China's application of the One Health approach in addressing public health threats at the human-animal-environment interface: Advances and challenges.

Background: Due to emerging issues such as global climate change and zoonotic disease pandemics, the One Health approach has gained more attention since the turn of the 21st century. Although One Health thinking has deep roots and early applications in Chinese history, significant gaps exist in China's real-world implementation at the complex interface of the human-animal-environment. Methods: We abstracted the data from the global One Health index study and analysed China's performance in selected fields based on Structure-Process-Outcome model. By comparing China to the Belt & Road and G20 countries, the advances and gaps in China's One Health performance were determined and analysed. Findings: For the selected scientific fields, China generally performs better in ensuring food security and controlling antimicrobial resistance and worse in addressing climate change. Based on the SPO model, the "structure" indicators have the highest proportion (80.00%) of high ranking and the "outcome" indicators have the highest proportion (20.00%) of low ranking. When compared with Belt and Road countries, China scores above the median in almost all indicators (16 out of 18) under the selected scientific fields. When compared with G20 countries, China ranks highest in food security (scores 72.56 and ranks 6th), and lowest in climate change (48.74, 11th). Conclusion: Our results indicate that while China has made significant efforts to enhance the application of the One Health approach in national policies, it still faces challenges in translating policies into practical measures. It is recommended that a holistic One Health action framework be established for China in accordance with diverse social and cultural contexts, with a particular emphasis on overcoming data barriers and mobilizing stakeholders both domestically and globally. Implementation mechanisms, with clarified stakeholder responsibilities and incentives, should be improved along with top-level design.

Towards a global One Health index: a potential assessment tool for One Health performance.

BACKGROUND: A One Health approach has been increasingly mainstreamed by the international community, as it provides for holistic thinking in recognizing the close links and inter-dependence of the health of humans, animals and the environment. However, the dearth of real-world evidence has hampered application of a One Health approach in shaping policies and practice. This study proposes the development of a potential evaluation tool for One Health performance, in order to contribute to the scientific measurement of One Health approach and the identification of gaps where One Health capacity building is most urgently needed. METHODS: We describe five steps towards a global One Health index (GOHI), including (i) framework formulation; (ii) indicator selection; (iii) database building; (iv) weight determination; and (v) GOHI scores calculation. A cell-like framework for GOHI is proposed, which comprises an external drivers index (EDI), an intrinsic drivers index (IDI) and a core drivers index (CDI). We construct the indicator scheme for GOHI based on this framework after multiple rounds of panel discussions with our expert advisory committee. A fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is adopted to determine the weights for each of the indicators. RESULTS: The weighted indicator scheme of GOHI comprises three first-level indicators, 13 second-level indicators, and 57 third-level indicators. According to the pilot analysis based on the data from more than 200 countries/territories the GOHI scores overall are far from ideal (the highest score of 65.0 out of a maximum score of 100), and we found considerable variations among different countries/territories (31.8-65.0). The results from the pilot analysis are consistent with the results from a literature review, which suggests that a GOHI as a potential tool for the assessment of One Health performance might be feasible. CONCLUSIONS: GOHI-subject to rigorous validation-would represent the world's first evaluation tool that constructs the conceptual framework from a holistic perspective of One Health. Future application of GOHI might promote a common understanding of a strong One Health approach and provide reference for promoting effective measures to strengthen One Health capacity building. With further adaptations under various scenarios, GOHI, along with its technical protocols and databases, will be updated regularly to address current technical limitations, and capture new knowledge.

The Effect of Carbogen Breathing on 18F-FDG Uptake in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

It has been reported that 18F-FDG uptake is higher in hypoxic cancer cells than in well-oxygenated cells. We demonstrated that 18F-FDG uptake in lung cancer would be affected by high concentration oxygen breathing. Methods. Overnight fasted non-small-cell lung cancer A549 subcutaneous (s.c.) xenografts bearing mice (n = 10) underwent 18F-FDG micro-PET scans, animals breathed room air on day 1, and same animals breathed carbogen (95% O2 + 5% CO2) on the subsequent day. In separated studies, autoradiography and immunohistochemical staining visualization of frozen section of A549 s.c. tumors were applied, and to compare between carbogen-breathing mice and those with air breathing, a combination of 18F-FDG and hypoxia marker pimonidazole was injected 1 h before animal sacrifice, and 18F-FDG accumulation was compared with pimonidazole binding and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) expression. Results. PET studies revealed that tumor 18F-FDG uptake was significantly decreased in carbogen-breathing mice than those with air breathing (P < 0.05). Ex vivo studies confirmed that carbogen breathing significantly decreased hypoxic fraction detected by pimonidazole staining, referring to GLUT-1 expression, and significantly decreased 18F-FDG accumulation in tumors. Conclusions. High concentration of O2 breathing during 18F-FDG uptake phase significantly decreases 18F-FDG uptake in non-small-cell lung cancer A549 xenografts growing in mice.

4,5-Dicarb-oxy-naphthalene-1,8-dicarb-oxy-lic anhydride-1,10-phenanthroline (1/1).

