Surgical indication and management of obstructive colonic metastasis from primary lung adenocarcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Colonic metastasis from lung cancer is very rare and is typically associated with poor prognosis. Herein, we report the case of a patient who achieved intermediate-term survival using a multimodal treatment approach, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection for obstructive colonic metastasis from primary lung adenocarcinoma. CASE PRESENTATION: A woman in her 50s presented with anemia and a positive fecal occult blood test. Computed tomography revealed a tumor in the right upper lobe of the lung with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and wall thickening in the transverse colon. Colonoscopy revealed a stricture involving 50% of the colonic lumen. Biopsy revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma positive for CK-7 and TTF-1, very focally positive for napsin A, and negative for CK-20 and CDX-2. Furthermore, positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) showed a high maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 8.2 in the iliac bone. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with primary lung adenocarcinoma with simultaneous metastasis to the transverse colon and iliac bone (cT4N3M1c, cStage IVB). After receiving first-line chemotherapy with atezolizumab, pemetrexed, and carboplatin, the tumors shrank after 4 courses. Subsequently, the patient received maintenance therapy with atezolizumab and pemetrexed. However, the tumor enlarged after 10 courses. Second-line chemotherapy with docetaxel and ramucirumab (3 courses) failed to achieve tumor reduction. Colonoscopy revealed an impassable colonic tumor. Nineteen months after diagnosis, surgery was planned for imminent intestinal obstruction. We determined that the colonic tumor was resectable, because laparoscopic exploration revealed no other metastases. The tumor was resected by partial colectomy with ileocolonic anastomosis. The postoperative course was uneventful. Pathological examination revealed a resection margin that was negative for malignancy, and the histological type was consistent with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. The patient then received nab-paclitaxel therapy; however, she developed symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome after 3 courses. The patient received palliative irradiation (30 Gy/10 fr) followed by nivolumab. She soon developed a solitary brain metastasis, and stereotactic irradiation was planned. After 3 courses of nivolumab, the metastasis was reduced significantly, and stereotactic brain irradiation was canceled. The lung tumor and mediastinal lymphadenopathy gradually shrank, and the patient survived for 13 months after surgery without disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: In this case, surgical resection of colonic metastasis from primary lung adenocarcinoma may have contributed to the short-term prognosis as a bridge-to-next available multimodal treatment.

Functional Modification of Cyanobacterial Phycobiliprotein and Phycobilisomes through Bilin Metabolism Control.

Phycobilisomes (PBSs) are light-harvesting antenna complexes in cyanobacteria that adapt to diverse light environments through the use of phycobiliproteins within the PBS structures. Freshwater cyanobacteria, such as Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, thrive under red light because of the presence of phycocyanin (PC) and its chromophore, phycocyanobilin (PCB), in the PBS. Cyanobacteria in shorter-wavelength light environments such as green light, employ phycoerythrin paired with phycoerythrobilin (PEB) along with PC in the PBS. Synthetic biology studies have shown that PEB production can be achieved by expression of the heterologous PEB synthases 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PebA) and PEB:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PebB), leading to PEB accumulation and cellular browning. This approach is genetically unstable, and the properties of the resulting PEB-bound PBS complexes remain uncharacterized. In this study, we engineered a novel strain of Synechococcus 7942 PEB1 with finely tuned control of PEB biosynthesis. PEB1 exhibited a reversible change in the color of the culture from green to brown and pink based on PebA and PebB induction levels. High induction led to complete PCB-to-PEB substitution, causing the disassembly of the PBS rod complex. In contrast, low induction levels of PebA and PebB resulted in the formation of a stable chimeric PBS complex with partial PCB-to-PEB substitution. This acclimation enabled efficient light harvesting in the green spectrum and energy transfer to the photosynthetic reaction center. These findings, which improve our understanding of PBS and highlight the structural importance of the bilin composition, provide a foundation for future studies on PBS adaptation in bioengineering, synthetic biology, and renewable energy.

Controlling the Magnetic Responsiveness of Cellulose Nanofiber Particles Embedded with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN) particles, an innovative biobased material derived from wood biomass, have garnered significant interest, particularly in the biomedical field, for their distinctive properties as biocompatible particle adsorbents. However, their microscopic size complicates their separation in liquid media, thereby impeding their application in various domains. In this study, superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles (NPs), specifically iron oxide Fe3O4 NPs with an average size of 15 nm, were used to enhance the collection efficiency of TOCN-Fe3O4 composite particles synthesized through spray drying. These composite particles exhibited a remarkable ζ-potential (approximately -50 mV), indicating their high stability in water, as well as impressive magnetization properties (up to 47 emu/g), and rapid magnetic responsiveness within 60 s in water (3 wt % Fe3O4 to TOCN, 1 T magnet). Furthermore, the influence of Fe3O4 NP concentrations on the measurement of the speed of magnetic separation was quantitatively discussed. Additionally, the binding affinity of the synthesized particles for proteins was assessed on a streptavidin-biotin binding system, offering crucial insights into their binding capabilities with specific proteins and underscoring their significant potential as functionalized biomedical materials.

