Sexual harassment and implicit gender-career biases negatively impact women's life expectancy in the US: a state-level analysis, 2011-2019.

BACKGROUND: Despite some gains, women continue to have less access to work and poorer experiences in the workplace, relative to men. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among women's life expectancy and two work-related factors, sexual harassment and gender-career biases. METHOD: We examined the associations at the state level of analysis (and District of Columbia) in the US from 2011 to 2019 (n = 459) using archival data from various sources. Measures of the ratio of population to primary health providers, year, the percent of adults who are uninsured, the percent of residents aged 65 or older, and percent of residents who are Non-Hispanic White all served as controls. RESULTS: Results of linear regression models showed that, after accounting for the controls, sexual harassment and gender-career biases among people in the state held significant, negative associations with women's life expectancy. CONCLUSION: The study contributes to the small but growing literature showing that negative workplace experiences and bias against women in the workplace negatively impact women's health.

The perceived role fit of women and men academics: evidence from the social sports sciences.

Introduction: The underrepresentation of women in academia is often explained by the presence of gender stereotypes and the perception that women fit the role of an academic to a lesser extent. Based on social role theory and role congruity theory, this study investigates and estimates the perceived role fit of women and men academics in the social sports sciences. Methods: Data were collected with a quantitative online survey. The sample (n = 792) includes individuals who study or work in sports economics, sport management, or sport sociology (referred to as social sports sciences). The questionnaire included items that reflect attributes of an ideal-typical academic as well as women and men academics in four dimensions, i.e., leadership, research methods, media visibility, and research topics. In the first step, these items were used to estimate a total role fit index for both women and men academics, as well as indices for all dimensions. In a second step, regression analyses were used to examine how respondents' individual characteristics (e.g., discipline, career stage, gender, presence of role models) are related to their perceived role fit indices and the differences in the perceived role fit. Results and discussion: The role fit index ranges from 0 to 1, and women have a higher total role fit than men (0.77 vs. 0.75). The results suggest that women in the social sports sciences are perceived as a better fit for the role of an academic. In contrast to role congruity theory, women's leadership fit is higher than men's fit in this dimension (0.79 vs. 0.72). Regarding the associations of individual characteristics, professors seem to perceive a lower role fit for both genders than students. Furthermore, the difference between the perceived role fit of men and women is smaller for women respondents. Having a woman role model leads to a higher fit of women academics in the leadership dimension.

Gender stereotypes and their correlates: the moderating role of voluntary sports club membership.

Introduction: This study examined the correlates of gender stereotypes and the moderating role of membership in a voluntary sports club. Drawing on the contact hypothesis, this study argues that gender stereotypes are lower when individuals regularly have the opportunity to meet and play sport with such people, for example in a voluntary sports club. Methods: Survey data from the European Values Study are used for the analysis (n = 36,185; 30 countries). Gender stereotypes are measured with statements on gender role attributes. Results: Regression results show that membership in a voluntary sports club, being a student, income, and living in a more gender equal country significantly reduce gender stereotypes. On the contrary, male gender, living in a partnership, having children, lower and medium education, part-time employment, self-employment, unemployment, being a home maker, and living in a small town are correlates of higher gender stereotypes. Interacting the latter correlates with sports club membership support its moderating effect in the sense that most correlates turn insignificant or have smaller coefficients. The only variables retaining their coefficient size are self-employment and living in a small town. Discussion: The findings support the contact hypothesis and suggest that sports clubs are places that lessen gender stereotypes.

Sport in prison: social and subjective health outcomes of different sport programs.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of four different sport programs on various social and subjective health outcomes among prisoners. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Four different sport programs (endurance, strength, dance-like martial arts, soccer) were provided in 2020 and 2021 in a German prison. Participants completed paper-pencil surveys before and after the sport programs (n = 134 observations), including questions about potential social health (enjoyment of physical activity, interpersonal exchange, interpersonal trust, self-efficacy) and subjective health outcomes (health status, health satisfaction, well-being). Further information such as prisoner characteristics were added to the data. FINDINGS: Results of regression analyses show that the endurance program had a significant positive effect on interpersonal trust, while the soccer program had a negative effect. Subjective well-being increased significantly after the strength and the soccer program. The weekly sport hours before imprisonment had a positive association with enjoyment of physical activity and interpersonal exchange while being negatively related to health status and health satisfaction. Furthermore, the number of months of imprisonment before the survey, being a young offender, the prisoners' body mass index, educational level and migration background were significantly associated with several social and subjective health outcomes. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study analyzed the effects of different sport programs for prisoners on various social and subjective health outcomes, revealing differences across programs and outcomes. The findings suggest that sport can be a way to enhance prisoners' social and subjective health, ultimately facilitating their rehabilitation process.

Restricted nasal-only breathing during self-selected low intensity training does not affect training intensity distribution.

