Two previously undescribed cholestanol saponins from the rhizomes of Paris fargesii var. petiolata.

Two previously undescribed cholestanol saponins, parpetiosides F - G (1-2), and six known analogs (3-8) were isolated from the rhizomes of Paris fargesii var. petiolata. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analysis and chemical methods. Compound 1 was a rare 6/6/6/5/5 fused-rings cholestanol saponin with disaccharide moiety linked at C-26 of aglycone which was hardly seen in genus Paris. All of these compounds were discovered in this plant for the first time. In addition, the cytotoxicities of saponins (1-8) against three human cancer cell lines (U87, HepG2 and SGC-7901) were evaluated by CCK-8 method, and saponins 5-8 displayed certain cytotoxicities. The strong interactions between saponins 5-8 and SCUBE3, an oncogene for glioma cells, were displayed by molecular docking.

Virtual screening-molecular docking-activity evaluation of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) swingle bark in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: The dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. The objective of this study was to explore the therapeutic basis of the dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle for the treatment of ulcerative colitis based on Virtual Screening-Molecular Docking-Activity Evaluation technology. METHODS: By searching the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology TCMSP Database and Analysis Platform, 89 compounds were obtained from the chemical components of the dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Then, after preliminarily screening the compounds based on Lipinski's rule of five and other relevant conditions, the AutoDock Vina molecular docking software was used to evaluate the affinity of the compounds to ulcerative colitis-related target proteins and their binding modes through use of the scoring function to identify the best candidate compounds. Further verification of the compound's properties was achieved through in vitro experiments. RESULTS: Twenty-two compounds obtained from the secondary screening were molecularly docked with ulcerative colitis-related target proteins (IL-1R, TLR, EGFR, TGFR, and Wnt) using AutoDock Vina. The free energies of the highest scoring compounds binding to the active cavity of human IL-1R, TLR, EGFR, TGFR, and Wnt proteins were - 8.7, - 8.0, - 9.2, - 7.7, and - 8.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The potential compounds, dehydrocrebanine, ailanthone, and kaempferol, were obtained through scoring function and docking mode analysis. Furthermore, the potential compound ailanthone (1, 3, and 10 µM) was found to have no significant effect on cell proliferation, though at 10 µM it reduced the level of pro-inflammatory factors caused by lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSION: Among the active components of the dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, ailanthone plays a major role in its anti-inflammatory properties. The present study shows that ailanthone has advantages in cell proliferation and in inhibiting of inflammation, but further animal research is needed to confirm its pharmaceutical potential.

Ilex rotunda Thunb Protects Against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Restoring the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Modulating the Oncostatin M/Oncostatin M Receptor Pathway.

Ilex rotunda Thunb (IR) is a traditional Chinese medicine used for the clinical treatment of gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers; however, the effect of IR on ulcerative colitis (UC) and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of IR on UC mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) as well as the potential underlying mechanism. The main components of IR were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Then we established a model of UC mice by administering 2.0% DSS for 7 days followed by 2 weeks of tap water for three cycles and administered IR. On day 56, the disease activity index (DAI), colon length, pathological changes, and inflammatory response of the colon tissue of mice were assessed. The oxidative stress and apoptosis of colon tissue were detected, and the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier was evaluated to assess the effect of IR. Furthermore, the relationship between oncostatin M (OSM) and its receptor (OSMR) in addition to the IR treatment of UC were evaluated using a mouse model and Caco2 cell model. The results showed that IR significantly alleviated the symptoms of UC including rescuing the shortened colon length; reducing DAI scores, serum myeloperoxidase and lipopolysaccharide levels, pathological damage, inflammatory cell infiltration and mRNA levels of interleukin one beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin six in colon tissue; alleviating oxidative stress and apoptosis by decreasing kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 expression and increasing nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 protein expression; and promoting the regeneration of epithelial cells. IR also promoted the restoration of the intestinal mucosal barrier and modulated the OSM/OSMR pathway to alleviate UC. It was found that IR exerted therapeutic effects on UC by restoring the intestinal mucosal barrier and regulating the OSM/OSMR pathway.