Endoscopic Features of Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma without Helicobacter pylori.

Although gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma without Helicobacter pylori (HP) has increased recently, a specific endoscopic classification has not been established; its endoscopic characteristics have not been investigated. In this study, we retrospectively investigated gastric MALT lymphoma without HP in our hospital and assessed differences in the endoscopic findings according to HP infection status. Fifty-seven patients with gastric MALT lymphoma Lugano stage I, diagnosed between January 2013 and March 2023, were divided into three groups (currently HP infected, previously infected, and uninfected), wherein their endoscopic findings were evaluated. Furthermore, the superficial type, as per the classification of Sano et al., was independently subdivided based on the endoscopic differential diagnoses, as follows: atrophic gastritis-like, angiodysplasia-like, superficial gastritis-like, and undifferentiated carcinoma-like. Compared with the currently infected group, the HP-uninfected group tended to have more small lesions without erosion and more discolored, undifferentiated carcinoma-like depressed lesions. In addition, the positive rate of the tree-like appearance (TLA) and ballooning characteristics of gastric MALT lymphoma in magnified findings was lower in the HP-uninfected group. In patients without HP infection, MALT lymphoma should be excluded, even in the absence of suspicious magnifying findings such as TLA or ballooning.

Investigation of the 1-week effect of traffic light nutrition labeling on diet selection among Japanese university students: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The method of displaying nutrition information labels on the front of food packaging (FOP: Front of Pack) has been implemented worldwide to prevent lifestyle-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate whether the use of the UK's Traffic Light Food (TLF) label, known as the FOP label, influences the dietary choices of Japanese youth and promotes healthy dietary choices. METHODS: Diet selection was performed for one week each during the baseline and intervention periods. During the intervention period, TLF labels were displayed on meal images of the intervention group. Participants chose what they would like to have for dinner of the day from 15 images. Each meal was scored based on the color of the nutrition label, and a comparison between groups was made to determine whether TLF labeling influenced meal selection for dinner. The psychological stress caused by the presence or absence of nutrition labels and nutritional components when choosing meals was also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 69 participants were randomly assigned to two groups. Dietary choice scores indicated that the TLF-labeled group made significantly healthier dietary choices than the unlabeled group. Additionally, the TLF-labeled group showed a significant increase in the percentage of people conscious of nutritional components when choosing meals. Furthermore, a significant increase in the number of people conscious of protein, a nutritional ingredient not indicated on the TLF label, was observed. During the test period, no difference in psychological stress caused by the presence and absence of the TLF labels was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of TLF labels also encouraged healthy dietary choices among Japanese university students. The use of FOP nutrition labels should be considered in Japan to prevent lifestyle-related diseases through healthy dietary choices. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry Number: UMIN000047268. Registered March 23, 2022.

Evaluating the effectiveness of applying aroma seals to masks in reducing stress caused by wearing masks: A randomized controlled trial.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks on patients and healthy people have been recommended to prevent airborne transmission of the virus. This increased the number of people who felt stressed while wearing masks. In this study, we investigated the stress-relieving effects of attaching aroma seals to masks. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 62 university students. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups and instructed to apply a seal to their masks once a day throughout the study period. The primary measure used was the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), while the secondary measures included the assessment of breathlessness associated with mask-wearing and the World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5). The intervention group, referred to as the aroma-seal use group, utilized aroma seals infused with orange-lime essential oil with the expectation of experiencing the healing effects of citrus. On the other hand, the non-intervention group, known as the placebo-seal use group, utilized identical seals without any aroma. Results indicated that the aroma-seal use group exhibited significant improvements in both the total DASS-21 scores and depression scores compared to their baseline values by the second week of the intervention. Furthermore, the aroma-seal use group demonstrated a reduced occurrence of breathlessness while wearing masks compared to the placebo-seal group. Additionally, when assessing the item "I have felt calm and relaxed" from the WHO-5 questionnaire, the aroma-seal use group displayed significantly higher scores than the placebo group. Therefore, using aroma seals containing orange-lime essential oil could be beneficial in relieving mental stress and reducing breathlessness while wearing a mask, thus improving mental health.

