Modifying Surface Termination by Bidentate Chelating Strategy Enables 13.77% Efficient Kesterite Solar Cells.

Surfaces display discontinuities in the kesterite-based polycrystalline films can produce large defect densities, including strained and dangling bonds. These physical defects tend to introduce electronic defects and surface states, which can greatly promote nonradiative recombination of electron-hole pairs and damage device performance. Here, an effective chelation strategy is reported to suppress these harmful physical defects related to unterminated Cu, Zn, and Sn sites by modifying the surface of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) films with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDTC). The conjoint theoretical calculations and experimental results reveal that the NaDDTC molecules can be coordinate to surface metal sites of CZTSSe films via robust bidentate chelating interactions, effectively reducing surface undercoordinated defects and passivating the electron trap states. Consequently, the solar cell efficiency of the NaDDTC-treated device is increased to as high as 13.77% under 100 mW cm-2 illumination, with significant improvement in fill factor and open-circuit voltage. This surface chelation strategy provides strong surface termination and defect passivation for further development and application of kesterite-based photovoltaics.

Crystallization Control Based on the Regulation of Solvent-Perovskite Coordination for High-Performance Ambient Printable FAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells.

The critical requirement for ambient-printed formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3 ) lies in the control of nucleation-growth kinetics and defect formation behavior, which are extensively influenced by interactions between the solvent and perovskite. Here, a strategy is developed that combines a cosolvent and an additive to efficiently tailor the coordination between the solvent and perovskite. Through in situ characterizations, the direct crystallization from the sol-gel phase to α-FAPbI3 is illustrated. When the solvent exhibits strong interactions with the perovskite, the sol-gel phases cannot effectively transform into α-FAPbI3 , resulting in a lower nucleation rate and confined crystal growth directions. Consequently, it becomes challenging to fabricate high-quality void-free perovskite films. Conversely, weaker solvent-perovskite coordination promotes direct crystallization from sol-gel phases to α-FAPbI3 . This process exhibits more balanced nucleation-growth kinetics and restrains the formation of defects and microstrains in situ. This strategy leads to improved structural and optoelectronic properties within the FAPbI3 films, characterized by more compact grain stacking, smoother surface morphology, released lattice strain, and fewer defects. The ambient-printed FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells fabricated using this strategy exhibit a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 24%, with significantly reduced efficiency deviation and negligible decreases in the stabilized output.

Nonlinear evolution of modulational instability under the interaction of Kerr nonlinearity with pure higher, even-order dispersion.

We investigate the nonlinear evolutions of modulation instability (MI) under the interaction of Kerr nonlinearity with pure higher, even-order dispersion (HEOD) by using the truncating method of three-wave mixing. For any HEOD, we find the phase-plane topological structure of the MI changes in three frequency regions whose ranges depend on the order of HEOD. And we present the novel types of nonlinear evolutions of the MI, which do not exist in the case of quadratic dispersion. Taking the pure-sextic dispersion as an example, the theoretical predictions of the MI evolutions are confirmed by numerically solving the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Our results not only further deepen the understanding of MI, but also provide a universal guideline for experimental investigation of nonlinear waves, such as breather solitons or rogue waves excitation, in nonlinear Kerr media with pure HEOD.

Managing Multiple Halide-Related Defects for Efficient and Stable Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells.

Halide-related surface defects on inorganic halide perovskite not only induce charge recombination but also severely limit the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells. Herein, adopting density functional theory calculation, we verify that iodine interstitials (Ii ) has a low formation energy similar to that of the iodine vacancy (VI ) and is also readily formed on the surface of all-inorganic perovskite, and it is regarded to function as an electron trap. We screen a specific 2,6-diaminopyridine (2,6-DAPy) passivator, which, with the aid of the combined effects from halogen-Npyridine and coordination bonds, not only successfully eliminates the Ii and dissociative I2 but also passivates the abundant VI . Furthermore, the two symmetric neighboring -NH2 groups interact with adjacent halides of the octahedral cluster by forming hydrogen bonds, which further promotes the adsorption of 2,6-DAPy molecules onto the perovskite surface. Such synergetic effects can significantly passivate harmful iodine-related defects and undercoordinated Pb2+ , prolong carrier lifetimes and facilitate the interfacial hole transfer. Consequently, these merits enhance the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) from 19.6 % to 21.8 %, the highest value for this type of solar cells, just as importantly, the 2,6-DAPy-treated CsPbI3-x Brx films show better environmental stability.

