Rheological characterization of chia seed gum as a thickening agent used for dysphagia management.

Dysphagia has emerged as a serious health issue facing contemporary society. Consuming thickened liquids is an effective approach for improving the swallowing safety for dysphagia patients. The thickening effect of chia seed gum (CSG), a novel thickener, in different dispersing media (water, orange juice, and skim milk) was investigated. Moreover, the potential application of CSG for dysphagia management was evaluated by comparison with xanthan gum (XG) and guar gum (GG). The thickened liquids prepared with 0.4 %-1.2 % (w/v) CSG, XG, and GG could be classified into levels 1-4, 2-4, and 1-3, respectively, according to the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) framework. All the thickened liquids displayed shear-thinning characteristics that facilitated safe swallowing. The viscosities (η50) of CSG dissolved in water (0.202-1.027 Pa·s) were significantly greater than those of CSG dissolved in orange juice (0.070-0.690 Pa·s) and skim milk (0.081-0.739 Pa·s), indicating that CSG had a greater thickening effect in water than in orange juice and skim milk. Compared with those prepared with GG, the thickened liquids prepared with CSG and XG exhibited greater viscoelasticity, better water-holding capacity, and more compact networks. The findings suggested that CSG can be used as a potential thickener for thickening liquid foods to manage dysphagia.

Construction and characterization of alginate/calcium ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate hydrogels: Effect of M/G ratios and calcium ion concentration.

Calcium ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (CaHMB), a functional calcium salt, is used to maintain and improve muscle health. Here, a new hydrogel material prepared from alginate (ALG) with three M/G ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2) and CaHMB (0-2 mg/mL) was investigated. CaHMB regulates the formation and properties of ALG hydrogels through chelation and hydrogen bonding. When the M/G ratio was 2:1, the anionic groups of CaHMB containing carboxyl and hydroxyl groups formed hydrogen bonds with the polysaccharide chains, hindering the capture of Ca2+ by the G-residue fragments of ALG, which in turn retarded the gelation process. The noncalcium cross-linked polysaccharide chain structure of ALG and the anionic group of CaHMB also affected the water distribution in the hydrogel, especially when M residue content ≥G residue content. Lower M/G ratios and higher CaHMB concentrations could increase the number of "egg box" crosslinking junctions of calcium alginate, and the microstructure was denser in the gel pores, resulting in a stronger gel strength and more free water bound in the gel matrix. This study provides a theoretical and methodological basis for the design of novel hydrogels by studying the crosslinking features of ALG/CaHMB.

Bamboo-like nitrogen-doped carbon supported chlorine-doped Fe2P as an antibacterial oxygen reduction catalyst.

Bio-inspiration and biomimetics offer guidance for designing and synthesizing advanced catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Herein, a chlorine-doped Fe2P supported by nitrogen-doped carbon (Cl-Fe2P/NC) catalyst was designed and prepared based on imitating the bamboo structure. The electronegative chlorine captured the electron transfer from Fe2P and transferred it to NC through carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The antibacterial chlorine inhibited the cathode biofilm formation to enhance the ion transport. Cl-Fe2P/NC achieved a half-wave potential of 0.91 V and an onset potential of 0.99 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode. After 500 h of reaction, the MFCs assembled by the Cl-Fe2P/NC cathode achieved a maximum power density of 1505 mW m-2. This work provides insights into the design of advanced materials through bio-inspiration and biomimicry.

Fabrication and characterization of salidroside W/O/W emulsion with sodium alginate.

Salidroside (Sal), the main bioactive substance in Rhodiola rosea, is a promising functional food component with a wide range of pharmacological effects, but its biological activity is challenging to sustain due to its short half-life, low oral bioavailability, and susceptibility to environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium alginate (SA) concentration on the construction of W/O/W emulsion in the protection of Sal. With the escalation of SA concentrations, the range of droplet size distribution was smaller and the droplets were more uniform. When the concentration of SA was 2 %, the average droplet size reached 9.1 ± 0.1 µm, and the encapsulation efficiency of Sal was 77.8 ± 1.8 %. Moreover, the double emulsion with 2 % SA was the most stable for 28 days at 4 °C since the oil droplets were embedded in the network structure of SA.

Pathological and imaging features, treatment, and prognosis of primary intraventricular lymphoma: A review of cases from a single center.

Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the imaging and pathological features, treatment, and prognosis of patients with primary intraventricular lymphomas (PIL) in order to enhance physicians' understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of PIL. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 13 cases of PIL that were hospitalized in our institution. Clinical and imaging data of the patients were collected and compared with the pathology data to summarize and analyze the qualitative diagnostic value of magnetic resonance (MR) features. Results: Among the enrolled patients, there were nine males and four females, with an average age of (56 ± 9.0) years. The major clinical features observed in PIL patients were headache and dizziness. All 13 patients underwent plain and contrast-enhanced MR scans, revealing multiple foci in 7 cases and single foci in 6 cases. The lesions were located in the lateral ventricle in 10 cases, the third ventricle in 4 cases, and the fourth ventricle in 4 cases. Plain MR scans demonstrated an isointense or slightly hypointense signal on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and an isointense or slightly hyperintense signal on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI). Contrast-enhanced scans showed uniform and consistent enhancement of the tumors. Surgical treatment was performed in all patients, and postoperative pathology confirmed the presence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Conclusions: PIL exhibits specific imaging and pathological features, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma being the main pathological type. Pathological examination and immunophenotype analysis serve as the gold standards for PIL diagnosis.

Being pressed for time leads to treating others as things: Exploring the relationships among time scarcity, agentic and communal orientation and objectification.

Time scarcity has become one of the most ubiquitous phenomena in daily life worldwide. Five studies (total valid N = 1332) examined whether time scarcity elicits people's agentic orientation and dampens their communal orientation, thus increasing the likelihood of objectification towards others. Results suggested that people who perceived time scarcity were more likely to exhibit objectification towards others regardless of whether time scarcity was measured (Studies 1 and 3) or manipulated using either a scenario (Study 2a) or a recall task (Studies 2b and 4). Furthermore, agentic and communal orientations mediated the link between time scarcity and objectification (Studies 3 and 4). Additionally, the current research provided a nuanced understanding of these effects by differentiating the people being objectified into acquaintances and close friends (Study 2b) and by taking into consideration the trait-level prosociality of participants (Study 4). Results suggested that the effect persisted when people interacted with others who were close to them, and it was also applicable to people who were highly prosocial by nature. Overall, our findings highlighted the serious interpersonal consequence of time scarcity and highlighted the crucial role of value orientation in understanding this effect.

The water-soluble subfraction from Artemisia argyi alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory responses via multiple pathways and targets in vitro and in vivo.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: As a traditional Chinese medicine, Artemisia argyi has been used medicinally and eaten for more than 2000 years in China. It is widely reported in treating inflammatory diseases such as eczema, dermatitis, arthritis, allergic asthma and colitis. Although several studies claim that its volatile oil and organic reagent extracts have certain anti-inflammatory effects, the water-soluble fractions and molecular mechanisms have not been studied. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of A. argyi water extract (AAWE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and to identify the most effective water-soluble subfractions. Moreover, the relevant pharmacological and molecular mechanisms by which the active subfraction mitigates inflammation were further investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Firstly, RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS were treated with AAWE (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) or the water-soluble subfractions separated by D101 macroporous resin (AAWE1-AAWE4, 100 µg/mL), and NO production and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes were evaluated to determine the most effective water-soluble subfractions. Secondly, the chemical components of the active subfraction (AAWE4) were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Thirdly, transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis, RT-qPCR and Western blotting assays were conducted to explore the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism and active compounds of AAWE4. Subsequently, the binding ability of the potential active components in AAWE4 to the core targets was further determined by molecular docking. Eventually, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of AAWE4 (1.17, 2.34 and 4.68 g/kg, administered per day for 7 d) was evaluated in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. RESULTS: In this study, AAWE showed excellent anti-inflammatory effects, and its water-soluble subfraction AAWE4 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on NO concentration and inflammatory gene mRNA expression after LPS stimulation, indicating that it was the most effective subfraction. Thereafter, four main compounds in AAWE4 were confirmed or tentatively identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS, including three flavonoid glycosides and one phenolic acid. Furthermore, the transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis showed that AAWE4 inhibited inflammation via multiple pathways and multiple targets. Based on the RT-qPCR and Western blotting results, AAWE4 downregulated not only the p38, PI3K, CCL5, MMP9, AP-1, and BCL3 mRNA expression levels activated by LPS but also their upstream and downstream protein expression levels and protein phosphorylation (p-AKT/AKT, p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK). Moreover, four identified compounds (isochlorogenic acid A, vicenin-2, schaftoside and isoschaftoside) could significantly inhibit NO content and the overexpression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1ß, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA induced by LPS, and the molecular docking confirmed the high binding activity of four active compounds with selected core targets (p38, AKT1, MMP9, and CCL5). In addition, the mRNA expression and immunohistochemical analysis showed that AAWE44 could inhibit lung inflammation via multiple pathways and multiple targets in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the water-soluble subfraction AAWE4 from A. argyi ameliorated the inflammation caused by LPS through multiple pathways and multiple targets in vitro and in vivo, providing scientific support for the medicinal use of A. argyi. Importantly, it shows that the A. argyi subfraction AAWE4 can be developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.

