RESUMEN
Vibrio spp. are natural inhabitants of marine and estuarine environments. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus are the major infectious agents for humans. Their densities are affected by environmental factors such as water temperature and salinity. The detailed contribution of each factor still remains to be elucidated. Here we conducted multi-coastal study in a 21-month period to examine relationships between environmental factors and V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus densities in sea surface water in eight coastal sites of four prefectures in Japan. Vibrio densities were measured by a most-probable-number with PCR method which is highly sensitive and quantitative (3/100 ml of detection limit). Vibrio densities were analyzed with environmental factors including water temperature, salinity, total dissolved substance, and pH, and their quadratics. A linear regression model suited best for prediction of V. cholerae density. A novel double-quadratic model suited best for the prediction of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus densities.
Asunto(s)
Agua de Mar/microbiología , Vibrio cholerae/aislamiento & purificación , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/aislamiento & purificación , Vibrio vulnificus/aislamiento & purificación , Algoritmos , Carga Bacteriana/métodos , Microbiología Ambiental , Humanos , Japón , Modelos Teóricos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Salinidad , Agua de Mar/química , Temperatura , Vibrio cholerae/clasificación , Vibrio cholerae/genética , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/clasificación , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genética , Vibrio vulnificus/clasificación , Vibrio vulnificus/genéticaRESUMEN
In order to study the epidemiology of human parechovirus (HPeV) infections and to evaluate the feasibility of environmental surveillance, we analyzed 281 stool samples, 265 nasopharyngeal swab samples, and 79 municipal wastewater samples for HPeV. The samples were collected in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, between April 2012 and March 2014. HPeV was detected by reverse-transcription-PCR targeting the partial 5'-untranslated region and was genotyped by sequencing the capsid VP1 region. Seven stool samples (2.5%) and 1 nasopharyngeal swab sample (0.4%), all of which were from children under 2 years old, and 14 wastewater samples (18%) were positive for HPeV. Clear seasonality was observed: all positive samples were collected between July and December during the study period. All strains detected in the stool and wastewater samples had genotype HPeV1, and the strain from the nasopharyngeal swab sample had genotype HPeV6. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all HPeV1 strains from the stool samples cluster together with those from the wastewater samples, indicating that the HPeV1 strains circulating in human populations can also be detected in municipal wastewater.