Tailored Cysteine-Derived Molecular Structures toward Efficient and Stable Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells.

Surface-defect-triggered non-radiative charge recombination and poor stability have become the main roadblock to continued improvement in inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, the main culprits are identified on the inorganic perovskite surface by first-principles calculations, and to purposefully design a brand-new passivator, Boc-S-4-methoxy-benzyl-l-cysteine (BMBC), whose multiple Lewis-based functional groups (NH, S and CO) to suppress halide vacancies and coordinate with undercoordinated Pb2+ through typical Lewis baseacid reactions. The tailored electron-donating methoxyl group (CH3 O-) can cause an increased electron density on the benzene ring, which strengthens the interaction with undercoordinated Pb2+ via electrostatic interactions. This BMBC passivation can reduce the surface trap density, enlarge grains, prolong the charge lifetime, and cause a more suitable energy-level alignment. In addition, the hydrophobic tert-butyl in butoxycarbonyl (Boc-) group ensures that BMBC is uniformly covered and prevents harmful aggregation through steric repulsion at the perovskite/hole-transporting layer (HTL) interface, thus providing a hydrophobic umbrella to resist moisture invasion. Consequently, the combination of the above increases the efficiency of CsPbI3-x Brx PSC from 18.6% to 21.8%, the highest efficiency for this type of inorganic metal halide PSCs so far, as far as it is known. Moreover, the device exhibits higher environmental and thermal stability.

Manipulating dispersive wave emission via temporal sinusoidal phase modulation.

We report the dispersive wave (DW) emission from the Gaussian pulse with temporal sinusoidal phase (TSP) modulation. The TSP-induced chirp can enhance or cancel the chirp generated by self-phase modulation by properly selecting the modulation parameters of TSP, which can influence the nonlinear propagation of the TSP-modulated pulse. It is shown that the TSP can effectively control the resonant frequency and energy conversion efficiency of the DW emission. We give a modified phase-matching condition to predict the resonant frequencies, which agree with the simulation results obtained by numerically solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The enhanced conversion efficiency of the DWs can be increased up to 28% with only TSP modulation. Our results can extend the application of temporal phase modulation technology for wavelength conversion, and broadband supercontinuum generation.

Fluorine-Containing Passivation Layer via Surface Chelation for Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells.

Minimizing surface defect is vital to further improve power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we designed a passivator trifluoroacetamidine (TFA) to suppress CsPbI3-x Brx film defects. The amidine group of TFA can strongly chelate onto the perovskite surface to suppress the iodide vacancy, strengthened by additional hydrogen bonds. Moreover, three fluorine atoms allow strong intermolecular connection via intermolecular hydrogen bonds, thus constructing a robust shield against moisture. The TFA-treated PSCs exhibit remarkably suppressed recombination, yielding the record PCEs of 21.35 % and 17.21 % for 0.09 cm2 and 1.0 cm2 device areas, both of which are the highest for all-inorganic PSCs so far. The device also achieves a PCE of 39.78 % under indoor illumination, the highest for all-inorganic indoor photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, TFA greatly improves device ambient stability by preserving 93 % of the initial PCE after 960 h.

End-To-End Deep Neural Network for Salient Object Detection in Complex Environments.

Salient object detection has emerged as a burgeoning area of interest within the realm of computer vision. However, prevailing algorithms exhibit diminished precision when tasked with detecting salient objects within intricate and multifaceted environments. In light of this pressing concern, this article presents an end-to-end deep neural network that aims to detect salient objects within complex environments. The study introduces an end-to-end deep neural network that aims to detect salient objects within complex environments. Comprising two interrelated components, namely a pixel-level multiscale full convolutional network and a deep encoder-decoder network, the proposed network integrates contextual semantics to produce visual contrast across multiscale feature maps while employing deep and shallow image features to improve the accuracy of object boundary identification. The integration of a fully connected conditional random field (CRF) model further enhances the spatial coherence and contour delineation of salient maps. The proposed algorithm is extensively evaluated against 10 contemporary algorithms on the SOD and ECSSD databases. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other approaches in terms of precision and accuracy, thereby establishing its efficacy in salient object detection within complex environments.