Gentiopicroside ameliorates ethanol-induced gastritis via regulating MMP-10 and pERK1/2 signaling.

BACKGROUND: Excessive ethanol consumption results in gastric mucosa damage, which could further develop into chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer in humans. Gentiopicroside (GPS), a major active component of Gentianae Macrophyllae radix, was reported to play a critical role in anti-inflammation. In the study, we aimed to investigate the functional role and underlying mechanism of GPS in ethanol-induced gastritis. METHODS: A model of gastritis was created by ethanol in C57BL/6 mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the concentration of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-8, and IL-10. RESULTS: We found that GPS treatment significantly ameliorated ethanol-induced gastritis in mice, with lower production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-8 and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The anti-inflammatory effect of GPS was further confirmed in vitro in ethanol-treated human gastric mucosal GES cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that GPS regulated matrix metallopeptidase expression and pERK1/2 signaling. Knockdown of matrix metallopeptidase 10 (MMP-10) greatly improved cell survival and suppressed inflammatory response in ethanol-treated GES cells. Moreover, inhibition of pERK1/2 signaling using U0126 decreased the expression of MMP-10 in ethanol-induced gastritis. U0126 treatment also suppressed the expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-8, and enhanced IL-10 expression in mice gastric mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings suggest that GPS ameliorates ethanol-induced gastritis via regulating MMP-10 and pERK1/2 signaling, which might provide a promising therapeutic drug for ethanol-induced gastritis.

Gastroprotective effect of gallic acid against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Involvement of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and anti-apoptosis role.

Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA) is a phenolic compound found in many medicinal plants traditionally used in China or patent medicine such as Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FY capsule) for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases for decades. However, the evidence for the gastroprotective effect of GA is deficient and the pharmacological mechanisms remain limited. The present investigation was initiated to demonstrate the gastroprotective effect and to understand potential underlying mechanism of GA on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Gastric ulcers were induced by absolute ethanol (5 mL/kg, i.g.) in male Sprague-Dawley rats, GA (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg), FY capsule (0.4 g/kg) and 30 mg/kg Lansoprazole was administered orally. Physiological saline and lansoprazole were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Induction of rats with ethanol resulted in a significant rise in ulcer index, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines markers (IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α), TBARS, protein expression of Bax and Caspase-3 and a significant reduction in the activities or levels of endogenous antioxidants (SOD, CAT and GSH), gastric mucosal protective factors (PGE2 and NO) and protein expression of Bcl-2. Pretreatment with GA showed a remarkable decrease in ulcer index, inflammatory cytokines markers, TBARS, protein expression of Bax and Caspase-3 and a significant increase in the activities of endogenous antioxidants, levels of PGE2 and NO, and protein expression of Bcl-2, Nrf2 and HO-1 when compared with ethanol treated groups. This study demonstrated the gastroprotective effect of Gallic acid and FY capsule on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The underlying mechanism of GA and FY capsule against gastric ulcer in rats caused by ethanol might be involved in Nrf2/HO-1 anti-oxidative pathway and ultimately played an anti-apoptotic role through regulating Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3.

Fingerprint Analysis and Quantitative Determination of Fourteen Active Components in the Traditional Chinese Medicinal Preparation Feiyangchangweiyan Capsule by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS.

FeiYangchangweiyan capsule (FY capsule), a traditional Chinese medicinal preparation consisting of three medicinal herbs, has been used to treat bacterial dysentery, acute, and chronic gastroenteritis for several decades. In this study, a novel, convenient, accurate, and valid method was developed by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detection (DAD) to obtain a chromatographic fingerprint of FeiYangchangweiyan capsule (FY capsule). Then, fourteen peaks were identified according to MS/MS fragmentation behavior of the reference standards by using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis. At the same time, the fingerprint similarity was calculated and the contents of known ingredients were also determined simultaneously. The result demonstrated that the HPLC fingerprint combining similarity evaluation and quantification analysis can be successfully applied to control the quality of FY capsule.

