cathode (CeO2@Zn//MnO2) with good reversibility and stability (∼600 cycles) was fabricated for practical application. Our work provides a fundamental understanding and an essential solution to deal with the balance between rapid desolvation and inhibition of the hydrogen evolution reaction, which is important for promoting the practical application of rechargeable Zn batteries.

Manganese-Promoted Cyclization Reaction of Enynones with Tetrasulfides: Synthesis of Multisubstituted Furanmethyl Disulfides.

A tandem cyclization reaction of enynones with tetrasulfides has been developed under manganese-promoted conditions, leading to the high-yield formation of various furanmethyl disulfides. This reaction is characterized by readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, and a broad substrate scope, making it attractive and practical. It provides a new strategy for the synthesis of disulfide-containing functionalized furans.

Integration of biological and information technologies to enhance plant autoluminescence.

Autoluminescent plants have been genetically modified to express the fungal bioluminescence pathway (FBP). However, a bottleneck in precursor production has limited the brightness of these luminescent plants. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing a computational model to guide a multiplex five-gene-silencing strategy by an artificial microRNA array to enhance caffeic acid and hispidin levels in plants. By combining loss-of-function-directed metabolic flux with a tyrosine-derived caffeic acid pathway, we achieved substantially enhanced bioluminescence levels. We successfully generated eFBP2 plants that emit considerably brighter bioluminescence for naked-eye reading by integrating all validated DNA modules. Our analysis revealed that the luminous energy conversion efficiency of the eFBP2 plants is currently very low, suggesting that luminescence intensity can be improved in future iterations. These findings highlight the potential to enhance plant luminescence through the integration of biological and information technologies.

Tracheoplasty should be proactively considered within the surgical strategy for treating the ring-sling complex.

BACKGROUND: To examine the safety and effectiveness of proactive tracheoplasty for pediatric ring-sling complexes. METHODS: We retrospectively collected the data from 304 children who were diagnosed with a ring-sling complex and underwent surgery at three cardiac centers in China between January 2010 and June 2023. Children were categorized into three surgical groups: concurrent sling and tracheal surgery (Group A, n=258), staged sling and tracheal surgery (Group B, n=25), and sling-only surgery (Group C, n=21). We compared perioperative clinical characteristics, tracheal morphology changes, and outcomes across the groups. RESULTS: The median age of the children was 1.2 (IQR: 0.7-1.9) years. The anomalous tracheobronchial arborization rates were higher in Groups A (52.5%) and B (60.0%) than in Group C (15.0%). The preoperative narrow-wide ratio (NWR) was lower in Groups A and B than in Group C, with values of 0.44 (IQR: 0.35-0.52), 0.44 (0.33-0.59), and 0.68 (0.54-0.72), respectively (P<0.001). Preoperative subcarina angles were similar among the groups (P=0.54). After specific surgeries, the NWR and subcarina angle significantly improved in Groups A and B but not in Group C. There were seven in-hospital deaths and two post-discharge deaths. Respiratory symptoms improved in Groups A and B but seven children in Group C remained respiratory dysfunction. Six children presented with residual stenosis of the left pulmonary artery. CONCLUSION: Concurrent sling and tracheal surgeries for children with the ring-sling complex are safe and effective and are especially preferable for those with NWR ≤0.6, long-segment or diffuse tracheal stenosis, anomalous tracheobronchial arborization, and pronounced respiratory symptoms.

Solid-State Electrolytes: Probing Interface Regulation from Multiple Perspectives.

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), as the heart of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), are recognized as the next-generation energy storage solution, offering high safety, extended cycle life, and superior energy density. SSEs play a pivotal role in ion transport and electron separation. Nonetheless, interface compatibility and stability issues pose significant obstacles to further enhancing ASSB performance. Extensive research has demonstrated that interface control methods can effectively elevate ASSB performance. This review delves into the advancements and recent progress of SSEs in interfacial engineering over the past years. We discuss the detailed effects of various regulation strategies and directions on performance, encompassing enhancing Li+ mobility, reducing energy barriers, immobilizing anions, introducing interlayers, and constructing unique structures. This review offers fresh perspectives on the development of high-performance lithium-metal ASSBs.

Bimetallic Sulfide Sb2S3/FeS2 Heterostructure Anchored in a Carbon Skeleton for Fast and Stable Sodium Storage.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising substitute for lithium batteries due to their abundant resources and low cost. Metal sulfides are regarded as highly attractive anode materials due to their superior mechanical stability and high theoretical specific capacity. Guided by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, 3D porous network shaped Sb2S3/FeS2 composite materials with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through a simple solvothermal and calcination method, which is predicted to facilitate favorable Na+ ion diffusion, is synthesized. Benefiting from the well-designed structure, the resulting Sb2S3/FeS2 exhibit a remarkable reversible capacity of 536 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g-1 and long high-rate cycle life of 3000 cycles at a current density of 30 A g-1 as SIBs anode. In situ and ex situ analyses are carried out to gain further insights into the storage mechanisms and processes of sodium ions in Sb2S3/FeS2@rGO composites. The significantly enhanced sodium storage capacity is attributed to the unique structure and the heterogeneous interface between Sb2S3 and FeS2. This study illustrates that combining rGO with heterogeneous engineering can provide an ideal strategy for the synthesis of new hetero-structured anode materials with outstanding battery performance for SIBs.