Raman-induced frequency shift of pure quartic solitons in optical fiber with quartic dispersion.

We investigate the impact of Raman scattering on pure quartic solitons (PQSs) in an optical fiber with quartic dispersion. An analytical expression of the Raman-induced frequency shift (RIFS) of a PQS is obtained by using the variational approach with the Gaussian function ansatz. We find the RIFS of a PQS is inversely proportional to the sixth power of pulse width, when the fiber is short enough. The RIFS of a PQS is more sensitive to the pulse width, compared with that of a conventional soliton which is inversely proportional to the fourth power of pulse width. The theoretical predictions show good agreement with numerical results. In addition, we also discuss the RIFS of the other three typical pulses with the same peak power and pulse width as the PQS. These results provide a thorough understanding of the role of higher-order nonlinear effects on the propagation dynamics of PQSs.

Synchronous Surface Reconstruction and Defect Passivation for High-Performance Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells.

The nonradiative charge recombination caused by surface defects and inferior crystalline quality are major roadblocks to further enhancing the performance of CsPbI3- x Brx perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Theoretical calculations indicate that sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDTC), a popular bacteriostatic benign material, can initiate multiple interactions with the CsPbI3- x Brx perovskite surface to effectively passivate the defects. The experimental results reveal that the NaDDTC can indeed passivate the electron trap states and lock active sites for charge traps and water adsorption. In addition, it is found that a solid-state reaction is triggered for perovskite crystal regrowth by the NaDDTC post-treatment, which not only enlarges grain size for reducing the density of grain boundary defects but also compensates some surface defects induced by the primary film growth. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the CsPbI3- x Brx PSC is increased to as high as 20.40%, with significant improvement in fill factor and open-circuit voltage (VOC ), making it one of the highest for this type of solar cell. Furthermore, the optimized devices exhibit better environmental stability. Overall, this robust synchronous strategy provides efficient surface reconstruction and defect passivation for achieving both high PCE and stable inorganic perovskite.

Long Jump Action Recognition Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network.

Long jump is a test item of national student physical health monitoring, which can reflect the quality of students' lower limb strength. Long jump is a highly technical activity, which includes four basic movements: running aid, jumping, vacating, and landing. Many students have problems with the technical aspects, resulting in test scores that do not objectively reflect the true physical condition of the students, which affects the accuracy of the test results. From the perspective of rapid diagnostic feedback of students' long jump movements, we design and develop a long jump movement recognition method based on deep convolutional neural network. In this paper, we firstly summarize the traditional visual action recognition algorithm, then apply 3D convolution to extract the spatiotemporal features of long jump action from three directions of the video block, and fuse the spatiotemporal features of the three directions in different ways to achieve feature complementation; finally, using the multimodality of long jump action data, we use 3D convolutional neural network to train the RGB images and then train the depth. This joint training method can accelerate the convergence speed and improve the accuracy of the network on both depth and edge images. The experiments compared the recognition effects of the tandem fusion of features, the maximum fusion, and the multiplicative fusion in the scoring layer, and the highest accuracy of 82.3% was achieved by the tandem fusion of features with the fusion of three modalities.

Static coded aperture in robotic X-ray tomography systems.

Coded aperture X-ray computed tomography is a computational imaging technique capable of reconstructing inner structures of an object from a reduced set of X-ray projection measurements. Coded apertures are placed in front of the X-ray sources from different views and thus significantly reduce the radiation dose. This paper introduces coded aperture X-ray computed tomography for robotic X-ray systems which offer positioning flexibility. While single coded-aperture 3D tomography was recently introduced for standard trajectory CT scanning, it is shown that significant gains in imaging performance can be attained by simple modifications in the CT scanning trajectories enabled by emerging dual robotic CT systems. In particular, the subject is fixed on a plane and the CT system uniformly rotates around the r -axis which is misaligned with the coordinate axes. A single stationary coded aperture is placed on front of the robotic X-ray source above the plane and the corresponding X-ray projections are measured by a two-dimensional detector on the second arm of the robotic system. The compressive measurements with misalignment enable the reconstruction of high-resolution three-dimensional volumetric images from the low-resolution coded projections on the detector at a sub-sampling rate. An efficient algorithm is proposed to generate the rotation matrix with two basic sub-matrices and thus the forward model is formulated. The stationary coded aperture is designed based on the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis and the direct binary search algorithm is used to obtain the optimized coded aperture. Simulations using simulated datasets show significant gains in reconstruction performance compared to conventional coded aperture CT systems.