Sources of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculturally managed peatlands.

The draining and fertilization of peatlands for agriculture is globally an important source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2 O). Hitherto, the contribution of major sources to the N2 O emission-that is, fertilization and nitrogen (N) release from peat decomposition-has not yet been deciphered. This hampers the development of smart mitigation strategies, considering that rewetting to halt peat decomposition and reducing N fertilization are promising N2 O emission-reduction strategies. Here, we used machine learning techniques and global N2 O observational data to generalize the distribution of N2 O emissions from agriculturally managed peatlands, to distinguish the sources of N2 O emissions, and to compare mitigation options. N2 O emissions from agriculturally managed croplands were 401.0 (344.5-470.9) kt N year-1 , with 121.6 (88.6-163.3) kt N year-1 contributed by fertilizer N. On grasslands, 64.0 (54.6-74.7) kt N2 O-N year-1 were emitted, with 4.6 (3.7-5.7) kt N2 O-N year-1 stemming from fertilizer N. The fertilizer-induced N2 O emission factor ranged from 1.5% to 3.2%. Reducing the current fertilizer input by 20% could achieve a 10% N2 O emission reduction for croplands but only 3% for grasslands. Rewetting 1.9 Mha cropland and 0.26 Mha grassland would achieve the same N2 O emission reductions. Our results suggest that N2 O mitigation strategies for managed peatlands should be considered separately across land-use types and climatic zones. For croplands, particularly in the tropics, relevant N2 O mitigation potentials are achievable through both fertilizer N reduction and peatland rewetting. For grasslands, management schemes to halt peat degradation (e.g. rewetting) should be considered preferentially for mitigating N2 O and contributing to meeting climate goals.

A NiCo2S4 octahedral configuration doped by Mn, Zn and Cu for the oxygen evolution reaction.

Transition metals with similar atomic radius were used for doping spinel NiCo2S4 to adjust the octahedral configuration. Mn dopants adjusted the morphology and surface charge distribution, and optimized the electron transport and catalytic activity of the surface site. Mn-NiCo2S4 showed an OER overpotential of 269 mV and water splitting voltage of 1.59 V.

Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Scientists are increasingly paying attention to using theoretical design as a guide combined with modern in-situ characterization techniques to develop catalysts with high activity, low cost, and long-term life. The review discusses the progress of catalyst theoretical design and corresponding experiments based on three typical oxygen evolution catalytic mechanisms, including the adsorbate evolution, lattice oxygen-mediated, and unconventional bifunctional mechanisms. This work briefly describes the commonly used tools and descriptors in theory as well as the electrochemical techniques and characterizations in experiments. Our purpose is to sort out the ways to closely integrate the theoretical method and experimental verification from the perspective of reaction mechanism, and to provide some experience reference for the future development of theoretical tools and experimental technologies.

Bimetallic CoSn nanoparticles anchored on N-doped carbon as antibacterial oxygen reduction catalysts for microbial fuel cells.

Sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics and biofilm formation limit the power generation and stability of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Herein, bimetallic CoSn nanoparticles anchored on ZIF-derived N-doped carbon (CoSn@NC) were designed and synthesized as bifunctional catalysts to accelerate the ORR and improve the antibacterial activity. Sn modulated the electronic structure of bimetallic CoSn by drawing electrons from Co. Electron redistribution of CoSn@NC optimized the O2 adsorption at Co sites for rapid ORR kinetics. The up-shifted d-band center of Co sites reduced the energy barrier of the rate-determining step for *O formation, resulting in efficient catalytic activity. Bimetallic CoSn nanoparticles were beneficial for the four-electron transfer process for more ˙OH species production. Sn2+ and ˙OH synergistically improved the antibacterial activity of CoSn@NC to inhibit the growth of the cathode biofilm and accelerate mass-charge transfer. CoSn@NC demonstrated superior oxygen reduction activity with a half-wave potential of 0.84 V and an onset potential of 0.90 V, respectively. The MFCs assembled with the CoSn@NC cathodic catalyst exhibited an excellent power density of 1380 mW m-2 and long-term stability for 105 h. This work provides a strategy for the design of antibacterial ORR catalysts for improved catalytic activity and long-term stability.

Formation and microstructural characterization of scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) male gonad hydrolysates/sodium alginate coacervations as a function of pH.