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Feiyangchangweiyan Capsule and Its Main Components on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Rats via the Regulation of the NF-κB and BAX/BCL-2 Pathway.

Although gastroenteritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) occur in the gastrointestinal tract and pelvis, respectively, they display similar pathogeneses. The incidence of inflammation in these conditions is usually associated with dysbacteriosis, and, at times, they are caused by the same pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus aureus. Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine that is widely used to treat bacterial dysentery and acute and chronic gastroenteritis. However, whether it has an effect on PID is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of FYC and its main components, gallic acid (GA), ellagic acid (EA), and syringin (SY), on a pathogen-induced PID model and illustrate their potential mechanism of action. Female specific pathogen-free SD rats (n = 1110) were randomly divided into control, PID, FYC, GA, EA, SY, GA + EA, GA + SY, EA + SY, GA + EA + SY, and Fuke Qianjin capsule (FKC) positive groups. Histological examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out as well as western blot analysis to detect the expression of NF-κB, BAX, BCL-2, and JNK. In this study, FYC and its main components dramatically suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, reduced the production of IL-1ß, TNF-α, and MCP-1, and elevated the IL-10 level to varying degrees. We also found that FYC and its main components inhibited the expression of BAX induced by infection and increased the expression of Bcl-2. FYC, GA, EA, and SY could also block the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Finally, we found that the phosphorylation of JNK could be decreased by FYC, GA, and SY. FYC and its main components exhibit anti-inflammatory effect on a pathogen-induced PID model by regulating the NF-κB and apoptosis signaling pathways.

Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Gallic Acid After Oral Administration of Gallic Acid Monohydrate in Normal and Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarcted Rats.

Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenolic natural product widely distributed in food, beverage, and traditional Chinese herbs with beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. In this research, a comparative study was conducted to investigate the possible difference of pharmacokinetic process in normal and isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats after oral administration of GA monohydrate with the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Quantification of GA in rat plasma was achieved by using a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The results revealed that pharmacokinetics of GA were greatly different between normal and pathological state. GA exhibited slower absorption into the bloodstream, and yielded 1.7-fold (50 mg/kg GA) and 1.3-fold (100 mg/kg GA) less values of area under concentration-time curve as well as 2.5-fold lower of maximum blood concentration (Cmax) in MI rats than those in normal rats. In addition, significant prolonged T1/2 and MRT as well as decreased CL were also registered in MI rats. Our findings suggest that myocardial infarction could alter the pharmacokinetic process of GA, and thus the potential pharmacokinetic differences of herbal preparations (or dietary nutrition) containing GA between normal and pathological conditions should be brought to the forefront seriously in clinical practice.

Submicron emulsion of cinnamaldehyde ameliorates bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

AIMS: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most frequent and severe form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. The pathogenesis is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cinnamaldehyde exhibits antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its effect on IPF is unknown. The present study is to investigate the anti-fibrotic effect and action mechanism of cinnamaldehyde on IPF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IPF was induced by intratracheal bleomycin in mice. Submicron emulsion of cinnamaldehyde was given by intraperitoneal injection once everyday for 7 or 21 continuous days after bleomycin administration. Lung histological and injury indexes were analyzed. The protein expressions of inflammation and oxidative stress as well as EMT markers alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and E-cadherin in mice and cultured A549 cells were measured. RESULTS: Cinnamaldehyde attenuated the bleomycin-induced histological injury, reduced hydroxyproline level and improved pulmonary function by the inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species production as well as enhancing total superoxide dismutase activity in bleomycin-induced mice. Cinnamaldehyde also inhibited EMT in both bleomycin-induced mice and TGF-ß1-stimulated A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Cinnamaldehyde ameliorated bleomycin-induced IPF via inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress and EMT.