In Situ-Formed Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Wrapped by Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Transition-metal sulfides have been considered as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity and superior electrochemical performance. However, the large volume change during the discharge/charge process causes structural pulverization, resulting in rapid capacity decline and the loss of active materials. Herein, we report Co1-xS hollow spheres formed by in situ growth on reduced graphene oxide layers. When evaluated as an anode material for LIBs, it delivers a specific capacity of 969.8 mAh·g-1 with a high Coulombic efficiency of 96.49% after 90 cycles. Furthermore, a high reversible capacity of 527.2 mAh·g-1 after the 107th cycle at a current density of 2.5 A g-1 is still achieved. The results illustrate that in situ growth on the graphene layers can enhance conductivity and restrain volume expansion of cobalt sulfide compared with ex situ growth.

Decelerating Airy pulse propagation in highly non-instantaneous cubic media.

The propagation of decelerating Airy pulses in non-instantaneous cubic medium is investigated both theoretically and numerically. In a Debye model, at variance with the case of accelerating Airy and Gaussian pulses, a decelerating Airy pulse evolves into a single soliton for weak and general non-instantaneous response. Airy pulses can hence be used to control soliton generation by temporal shaping. The effect is critically dependent on the response time, and could be used as a way to measure the Debye type response function. For highly non-instantaneous response, we theoretically find a decelerating Airy pulse is still transformed into Airy wave packet with deceleration. The theoretical predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations.

Pulsed Lasers Employing Solution-Processed Plasmonic Cu3- x P Colloidal Nanocrystals.

A new approach to synthesize self-doped colloidal Cu3-x P NCs with controlled size and localized surface plasmon resonance absorption is reported. These Cu3-x P NCs show ultrafast exciton dynamics and huge optical nonlinearities due to plasmonic resonances, which afford the first demonstration of plasmonic Cu3-x P NCs as simple, effective, and solution-processed nonlinear absorbers for high-energy Q-switched fiber laser.

An optimization algorithm for multipath parallel allocation for service resource in the simulation task workflow.

Service oriented modeling and simulation are hot issues in the field of modeling and simulation, and there is need to call service resources when simulation task workflow is running. How to optimize the service resource allocation to ensure that the task is complete effectively is an important issue in this area. In military modeling and simulation field, it is important to improve the probability of success and timeliness in simulation task workflow. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimization algorithm for multipath service resource parallel allocation, in which multipath service resource parallel allocation model is built and multiple chains coding scheme quantum optimization algorithm is used for optimization and solution. The multiple chains coding scheme quantum optimization algorithm is to extend parallel search space to improve search efficiency. Through the simulation experiment, this paper investigates the effect for the probability of success in simulation task workflow from different optimization algorithm, service allocation strategy, and path number, and the simulation result shows that the optimization algorithm for multipath service resource parallel allocation is an effective method to improve the probability of success and timeliness in simulation task workflow.

Wavelength-tunable picosecond soliton fiber laser with Topological Insulator: Bi2Se3 as a mode locker.

Based on the open-aperture Z-scan measurement, we firstly uncovered the saturable absorption property of the topological insulator (TI): Bi2Se3. A high absolute modulation depth up to 98% and a saturation intensity of 0.49 GWcm(-2) were identified. By incorporating this novel saturable absorber material into an erbium-doped fiber laser, wavelength tunable soliton operation was experimentally demonstrated. Our result indicates that like the atomic layer graphene, the topological insulator Bi2Se3 could also operate as an effective saturable absorber for the passive mode locking of lasers at the telecommunication band.