Studying the noncovalent interactions between proteins and polysaccharides is quite important mainly due to the wide number of applications such as developing pH-responsive complexes. Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis male gonad hydrolysates­sodium alginate (SMGHs-SA) was investigated as noncovalent complexes at pH from 1 to 10. The critical pH values pHC (around 6) and pHφ (around 4) were independent of the SMGHs-SA ratio, indicating the formation of soluble and insoluble complexes. The pH response of SMGHs-SA complexes was evaluated by investigating the rheological behavior, moisture distribution, functional group change and microstructure. Compared to the co-soluble and soluble complexes phases, the SMGHs-SA complexes had a higher storage modulus and viscosity as well as a lower relaxation time (T23) in the insoluble complexes phase (pHφ>3). Additionally, the amide I band and COO- stretching vibration peaks were redshifted and the amide A band vibration peaks were blueshifted by acidification. Electrostatic interactions and intermolecular/intramolecular hydrogen bonding led to SMGHs-SA agglomeration at pH 3, forming a uniform and dense gel network structure with strong gel strength and water-retention capacity. This study provides a theoretical and methodological basis for the design of novel pH-responsive complexes by studying SMGHs-SA complex coacervation.

[Anti-inflammatory material basis and mechanism of Artemisia stolonifera based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking].

This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory material basis and molecular mechanism of Artemisia stolonifera based on the analysis of the chemical components in different extracted fractions of A. stolonifera and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in combination with network pharmacology and molecular docking. Thirty-two chemical components were identified from A. stolonifera by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Among them, there were 7, 21 and 22 compounds in water, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions, respectively. The antio-xidant capacity of different extracted fractions was evaluated by measuring their scavenging ability against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) free radicals and total antioxidant capacity [ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) assay]. The inflammatory model of RAW264.7 cells was induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS), and the levels of nitrite oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6) in the supernatant and the mRNA expression of related inflammatory factors in cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects. The results revealed that ethyl acetate fraction of A. stolonifera was the optimal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory fraction. By network pharmacology, it was found that flavonoids such as rhamnazin, eupatilin, jaceosidin, luteolin and nepetin could act on key targets such as TNF, serine/threonine protein kinase 1(AKT1), tumor protein p53(TP53), caspase-3(CASP3) and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), and regulate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B(PI3K-AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathways to exert the anti-inflammatory effects. Molecular docking further indicated excellent binding properties between the above core components and core targets. This study preliminarily clarified the anti-inflammatory material basis and mechanism of ethyl acetate fraction of A. stolonifera, providing a basis for the follow-up clinical application of A. stolonifera and drug development.

Modulation of bulk and surface electronic structures for oxygen evolution by Cr, P co-doped Co3S4.

Co3S4 was doped by Cr in the bulk phase and P on the surface to achieve a low overpotential of 257 mV and a long-term durability over 48 h during the oxygen evolution reaction. This was caused by high-valence metal Cr and non-metal P atom doping enhanced conductivity and optimized adsorption energy of intermediates.

Electrochemical H2O2 sensor based on a Au nanoflower-graphene composite for anticancer drug evaluation.

Reliable H2O2 sensors for in situ cellular monitoring under drug stimulation can be developed as a powerful and versatile tool for drug evaluation. Herein, a novel electrochemical biosensor capable of detecting and quantifying H2O2 was fabricated by graphene and shape-controlled gold nanostructures. With the help of polyelectrolytes, gold exhibited hierarchical flower-like nanostructures. This kind of nanozyme material exhibited a prominent electrochemical response for H2O2. Electrocatalytic activity for H2O2 reduction with high sensitivity (5.07◊10-4 mA µmol L-1 cm-2) and good detection capability (the lowest detection limit is 4.5 µmol L-1 (S/N = 3)) were achieved. This electrochemical biosensor was successfully used to measure the concentration of H2O2 released from HepG2 hepatoma cells. Ascorbic acid (AA) and Camellia nitidissima Chi saponins (CNCS) were selected as model drugs, and their anticancer activities were compared by in situ monitoring of H2O2. Interestingly, the electrochemical sensor showed remarkable sensitivity, accuracy, and rapidity compared with the traditional enzymatic detection kit. In brief, the as-synthesized nanostructured H2O2 sensors can be applied to assess the antitumor properties of candidate drugs and inspire developments for personalized health care monitoring and cancer treatment.

Electron transfer and surface activity of NiCoP-wrapped MXene: cathodic catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction.