Downregulation of Thromboxane A2 Receptor Occurs Mainly via Nuclear Factor-KappaB Signaling Pathway in Rat Renal Artery.

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) acts on TXA2 receptors (TP) to regulate renal artery blood flow and subsequently contributes to the pathogenesis of renal ischemia. The present study was designed to examine if nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is involved in the downregulation of TP receptors in rat renal artery. Rat renal artery segments were organ cultured for 6 or 24 h. Downregulation of TP receptors was monitored using myograph (contractile function), real-time PCR (receptor mRNA), and immunohistochemistry (receptor protein). Specific inhibitors (MG-132 and BMS345541) for NF-κB signaling pathway were used to dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. Compared to fresh (noncultured) segments, organ culture of the renal artery segments for 24 h induced a significant rightward shift of U46619 (TP receptor agonist) contractile response curves (pEC50: 6.89 ± 0.06 versus 6.48 ± 0.04, P < 0.001). This decreased contractile response to U46619 was paralleled with decreased TP receptor mRNA and protein expressions in the renal artery smooth muscle cells. Specific inhibitors (MG-132 and BMS345541) for NF-κB signaling pathway significantly abolished the decreased TP protein expression and receptor-mediated contractions. In conclusion, downregulation of TP receptors in the renal artery smooth muscle cells occurs mainly via the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Wound-healing Activity of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim Seed Oil on Experimentally Burned Rats.

BACKGROUND: The seed oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZBSO) is considered to be rich source of fatty acids, mainly oleic and linoleic acids, and has been used for the treatment of burns in Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the healing efficacy of ZBSO and explored its possible mechanism on scalded rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rat models with deep second-degree burns were set up, and ZBSO (500 and 1000 µl/wound) was topically applied twice daily for 7 days and then once daily until wound healing. The therapeutic effects of ZBSO were evaluated by observing wound closure time, decrustation time, wound-healing ratio, and pathological changes. Collagen type-III, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, phospho-nuclear factor-κB (p-NF-κB) p65, inhibitor of NF-κB subunit α p-IκBα, and inhibitor of NF-κB subunit α (IκBα) expression were determined using Western blotting. RESULTS: The ZBSO-treated group showed a higher wound-healing ratio and shorter decrustation and wound closure times than the untreated group. The topical application of ZBSO increased collagen synthesis as evidenced by an increase in hydroxyproline level and upregulated expression of collagen type-III on days 7, 14, and 21 posttreatment. A reduction in MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions also confirmed the collagen formation efficacy of ZBSO. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in superoxide dismutase levels and a decrease in malondialdehyde levels in ZBSO-treated wounds. ZBSO also decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 (IL-1) ß, and IL-6 levels in serum, upregulated IκBα, and downregulated p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα expression in vivo, indicating the anti-inflammatory action of ZBSO. CONCLUSION: ZBSO has significant potential to treat burn wounds by accelerating collagen synthesis and the anti-inflammatory cascade of the healing process. SUMMARY: The seed oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZBSO) is rich of fatty acidsThe healing efficacy of ZBSO on experimentally scalded rats was evaluatedZBSO has significant potential to treat deep second-degree burn woundsZBSO could accelerate collagen synthesis and inhibit the inflammatory signaling. Abbreviations used: ECL: Enhanced chemiluminescence; ECM: Extracellular matrix; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HRP: Horseradish peroxidase; HYP: Hydroxyproline; IκBα: Inhibitor of NF-κB subunit α; IL: Interleukin; MDA: Malondialdehyde; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase-2; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; SFE: Supercritical fluid extraction; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; SSD: Silver sulfadiazine; TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.

Mulberry granules protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy through the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway.