Relieving psychological stress and improving sleep quality by bergamot essential oil use before bedtime and upon awakening: A randomized crossover trial.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic increased psychological stress and decreased sleep quality, especially among young people. Aromatherapy alleviates psychological stress, and bergamot essential oil helps improve depression. This study aimed to verify whether bergamot essential oil use alleviates psychological stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic and improves sleep quality and morning wakefulness. DESIGN: A placebo-controlled, randomized, open-label, two-arm, two-period crossover trial. INTERVENTIONS: Each intervention period was 1 week, with a 1-week washout period between the two periods. Participants used a bergamot or placebo spray before bedtime and upon awakening in each period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measures were sleep quality and morning wakefulness, assessed using the Ogri-Shirakawa-Azumi sleep inventory MA version (OSA-MA). The secondary outcome measures were depression, anxiety, and stress, assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). RESULTS: A total of 48 university students participated in the study. A significant improvement was observed in "sleepiness on rising," "refreshing on rising," and "sleep length" in the bergamot group. Additionally, a significant improvement was observed in depression, anxiety, and stress. CONCLUSION: Using bergamot essential oil before bedtime helps relax the mind and body and provides sound sleep. It also improves mood and wakefulness when used upon awakening. Using aromatic essential oils is expected to relieve psychological stress and improve sleep quality and morning wakefulness.

Comparison of the Ability of Artificial-Intelligence-Based Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) Systems and Endoscopists to Detect Colorectal Neoplastic Lesions on Endoscopy Video.

Artificial-intelligence-based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have developed remarkably in recent years. These systems can help increase the adenoma detection rate (ADR), an important quality indicator in colonoscopies. While there have been many still-image-based studies on the usefulness of CAD, few have reported on its usefulness using actual clinical videos. However, no studies have compared the CAD group and control groups using the exact same case videos. This study aimed to determine whether CAD or endoscopists were superior in identifying colorectal neoplastic lesions in videos. In this study, we examined 34 lesions from 21 cases. CAD performed better than four of the six endoscopists (three experts and three beginners), including all the beginners. The time to lesion detection with beginners and experts was 2.147 ± 1.118 s and 1.394 ± 0.805 s, respectively, with significant differences between beginners and experts (p < 0.001) and between beginners and CAD (both p < 0.001). The time to lesion detection was significantly shorter for experts and CAD than for beginners. No significant difference was found between experts and CAD (p = 1.000). CAD could be useful as a diagnostic support tool for beginners to bridge the experience gap with experts.

Antifungal Susceptibility Testing for Microsporum canis from Cats in Japan.

Control of infection caused by Microsporum canis in pet animals are important for prevention of zoonosis. Treatments for animal dermatophytosis have generally consisted of itraconazole (ITZ) and terbinafine (TRF); however, a TRF-resistant M. canis strain from a case of feline dermatophytosis has been reported. In the present study, we examined the in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of M. canis to new antifungal drugs, such as ravuconazole (RVZ) and luliconazole (LCZ). The results indicated that RVZ and LCZ are more effective than ITZ and TRF. Therefore, oral administration of RVZ or topical application of LCZ may serve as new treatment options.

The organization of the phycobilisome-photosystem I supercomplex depends on the ratio between two different phycobilisome linker proteins.

The phycobilisome (PBS) is an antenna protein complex in cyanobacteria, Glaucocystophytes, and red algae. In the standard PBS, the rod-core PBS, the rods are connected to the core by the rod-core linker protein CpcG. The rod-core PBS transfers the light energy mainly to photosystem (PS) II and to a lesser extent to PSI. Cyanobacteria assemble another type of PBS, the CpcL-PBS, which consists of only one rod. This rod-type PBS is connected to the thylakoid membrane by the linker protein CpcL and is a PSI-specific antenna. In the filamentous heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. PCC 7120, the CpcL-PBS forms a complex with the tetrameric PSI (PBS-PSI supercomplex). The CpcL-PBS and the rod part of the rod-core PBS are identical except for the linker proteins CpcL and CpcG. How cells control the accumulation of the two different types of PBS is unknown. Here, we analyzed two mutant strains which either lack the major rod-core linker CpcG4 or overexpress the rod-membrane linker CpcL. In both mutant strains, more and larger PBS-PSI supercomplexes accumulated compared to the wild type. Our results suggest that CpcL and CpcG4 compete for the same phycobiliprotein pool, and therefore the CpcL/CpcG4 ratio determines the levels of PBS-PSI supercomplexes. We propose that the CpcL-PBS and the rod-core PBS fulfill distinct functions in light harvesting.