In the crystal structure of the title 1:1 adduct, C(12)H(8)N(2)·C(14)H(6)O(7), the carboxyl groups are involved in inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which link the mol-ecules into centrosymmetric dimers. These dimers are further linked by inter-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. C-H⋯O inter-actions also occur between the 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 4,5-dicarb-oxy-naphthalene-1,8-dicarb-oxy-lic anhydride (H(2)NTC) mol-ecules. In addition, the crystal structure exhibits π-π inter-actions of the phen⋯phen and H(2)NTC⋯H(2)NTC types with centroid-centroid distances of 3.579 (3) and 3.774 (3) Å, respectively.

Bis(µ-3,5-dinitro-2-oxidobenzoato)-κO,O:O;κO:O,O-bis[aqua-(2-phenyl-1,3,7,8-tetra-azacyclo-penta-[l]phenanthrene-κN,N)cobalt(II)].

In the title compound, [Co(2)(C(7)H(2)N(2)O(7))(2)(C(19)H(12)N(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2)], the Co(II) atom is six-coordinated by two N atoms from a 2-phenyl-1H-1,3,7,8,-tetraaza-cyclo-penta-[l]phenanthrene (L) ligand, three O atoms from two 3,5-dinitro-2-oxidobenzoate (3,5-dinitro-salicylate or DNSA) ligands and one O atom from a water mol-ecule in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The Co(II) atoms are bridged by two carboxyl-ate O atoms from two DNSA ligands, forming a centrosymmetric dinuclear structure. Neighbouring dinuclear units inter-act with each other through two types of π-π inter-actions between the L ligands [shortest centroid-centroid distance = 3.646 (3) Å] and between the L and DNSA ligands [shortest atom-to-centroid distance = 3.794 (3) Å]. N-H⋯O, O-H⋯N and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed, which lead to a three-dimensional structure.

Bis(µ-5-carb-oxy-benzene-1,3-dicarboxyl-ato)-κO,O:O;κO:O,O-bis-[(2-phenyl-1,3,7,8-tetra-aza-cyclo-penta-[l]phenanthrene-κN,N)lead(II)].

In the title compound, [Pb(2)(C(9)H(4)O(6))(2)(C(19)H(12)N(4))(2)], the Pb(II) atom is five-coordinated by two N atoms from a chelating 2-phenyl-1H-1,3,7,8-tetra-aza-cyclo-penta-[l]phenanthrene (L) ligand and three O atoms from two Hbtc ligands (H(3)btc is benzene-1,3,5-tricarb-oxy-lic acid), resulting in a distorted PbN(2)O(3) coordination. Two Pb(II) atoms are bridged by the Hbtc ligands, forming a discrete centrosymmetric dinuclear complex. Inter-molecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions between the pyridine and imidazole rings, and between the pyridyl rings of the L ligands [centroid-centroid distances = 3.600 (6) and 3.732 (6) Å] lead to a three-dimensional supra-molecular structure.

[Spectral response analysis of offshore thin oil slicks].

Hyperspectral data of thin oil slicks have some spectral response characteristics, and an experiment of offshore thin oil slicks was designed to measure and analyze their reflectance by using ASD hyperspectral instrument. With the oil slick thickness changing, its color varied from rainbow sheen slick to fuchsine sheen slick, kelly sheen slick, aqua sheen slick, silver sheen slick and light sheen slick. The result suggested that different thin oil slicks have different characteristics, some thin oil slicks could change the reflectance at 440 nm which is the spectral absorption peak value of chlorophyll, and the best hyperspectral band to distinguish the different offshore thin oil slicks is located in the range between 350 and 440 nm. The reflectance of thin oil slicks is higher than that of seawater in the hyperspectral data range from 440 to 900 nm, but has no absorption or reflection characteristics compared to seawater's. It could not be detected in the range of near infrared from 900 to 2,500 nm of offshore thin oil slicks because of high noise, low signal and influence of the atmosphere. Finally, the spectral response theory of offshore thin oil slicks was analyzed, and the results indicated that the interference phenomenon of offshore thin oil slicks could add reflected light and change the reflectance of seawater, hence, increase the feasibility of offshore oil slick remote sensing.

Aqua-(2-hydr-oxy-5-sulfonatobenzoato-κO)bis-(2-phenyl-1H-1,3,7,8-tetra-aza-cyclo-penta-[l]phenanthrene-κN,N)zinc(II).

In the title compound, [Zn(C(7)H(4)O(6)S)(C(19)H(12)N(4))(2)(H(2)O)], the Zn(II) ion is coordinated by two N,N'-bidentate 2-phenyl-1H-1,3,7,8-tetra-azacyclo-penta-[l]phenanthrene ligands, one O-monodentate 5-sulfosalicylate dianion and a water mol-ecule. This results in a distorted cis-ZnO(2)N(4) octa-hedral coordination geometry for the metal ion. In the crystal, mol-ecules are expanded into a three-dimensional supra-molecular motif via O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N and N-H⋯(O,S) hydrogen bonds. In addition, π-π stacking inter-actions between the aromatic rings of the polycyclic ligands consolidate the sturcture [shortest centroid-centroid distance = 3.501 (2) Å].

2-Phenyl-1H-1,3,7,8-tetra-azacyclo-penta-[l]phenanthrene.

There are two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(19)H(12)N(4), with dihedral angles of 2.41 (10) and 10.53 (12)° between the fused ring system and the pendant phenyl ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into chains by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and aromatic π-π stacking inter-actions [shortest centroid-centroid distance = 3.6176 (16) Å] complete the structure.