Mulberry granules (MLD) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription that has been used in the treatment of diabetes for many years. Recently, we found that MLD protected the heart from diabetes-associated cardiomyopathy when it was used to treat diabetes. However, the beneficial effects and possible mechanism remain unknown. To elucidate these effects, an experimental myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury model in diabetes rats was used in this study. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. The mice were pretreated with MLD for one month, and then exposed to 30 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Infarct size, heart function and various cytokines in the heart were assessed. Expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor erythroid 2­related factor 2 (Nrf2) were investigated by western blotting. In vitro, MLD significantly cleared oxygen-free radicals in DPPH and luminol chemiluminescence models. In vivo, fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin and lipids were significantly decreased by MLD. The results showed that MLD improved the cardiac function and decreased myocardial infarct size in the diabetic mice subjected to MI/R. In addition, upon pretreatment with MLD before MI/R treatment, GSH, SOD, CAT and GR were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with MLD also significantly induced the expression of Nrf2, and the cardioprotective effects of MLD were abolished in Nrf2-knockout mice. Furthermore, we also found that AMPK increase is upstream and was required for Nrf2 activation mediated by MLD. In conclusion, MLD protects against diabetic-associated cardiomyopathy by suppressing oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia and MI/R through the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Protective Effects of Amarogentin against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice.

Amarogentin, a secoiridoid glycoside that is mainly extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots, has been suggested to exhibit many biological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of amarogentin on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in vivo and the underlying mechanism. Fibrosis was induced by subcutaneous injections of 6 mL/kg of 20% carbon tetrachloride (dissolved in olive oil) twice per week for seven weeks. Mice were orally treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg amarogentin and with colchicine as a positive control. Biochemical assays and histopathological investigations showed that amarogentin delayed the formation of liver fibrosis; decreased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde and hydroxyproline levels; and increased albumin, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase levels. Moreover, amarogentin exhibited downregulation of α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-ß1 levels in immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. The levels of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 were also significantly reduced in all amarogentin-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. These findings demonstrated that amarogentin exerted significant hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice and suggested that the effect of amarogentin against liver fibrosis may be by anti-oxidative properties and suppressing the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway.

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-ß-D-glucoside protects murine hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating Notch1/Hes1 signaling and attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress.

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-ß-D-glucoside (TSG) is a water-soluble active component extracted from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. A number of studies demonstrate that TSG exerts cardioprotective effects. Since endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a key role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R)-induced cell apoptosis, we sought to determine whether modulation of the ER stress during MI/R injury was involved in the cardioprotective action of TSG. Male mice were treated with TSG (60 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig) for 2 weeks and then were subjected to MI/R surgery. Pre-administration of TSG significantly improved post-operative cardiac function, and suppressed MI/R-induced myocardial apoptosis, evidenced by the reduction in the myocardial apoptotic index, serum levels of LDH and CK after 6 h of reperfusion. TSG (0.1-1000 µmol/L) did not affect the viability of cultured H9c2 cardiomyoblasts in vitro, but pretreatment with TSG dose-dependently decreased simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SIR)-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that TSG treatment activated the Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway and suppressed ER stress, as evidenced by increasing Notch1, Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), Hes1, and Bcl-2 expression levels and by decreasing p-PERK/PERK ratio, p-eIF2α/eIF2α ratio, and ATF4, CHOP, Bax, and caspase-3 expression levels. Moreover, the protective effects conferred by TSG on SIR-treated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were abolished by co-administration of DAPT (the Notch1 signaling inhibitor). In summary, TSG ameliorates MI/R injury in vivo and in vitro by activating the Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway and attenuating ER stress-induced apoptosis.

Cinnamaldehyde Derivatives Inhibit Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Viral Myocarditis.