Effectiveness of Displaying Traffic Light Food Labels on the Front of Food Packages in Japanese University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Nutrition labeling on the front of food packages has been implemented worldwide to help improve public health awareness. In this randomized double-blind controlled trial, we used a Google Forms questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition labeling on food packages in university students. The questionnaire, ultimately completed by 247 students, included 15 dietary images from which they were asked to choose what they wanted to eat for breakfast, lunch, and dinner the following day. For the interventional (traffic light food [TLF]) group only, TLF labels were displayed on dietary images. This group had a significantly higher proportion of people conscious of healthy eating during all meals than the control group, and the effect of TLF labeling on choosing meals was the highest for lunch. In addition to the indicated nutritional components, the TLF group had a significantly higher proportion of people who were conscious of the ones of protein and dietary fiber that were not indicated on the label. The use of TLF labels resulted in an increase in the proportion of people choosing a healthy diet as well as being conscious of their nutritional components. Therefore, the use of TLF labels may help promote healthy dietary choices in Japan.

mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists for depression: overview of underlying mechanisms and clinical development.

Triggered by the ground-breaking finding that ketamine exerts robust and rapid-acting antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression, glutamatergic systems have attracted attention as targets for the development of novel antidepressants. Among glutamatergic systems, group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, consisting of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors, are of interest because of their modulatory roles in glutamatergic transmission. Accumulating evidence has indicated that mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists have antidepressant-like effects in rodent models that mirror those of ketamine and that mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists also share underlying mechanisms with ketamine that are responsible for these antidepressant-like actions. Importantly, contrary to their antidepressant-like profile, preclinical studies have revealed that mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists are devoid of ketamine-like adverse effects, such as psychotomimetic-like behavior, abuse potential and neurotoxicity. Despite some discouraging results for an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist decoglurant (classified as a negative allosteric modulator [NAM]) in patients with major depressive disorder, clinical trials of two mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists, a phase 2 trial of TS-161 (an orthosteric antagonist) and a phase 1 trial of DSP-3456 (a NAM), are presently on-going. mGlu2/3 receptors still hold promise for the development of safer and more efficacious antidepressants.

Antidepressants in the post-ketamine Era: Pharmacological approaches targeting the glutamatergic system.

The efficacy of currently available medications for depression is unsatisfactory, and that has spurred the development of novel antidepressants based on a hypothesis other than the monoamine hypothesis. Recent studies have revealed the importance of the glutamatergic system as a drug target for depression, and the validity of this hypothesis has been underpinned by the discovery of the antidepressant effects of ketamine, leading to the market launch of Spravato® nasal spray which delivers (S)-ketamine (esketamine). However, both ketamine and esketamine have unwanted adverse effects that hinder their routine use in daily practice. Extensive studies have elucidated the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine, and that has encouraged numerous drug discovery activities to search for agents that retain a ketamine-like antidepressant profile but with lesser adverse effect liabilities. The discovery activities have included attempts to identify 1) the active substance(s) in the circulation after ketamine administration and 2) agents that act on the proposed mechanisms of action of ketamine. Clinical trials of agents discovered in the course of these activities are underway, and in 2022, AUVELITY™ (AXS-05; dextromethorphan with bupropion) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Drug development of post-ketamine agents should provide novel antidepressants that are safer, but as potent and rapidly acting as ketamine.

Tuning of water resistance and protein adsorption capacity of porous cellulose nanofiber particles prepared by spray drying with cross-linking reaction.

Porous particles composed of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN) as building block, i.e., porous TOCN particles, are attracting attention due to their environmental friendliness, superior properties, such as easy handling, large surface area, and high adsorption capacity. However, the instability of TOCNs in aqueous environments limits their applications. An effective solution to improve water resistance of TOCN particles is to reduce the hydrophilicity of TOCNs by forming chemical bonds with a cross-linker. In this study, Carbodilite, a common, easy-to-use, commercially available cross-linker with carbodiimide groups, was used to investigate a chemical cross-linking strategy for porous TOCN particles prepared by spray drying. The water resistance of cross-linked TOCN particles was evaluated through morphological observation by SEM images. The presence of polycarbodiimide significantly increased water resistance of cross-linked TOCN particles up to 24 h. This study demonstrates the trade-off between water resistance and adsorption efficiency according to cross-linker concentrations. These data are useful for interface science of TOCNs in liquids, assisting in controlling specific properties of porous TOCN particles for particular applications in adsorption and separation.

Microsporum canis Infection in a Cat Breeder Family and an Investigation of Their Breeding Cats.