Introduction: Low-intensity endurance training is frequently performed at gradually higher training intensities than intended, resulting in a shift towards threshold training. By restricting oral breathing and only allowing for nasal breathing this shift might be reduced. Methods: Nineteen physically healthy adults (3 females, age: 26.5 ± 5.1 years; height: 1.77 ± 0.08 m; body mass: 77.3 ± 11.4 kg; VO2peak: 53.4 ± 6.6 mL·kg-1 min-1) performed 60 min of self-selected, similar (144.7 ± 56.3 vs. 147.0 ± 54.2 W, p = 0.60) low-intensity cycling with breathing restriction (nasal-only breathing) and without restrictions (oro-nasal breathing). During these sessions heart rate, respiratory gas exchange data and power output data were recorded continuously. Results: Total ventilation (p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.45), carbon dioxide release (p = 0.02, ηp 2 = 0.28), oxygen uptake (p = 0.03, ηp 2 = 0.23), and breathing frequency (p = 0.01, ηp 2 = 0.35) were lower during nasal-only breathing. Furthermore, lower capillary blood lactate concentrations were found towards the end of the training session during nasal-only breathing (time x condition-interaction effect: p = 0.02, ηp 2 = 0.17). Even though discomfort was rated marginally higher during nasal-only breathing (p = 0.03, ηp 2 = 0.24), ratings of perceived effort did not differ between the two conditions (p ≥ 0.06, ηp 2 = 0.01). No significant "condition" differences were found for intensity distribution (time spent in training zone quantified by power output and heart rate) (p ≥ 0.24, ηp 2 ≤ 0.07). Conclusion: Nasal-only breathing seems to be associated with possible physiological changes that may help to maintain physical health in endurance athletes during low intensity endurance training. However, it did not prevent participants from performing low-intensity training at higher intensities than intended. Longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate longitudinal responses of changes in breathing patterns.

Increased oxygen uptake in well-trained runners during uphill high intensity running intervals: A randomized crossover testing.

The time spent above 90% of maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2max) during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions is intended to be maximized to improve V ˙ O2max. Since uphill running serves as a promising means to increase metabolic cost, we compared even and moderately inclined running in terms of time ≥90% V ˙ O2max and its corresponding physiological surrogates. Seventeen well-trained runners (8 females & 9 males; 25.8 ± 6.8yrs; 1.75 ± 0.08m; 63.2 ± 8.4kg; V ˙ O2max: 63.3 ± 4.2 ml/min/kg) randomly completed both a horizontal (1% incline) and uphill (8% incline) HIIT protocol (4-times 5min, with 90s rest). Mean oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2mean), peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2peak), lactate, heart rate (HR), and perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Uphill HIIT revealed higher (p ≤ 0.012; partial eta-squared (pes) ≥ 0.351) V ˙ O2mean (uphill: 3.3 ± 0.6 vs. horizontal: 3.2 ± 0.5 L/min; standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.15), V ˙ O2peak (uphill: 4.0 ± 0.7 vs. horizontal: 3.8 ± 0.7 L/min; SMD = 0.19), and accumulated time ≥90% V ˙ O2max (uphill: 9.1 ± 4.6 vs. horizontal: 6.4 ± 4.0 min; SMD = 0.62) compared to even HIIT. Lactate, HR, and RPE responses did not show mode*time rANOVA interaction effects (p ≥ 0.097; pes ≤0.14). Compared to horizontal HIIT, moderate uphill HIIT revealed higher fractions of V ˙ O2max at comparable perceived efforts, heartrate and lactate response. Therefore, moderate uphill HiiT notably increased time spent above 90% V ˙ O2max.

Good Scientific Practice and Ethics in Sports and Exercise Science: A Brief and Comprehensive Hands-on Appraisal for Sports Research.

Sports and exercise training research is constantly evolving to maintain, improve, or regain psychophysical, social, and emotional performance. Exercise training research requires a balance between the benefits and the potential risks. There is an inherent risk of scientific misconduct and adverse events in most sports; however, there is a need to minimize it. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical and ethical challenges in sports and exercise research. We also enlist solutions to improve method design in clinical trials and provide checklists to minimize the chances of scientific misconduct. At the outset, historical milestones of exercise science literature are summarized. It is followed by details about the currently available regulations that help to reduce the risk of violating good scientific practices. We also outline the unique characteristics of sports-related research with a narrative of the major differences between sports and drug-based trials. An emphasis is then placed on the importance of well-designed studies to improve the interpretability of results and generalizability of the findings. This review finally suggests that sports researchers should comply with the available guidelines to improve the planning and conduct of future research thereby reducing the risk of harm to research participants. The authors suggest creating an oath to prevent malpractice, thereby improving the knowledge standards in sports research. This will also aid in deriving more meaningful implications for future research based on high-quality, ethically sound evidence.