The chemical property of cinnamaldehyde is unstable in vivo, although early experiments have shown its obvious therapeutic effects on viral myocarditis (VMC). To overcome this problem, we used cinnamaldehyde as a leading compound to synthesize derivatives. Five derivatives of cinnamaldehyde were synthesized: 4-methylcinnamaldehyde (1), 4-chlorocinnamaldehyde (2), 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (3), α-bromo-4-methylcinnamaldehyde (4), and α-bromo-4-chlorocinnamaldehyde (5). Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and HeLa cells infected by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) were used to evaluate their antiviral and cytotoxic effects. In vivo BALB/c mice were infected with CVB3 for establishing VMC models. Among the derivatives, compound 4 and 5 inhibited the CVB3 in HeLa cells with the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations values of 11.38 ± 2.22 µM and 2.12 ± 0.37 µM, respectively. The 50% toxic concentrations of compound 4 and 5-treated cells were 39-fold and 87-fold higher than in the cinnamaldehyde group. Compound 4 and 5 effectively reduced the viral titers and cardiac pathological changes in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, compound 4 and 5 significantly inhibited the secretion, mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 in CVB3-infected cardiomyocytes, indicating that brominated cinnamaldehyde not only improved the anti-vital activities for VMC, but also had potent anti-inflammatory effects in cardiomyocytes induced by CVB3.

Paeonol and danshensu combination attenuates apoptosis in myocardial infarcted rats by inhibiting oxidative stress: Roles of Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt pathway.

Paeonol and danshensu is the representative active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs Cortex Moutan and Radix Salviae Milthiorrhizae, respectively. Paeonol and danshensu combination (PDSS) has putative cardioprotective effects in treating ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, the evidence for the protective effect is scarce and the pharmacological mechanisms of the combination remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of PDSS on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in rats and to elucidate the potential mechanism. Assays of creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin I and T and histopathological analysis revealed PDSS significantly prevented myocardial injury induced by ISO. The ISO-induced profound elevation of oxidative stress was also suppressed by PDSS. TUNEL and caspase-3 activity assay showed that PDSS significantly inhibited apoptosis in myocardia. In exploring the underlying mechanisms of PDSS, we found PDSS enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in myocardial injured rats. Furthermore, PDSS increased phosphorylated PI3K and Akt, which may in turn activate antioxidative and antiapoptotic signaling events in rat. These present findings demonstrated that PDSS exerts significant cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats. The protective effect is, at least partly, via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and involvement of the PI3K/Akt cell survival signaling pathway.

Proliferation of rat cardiac stem cells is induced by 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-ß-D-glucoside in vitro.

AIM: To study the effects of 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-ß-d-glucoside (THSG) on proliferation of rat cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C-kit(+) cells were isolated from neonatal (1 day old) Sprague-Dawley rats by using flow cytometry. Optimal THSG treatment times and doses for growth of CSCs were analyzed. CSCs were treated with various THSG doses (0, 1, 10, and 100 µM) for 12h. RESULTS: Sorted c-kit(+) cells exhibited self-renewing and clonogenic capabilities. Cell Counting Kit (CCK-8) and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) ELISA test positive cells were significantly increased in THSG-treated groups compared with untreated controls. The percentage of S-phase cells also increased after THSG treatment. Moreover, we show that some c-kit(+) cells spontaneously express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), T-box transcription factor (Tbx5), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 (HCN2), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated 4 (HCN4), alpha myosin heavy chain (αMHC), and beta myosin heavy chain (ßMHC) mRNA, and stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1), cardiac troponin-I, GATA-4, Nkx2.5, and connexin 43 protein were also assessed in CSCs. However, their expression was significantly increased with THSG treatment when compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSION: THSG can increase proliferation of rat CSCs in vitro and thus, shows promise as a potential treatment strategy for stimulating endogenous stem cells to help repair the injured heart after myocardial infarction in patients.

Nuclear Factor-kappaB-Mediated Endothelin Receptor Up-Regulation Increases Renal Artery Contractility in Rats.