Light-Induced 1,3-Thiosulfonylation of ß,γ-Unsaturated Ketones with Thiosulfonates.

Sulfur-containing compounds exhibit potent significance in drug molecules. Thiosulfonates as 1,3-thiosulfonylation reactants to olefins have yet to be investigated. Herein, we report photoinduced 1,3-difunctionalization of ß,γ-unsaturated ketones with thiosulfonates, which undergo a radical 1,2-acyl shift. The protocol features mild conditions, high regioselectivity, and 100% atom economy.

Green synthesis of diatom-allophane bio-nanocomposites for highly efficient oxytetracycline adsorption.

The extensive use of the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) has led to considerable environmental contamination and other negative impacts, prompting an urgent need for a green, effective, and innovative OTC adsorption material. In this study, diatom-allophane bio-nanocomposites were synthesized using a simple and eco-friendly method, yielding a homogeneous coating of allophane nanoparticles on diatom surfaces. The resultant bio-nanocomposites were found to have hierarchically porous structures and abundant active sites derived from successful allophane loading and dispersion on diatom surfaces. The OTC adsorption capacity of this novel adsorbent is remarkable (219.112 mg·g-1), surpassing the capacities of raw allophane and diatoms by >5 and 10 times, respectively. Mechanistically, OTC adsorption by the bio-nanocomposites was found to be driven primarily by chemisorption through a process involving complexation between the amide and amino groups on OTC and the aluminum hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the adsorbent surface. Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding also contribute significantly to OTC capture. Furthermore, the diatom-allophane bio-nanocomposites exhibit excellent performance over a wide pH range (4-7), in the presence of various cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-), and in real water bodies. These findings demonstrate the potential of the diatom-allophane bio-nanocomposite as a green, efficient, and promising biological-mineral adsorbent for environmental remediation, leveraging the combined utilization of biological and mineral resources.

Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: focus on the relationship between miRNAs and microglia.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroinflammation is a crucial factor in the pathological advancement of PD. PD is characterized by the presence of activated microglia and increased levels of proinflammatory factors, which play a crucial role in its pathology. During the immune response of PD, microglia regulation is significantly influenced by microRNA (miRNA). The excessive activation of microglia, persistent neuroinflammation, and abnormal polarization of macrophages in the brain can be attributed to the dysregulation of certain miRNAs. Additionally, there are miRNAs that possess the ability to inhibit neuroinflammation. miRNAs, which are small non-coding epigenetic regulators, have the ability to modulate microglial activity in both normal and abnormal conditions. They also have a significant impact on promoting communication between neurons and microglia.

Quercetin restores respiratory mucosal barrier dysfunction in Mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected chicks by enhancing Th2 immune response.

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has long been a pathogenic microorganism threatening the global poultry industry. Previous studies have demonstrated that the mechanism by which quercetin (QUE) inhibits the colonization of MG in chicks differs from that of antibiotics. However, the molecular mechanism by which QUE facilitates the clearance of MG remains unclear. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of MG clearance by QUE, with the expectation of providing new options for the treatment of MG. METHODS: A model of MG infection in chicks and MG-induced M1 polarization in HD-11 cells were established. The mechanism of QUE clearance of MG was investigated by evaluating the relationship between tracheal mucosal barrier integrity, antibody levels, Th1/Th2 immune balance and macrophage metabolism and M1/M2 polarization balance. Furthermore, network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques were employed to explore the potential molecular pathways connecting QUE, M2 polarization, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). RESULTS: The findings indicate that QUE remodels tracheal mucosal barrier function by regulating tight junctions and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) expression levels. This process entails the regulatory function of QUE on the Th1/Th2 immune imbalance that is induced by MG infection in the tracheal mucosa. Moreover, QUE intervention impeded the M1 polarization of HD-11 cells induced by MG infection, while simultaneously promoting M2 polarization through the induction of FAO. Conversely, inhibitors of the FAO pathway impede this effect. The results of computer network analysis suggest that QUE may induce FAO via the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote M2 polarization. Notably, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway was found to effectively inhibit M2 polarization in HD-11 cells, while having a limited effect on FAO. CONCLUSIONS: QUE promotes M2 polarization of HD-11 cells to enhance Th2 immune response through FAO and PI3K/AKT pathways, thereby restoring tracheal mucosal barrier function and ultimately inhibiting MG colonization.

Utilization of Cobalt and its Oxide/Hydroxide Mediated by Ionic Liquids/Deep Eutectic Solvents as Catalysts in Water Splitting.