Two pediatric cases of Microsporum canis infection that occurred in a cat breeder family and the isolation of dermatophytes from their 166 breeding cats are reported. The patients were a 16-month-old girl and her 26-month-old sister who both had tinea capitis. Their family consisted of six members: the sisters, their great-grandmother, grandmother, grandfather, and mother. Except for the two sisters, the family had no history of skin lesions. The grandmother had been a cat breeder for 20 years. We tested the cats using the hairbrush technique, and 56 of the 158 cats (35%) tested were positive for M. canis. In particular, cultures performed from 4 cats developed M. canis colonies that grew densely from all spikes on the hairbrush. On the basis of observations of the cultures, cutaneous infection was suspected when five or more colonies grew on a single plate medium (9 cats), whereas growth of fewer colonies was thought to suggest saprophytic colonization on cat hair. M. canis is known to be highly transmittable among cats, but 65% of the cats investigated remained negative. It was thus considered possible to prevent further spread of infection by practicing basic infection control and improving the environment.

Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of TP0473292 (TS-161), A Prodrug of a Novel Orthosteric mGlu2/3 Receptor Antagonist TP0178894, in Healthy Subjects and Its Antidepressant-Like Effects in Rodents.

BACKGROUND: TP0473292 (the active ingredient of TS-161) is a prodrug of a novel metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2/3 receptor antagonist being developed for the treatment of patients with depression. This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of orally administered TS-161 in healthy subjects. METHODS: This was a first-in-human, phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose (15-400 mg TS-161) and 10-day multiple-ascending dose (50-150 mg TS-161) study in healthy subjects, conducted from June 2019 through February 2020. Plasma and urine concentrations of the prodrug and its metabolites, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the active metabolite TP0178894 were measured to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles after oral administration of TS-161. RESULTS: Following single and multiple doses, TP0473292 was extensively converted into its active metabolite TP0178894. Plasma concentrations of TP0178894 reached peak (Cmax) within 5 hours post dose and declined with a t1/2 <13 hours. Plasma exposures of TP0178894 increased with increasing dose. TP0178894 penetrated into CSF and reached a Cmax of 9.892 ng/mL at a single dose of 100 mg, which was comparable with IC50 values of antagonist activity at mGlu2/3 receptors. The most frequently observed adverse events that showed exposure-related incidence during the study were nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. CONCLUSIONS: The mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist prodrug TP0473292 is safe and well-tolerated, is orally bioavailable in humans with extensive conversion into the active metabolite TP0178894 with sufficient CSF penetration to exert the anticipated pharmacological effects, and is a promising candidate for further clinical development in treatment of patients with depression.

Gut microbiome status of urban and rural Filipino adults in relation to diet and metabolic disorders.

Here, we aim to understand the condition of the gut microbiome of Filipino adults in relation to their diet and metabolic status. Compared to rural Albay (n = 67), the gut microbiome of subjects living in urban Manila (n = 25) was more colonized by the order Clostridiales, which was negatively correlated with host carbohydrate consumption. Principal component analysis using the genus composition of the 92 total subjects indicated four microbiome types: one type driven by Prevotella, which was associated with high rice consumption and mainly consisted of healthy Albay subjects, one Clostridiales-driven group containing a number of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) subjects from both Manila and Albay who showed lower butyrate levels in association with a decrease in Mediterraneibacter faecis, and the other two types showing dysbiosis-like microbiomes with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium overgrowth, with a high ratio of T2D and obese subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested high dietary energy intake, and two Veillonellaeae genera, Dialister and Megasphaera, as T2D risk factors, while Prevotella and M. faecis as anti-T2D factors. In conclusion, low-carbohydrate diets restructured the Prevotella-driven gut microbiome, which may predispose Filipino people with high energy diet to T2D.

Direct Energy Transfer from Allophycocyanin-Free Rod-Type CpcL-Phycobilisome to Photosystem I.

Phycobilisomes (PBSs) are photosynthetic antenna megacomplexes comprising pigment-binding proteins (cores and rods) joined with linker proteins. A rod-type PBS that does not have a core is connected to photosystem I (PSI) by a CpcL linker protein, which stabilizes a red-form of the phycocyanobilin (red-PCB) in the rod. However, quantitative information on the energy transfer from red-type PBS to PSI has not been determined. Herein, the isolated supercomplex of the rod-type PBS and the PSI tetramer from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 were probed by time-resolved spectroscopy at 77 K and by decay-associated spectral analysis to show that red-PCB mediates the fast and efficient (time constant = 90 ps, efficiency = 95%) transfer of excitation energy from PCB to chlorophyll a (Chl a). According to the Förster energy transfer mechanism, this high efficiency corresponds to a 4 nm distance between red-PCB and Chl a, suggesting that ß-84 PCB in the rod acts as red-PCB.