NiCoP constructed on a conductive substrate can achieve efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity. Herein, we report the in-situ growth of NiCoP on the surface of an MXene nanosheet (MXene@NiCoP). The MXene nanosheet accelerated the electron transfer and enhanced the surface activity of the NiCoP. Density functional theory calculations indicated that MXene@NiCoP possessed the advantages of a low overpotential and high OH* adsorption energy in the ORR process. MXene@NiCoP proved to be a highly active catalyst for the ORR with a half-wave potential of 0.71 V vs. RHE. The assembled single-chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cell obtained high electricity generation performance.

NiS gradient distribution on arrayed porous carbonized grapefruit peel for water splitting.

Metal-based catalysts on biomass carbon substrates can combine their respective advantages of composition and structure to improve the catalytic performance. Herein, NiS supported on grapefruit peel derived array porous carbon (APC) was obtained via a carbonization process without emission of toxic gases. The natural S source from grapefruit peel reacted with nickel salt solution. The gradient distribution of NiS and S on the APC substrates can be altered by the concentration of impregnating salt solution. Theoretical calculations showed that the S gradient distribution on APC could tune the electronic structure and optimize the adsorption energies of the intermediates. NiS was firmly anchored on the porous carbon framework, resulting in enhanced high intrinsic activity, exposure of more active sites, and accelerated mass transfer. The active mass density was proposed to build a relationship between active metal content and electrolyte diffusion capacity for the evaluation of catalytic properties.

Fe, N, S co-doped cellulose paper carbon fibers as an air-cathode catalyst for microbial fuel cells.

The heteroatoms and transition metal co-doped carbon-based catalysts are an important way to improve the catalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we reported a facile method to obtain iron, nitrogen, and sulfur co-doped cellulose paper carbon fibers as catalysts (Fe-N-S/CFs) for ORR in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with the adsorption recovery of Congo red molecules from dye wastewater. The thermal treatment promoted the etching of carbon surface by ferric ions, resulting in increased surface roughness for forming the defective carbon structure. The rich active species and defective carbon formed on the etched surface to enhance the electroactive surface area and effective sites. Fe-N-S/CFs catalysts achieved high half-wave potential due to the synergy effect between chemical components and defect structures. The assembled single-chamber air cathode MFC gained a high maximum power density of 1773 ± 40 mW m-2 versus Pt/C MFC of 1325 ± 94 mW m-2. This work provides a strategy for recovering dye molecules from wastewater to prepare non-precious metal catalysts for enhancing ORR activity.

Formation and characteristics of curcumin-loaded binary gels formed from large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) roe protein isolate and gellan gum.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gellan gum (GG) on the cold gelation of large yellow croaker roe protein isolate (pcRPI). The water-holding ability and storage modulus of the pcRPI-GG binary gels increased with the GG concentration, where the storage modulus of the pcRPI-0.2% GG gel was approximately 30.7 times that of the pure pcRPI gel. Compare to the other binary gels, pcRPI-0.2% GG gels exhibited a lower lacunarity and higher junction density, with a denser, more aggregated microstructure. Consequently, curcumin was embedded in pcRPI-0.2% GG gels, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion test results showed that GG addition effectively protected and slowed curcumin release in the gastrointestinal environment. These findings may contribute to elucidating the interaction of pcRPI with GG and demonstrate the potential of binary gels for the embedding and delivery of active substances.

Effect of Intrinsic Pore Distribution on Ion Diffusion Kinetics of Supercapacitor Electrode Surface.

The electrolyte ion diffusion kinetics have an important impact on electrochemical energy storage. Herein, we report the effect of the intrinsic porosity of NiCoP on accelerating electrolyte ion diffusion kinetics and accommodating volume expansion during the charge/discharge process. The pore distribution model of electrode/electrolyte was designed and optimized by the finite element simulation, demonstrating the visualization and quantitative analysis of the diffusion process of the electrode/electrolyte interface with intrinsic porous structure. When the pore area ratio reached 50.01%, the theoretical diffusion coefficient of 1.41 × 10-11 m2 s-1 would be conducive to the rapid diffusion of electrolytes. The electrode gained a specific capacity of 2805 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 based on the measured diffusion coefficient (1.79 × 10-10 m2 s-1), superior to 1.44-times that of the pristine electrode. The diffusion barriers of intrinsic porous NiCoP (3.19 eV) and conventional NiCoP (47.10 eV) were calculated by the density functional theory calculations, respectively. The intrinsic porous NiCoP was prepared by the hydrothermal treatment, annealing, and phosphating processes. The pore distribution was regulated by the concentration of NaHCO3 as a pore-forming additive. This work combines simulations and experiments to form a method to optimize diffusion kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interface.