With the ever-growing global demand for sustainable energy solutions, hydrogen has garnered significant attention as a clean, efficient, and renewable energy source. In the field of hydrogen production, catalyst research stands out as one of the foremost areas of focus. In recent years, the preparation of electrocatalysts using ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has attracted widespread attention. ILs and DESs possess unique physicochemical properties and are recognized as green media as well as functional materials. Cobalt-based catalysts have proven to be efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting. Incorporating ILs or DESs into the preparation of cobalt-based catalysts offers a remarkable advantage by allowing precise control over their structural design and composition. This control directly influences the adsorption properties of the catalyst's surface and the stability of reaction intermediates, thereby enabling enhanced control over reaction pathways and product selectivity. Consequently, the catalytic activity and stability of cobalt-based catalysts can be effectively improved. In the process of preparing cobalt-based catalysts, ILs and DESs can serve as solvents and templates. Owing to the good solubility of ILs and DESs, they can efficiently dissolve raw materials and provide a special nucleation and growth environment, obtaining catalysts with novel-structures. The main focus of this review is to provide a detailed introduction to metal cobalt and its oxide/hydroxide derivatives in the field of water splitting, with a particular emphasis on the research progress achieved through the utilization of IL and DES. The aim is to assist readers in designing and synthesizing novel and high-performance electrochemical catalysts.

Community assessment of methods to deconvolve cellular composition from bulk gene expression.

We evaluate deconvolution methods, which infer levels of immune infiltration from bulk expression of tumor samples, through a community-wide DREAM Challenge. We assess six published and 22 community-contributed methods using in vitro and in silico transcriptional profiles of admixed cancer and healthy immune cells. Several published methods predict most cell types well, though they either were not trained to evaluate all functional CD8+ T cell states or do so with low accuracy. Several community-contributed methods address this gap, including a deep learning-based approach, whose strong performance establishes the applicability of this paradigm to deconvolution. Despite being developed largely using immune cells from healthy tissues, deconvolution methods predict levels of tumor-derived immune cells well. Our admixed and purified transcriptional profiles will be a valuable resource for developing deconvolution methods, including in response to common challenges we observe across methods, such as sensitive identification of functional CD4+ T cell states.

Interfacial engineering of ruthenium-nickel for efficient hydrogen electrocatalysis in alkaline medium.

Developing highly efficient electrocatalyst with heterostructure for hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions (HER/HOR) in alkaline media is crucial to the fabrication and conversion of hydrogen energy but also remains a great challenge. Herein, the synthesis of ruthenium-nickel nanoparticles (Ru3-Ni NPs) with heterostructure for hydrogen electrocatalysis is reported, and studies show that their catalytic activity is improved by electron redistribution caused by the distinctly heterogeneous interface. Impressively, Ru3-Ni NPs possess the remarkable exchange current density (2.22 mA cm-2) for HOR. Additionally, an ultra-low overpotential of 28 mV is required to attain a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and superior stability of 200 h for HER. The highly efficient catalytic activity can be attributed to the electron transfer from Ni to Ru and the optimal adsorption of H* on Ru-Ni sites. Our study showcases a reliable heterostructure that boosts the HOR/HER activity of the catalyst in alkaline environments. This work provides a new pathway for designing high-performance electrocatalyst for energy storage and conversion.

Revealing the mechanism: the influence of Baicalin on M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 imbalances in mycoplasma gallisepticum infection.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a pathogen that induces chronic respiratory illnesses in chickens, leading to tracheal and lung injury, and eliciting immune reactions that support sustained colonization. Baicalin, a compound found in scutellaria baicalensis, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. This study aimed to investigate the potential of baicalin in alleviating lung and cell damage caused by MG by restoring imbalances in M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 differentiation and to explore its underlying mechanism. In this research, a model for M1/M2 polarization induced by MG was initially developed. Specifically, infection with MG at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 400 for 6 h represented the M1 model, while infection for 10 h represented the M2 model. The polarization markers were subsequently validated using qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot analysis. Baicalin disrupts the activation of M1 cells induced by MG and has the potential to restore the balance between M1 and M2 cells, thereby mitigating the inflammatory damage resulting from MG. Subsequent studies on MG-infected chickens detected imbalances in M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 differentiation in alveolar lavage fluid, as well as imbalances in macrophages and Th cells in the lung. The M1/Th1 model was exposed to MG for 5 d, while the M2/Th2 model was infected with MG for 7 d. The utilization of both light and electron transmission microscopes revealed that the administration of baicalin resulted in a reduction in the number of M1 cells, a decrease in cytoplasmic vacuoles, restoration of mitochondrial swelling and chromatin agglutination, as well as alleviation of alveolar rupture and inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, baicalin restored MG-induced M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 imbalances and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and p65 proteins, thereby hindering the activation of the TLR4-p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. This study provides insights into the potential long-term effects of baicalin in MG infection and offers a theoretical basis for practical applications.