Increased renal artery contractility leads to renal vasospasm and ischaemia as well as kidney damage. This study was designed to examine the hypothesis that organ culture of renal arteries induces transcriptional up-regulation of endothelin type A (ETA ) and type B2 (ETB2 ) receptors in the smooth muscle cells via activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and subsequently increases renal artery contractility. Rat renal artery segments were organ-cultured for 6 or 24 hr to increase endothelin receptor-mediated contraction. To dissect molecular mechanisms involved in this process, inhibitors for NF-κB signalling pathway (MG-132 and BMS345541), transcription (actinomycin D) and translation (cycloheximide) were used during organ culture. Endothelin receptors were studied using a sensitive myograph (functional contractility), real-time PCR (mRNA analysis) and immunohistochemistry (protein localization). Compared with fresh segments, contractile responses to endothelin-1 (non-selective endothelin receptor agonist) and sarafotoxin 6c (selective ETB receptor agonist) were significantly increased in the segments after 24 hr of organ culture; ETB2 receptor-mediated maximal contraction increased from 2.7 ± 0.5 to 135.3 ± 5.1 (p < 0.001), and potency (pEC50 ) of ETA receptor agonist increased from 8.20 ± 0.04 to 8.72 ± 0.07 (p < 0.001). This was in parallel with increased corresponding mRNA and protein expression for ETA and ETB2 receptors. BMS345541, MG-132, actinomycin D or cyclohexamide, respectively, suppressed the up-regulation of ETA and ETB2 receptors. Immunostaining performed with specific antibody showed that IκB was phosphorylated during organ culture. In conclusion, activation of NF-κB mediates up-regulation of ETA and ETB2 receptors and subsequently increases renal artery contractility, which may contribute to renal vasospasm and ischaemia as well as kidney damage.

Anticancer effects of bufalin on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells: roles of apoptosis and autophagy.

The traditional Chinese medicine bufalin, extracted from toad's skin, has been demonstrated to exert anticancer activities in various kinds of human cancers. The mechanisms of action lie in its capacity to induce apoptosis, or termed type I programmed cell death (PCD). However, type II PCD, or autophagy, participates in cancer proliferation, progression, and relapse, as well. Recent studies on autophagy seem to be controversial because of the dual roles of autophagy in cancer survival and death. In good agreement with previous studies, we found that 100 nM bufalin induced extensive HepG2 cell apoptosis. However, we also noticed bufalin triggered autophagy and enhanced Beclin-1 expression, LC3-I to LC3-II conversion, as well as decreased p62 expression and mTOR signaling activation in HepG2 cells. Blockage of autophagy by selective inhibitor 3-MA decreased apoptotic ratio in bufalin-treated HepG2 cells, suggesting a proapoptotic role of bufalin-induced autophagy. Furthermore, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of bufalin-induced autophagy. Bufalin treatment dose-dependently promoted AMPK phosphorylation while AMPK inhibition by compound C significantly attenuated bufalin-induced autophagy. Taken together, we report for the first time that bufalin induces HepG2 cells PCD, especially for autophagy, and the mechanism of action is, at least in part, AMPK-mTOR dependent.

The effect of hyperoside on the functional recovery of the ischemic/reperfused isolated rat heart: potential involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway.

One of the leading causes of death in the world is ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-mediated acute myocardial infarction. There are a lot of Chinese traditional patent medicines, such as Xin'an capsules, Xin Xuening tablets, and so on, which have protective effects against myocardial I/R injury and have been routinely used in treating cardiac diseases for a long time in China. Hyperoside (Hyp) is the chief component of these medicines. This study investigated the action of Hyp in isolated myocardial I/R injury, as well as its possible mechanisms. Using the Langendorff model, isolated Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia and 50 min of reperfusion. Cardiac function was measured, and infarct size was evaluated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at the end of the reperfusion. Coronary effluent was analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK). Myocardium was also measured for total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) was analyzed by Western blotting. We report for the first time that administration of Hyp before/after I/R significantly improved heart contraction and limited the infarct size and CK and LDH leakage from the damaged myocardium after I/R. The activity of SOD and the MDA content remarkably changed in the presence of Hyp as well. Phosphorylation of ERK was significantly increased in Hyp-treated hearts compared to controls (p<0.01). Hyp-induced ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by PD98059. We therefore conclude that Hyp can protect cardiomyocytes from I/R-induced oxidative stress through the activation of ERK-dependent signaling.