The relationship between leisure-time physical activity and job satisfaction: A dynamic panel data approach.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research has documented a positive effect of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on life satisfaction. The relationship between physical activity and the specific domain of job satisfaction is, however, relatively unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of different frequency levels of LTPA on self-reported job satisfaction and specifically focuses on the two mechanisms of health and recovery from work stress. METHODS: Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (2001-2019), fixed effects and dynamic panel data regression models are estimated to address the problems of unobserved heterogeneity and reverse causality. A mediation and sub-sample analysis shed light on the role of health and work stress. RESULTS: The results reveal that weekly LTPA has a positive effect on job satisfaction and that health represents a channel yielding those benefits. The effect appears to be moderated by work stress. Further, the analysis reveals the importance of considering unobserved heterogeneity and reverse causality when studying this relationship. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate a positive relationship between regular LTPA and job satisfaction and add plausible causal evidence to the limited literature in this context. The findings yield implications for employers and employees.

Willingness to pay for policies to reduce health risks from COVID-19: Evidence from U.S. professional sports.

Airborne transmission of the COVID-19 virus increased the need for health policies to reduce transmission in congregate settings associated with minimal risk before the pandemic. While a large literature estimates tradeoffs between policies designed to reduce negative health outcomes, no empirical research addresses consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for health policies designed to reduce airborne virus transmission. Using survey data from 1381 fans of professional sports, we estimate consumers' WTP for reduced likelihood of coronavirus transmission through mask and social distancing policies using a stated preference approach. The results indicate increased attendance likelihood if the venue requires masks and limits attendance, with significant heterogeneity in WTP across risk scenarios and sports. We characterize consumers as casual fans who prefer a mask requirement but are indifferent to capacity constraints, strong fans who are anti-maskers and prefer capacity constraints, and a second group of casual fans with positive WTP under both mask and limited capacity requirements. For example, casual fans' WTP for masking, $38 per National Basketball Association (NBA) game attended, is more than double their WTP for capacity constraints only. Strong fans' WTP for attending capacity constrained NBA games was $490, more than 400% higher than the pre-pandemic average WTP of $105.

Similar strength gains at lower perceived efforts via cluster set vs. traditional home-based online training: A 6 weeks randomized controlled trial.

Cluster Training (CT) has been shown to induce strength at lower perceived efforts compared to traditional training (TRT) with sets performed to repetition failure. These findings have not yet been extended to remote online training in middle-aged to older people. Thus the present study aimed at investigating whether a cluster set online training with bodyweight exercises is similar in its effectiveness a more demanding traditional strength training employed with a traditional set structure. A total of n = 21 participants (14 female, 55 ± 12 years, 76.4 ± 16.1 kg, 1.71 ± 0.10 m, 74 ± 72 min of activity/w) were randomly assigned to either a CT or volume-, load-, and work-to-rest-ratio-matched TRT. After an initial 6-week run-in-phase, all participants were engaged into an online live-instructed full-body workout twice a week (40 min each) for a period of 6 weeks. Rates of perceived efforts (RPE) were assessed for each session (session RPE; sRPE). Changes in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at leg press (LP) and abdominal press (AP) as well as one-minute-sit-to-stand and Y-Balance-Test (YBT) were compared between BASELINE and PRE (ΔRUN-IN) and between PRE and POST (ΔINTERVENTION). In LP, TRT showed greater improvements with large effect sizes in ΔINTERVENTION compared to ΔRUN-IN. In CT, greater improvements with moderate effects were found in ΔINTERVENTION compared to ΔRUN-IN. In AP, both CT and TRT showed larger improvements with large effect sizes in ΔINTERVENTION compared to ΔRUN-IN. In YBT, a significant and large main effect for time was found indicating larger improvements for ΔINTERVENTION compared to ΔRUN-IN. CT showed lower sRPE than TRT. Both CT and TRT led to similar adaptations in MVC and balance performance. However, the perceived effort of CT was rated lower than for TRT. Therefore, conducting resistance training with a cluster set structure seems to be a suitable approach for training programs in middle-aged and older people.

Validity and Reliability of a Commercial Force Sensor for the Measurement of Upper Body Strength in Sport Climbing.

Recreational and professional climbing is gaining popularity. Thus, valid and reliable infield strength monitoring and testing devices are required. This study aims at assessing the validity as well as within- and between-day reliability of two climbing-specific hanging positions for assessing the maximum force with a new force measurement device. Therefore, 25 experienced male (n = 16) and female (n = 9) climbers (age: 25.5 ± 4.2 years, height: 176.0 ± 9.9 cm, weight: 69.7 ± 14.5 kg, body composition: 11.8 ± 5.7% body fat, climbing level: 17.5 ± 3.9 International Rock Climbing Research Association scale) were randomly tested with climbing-specific hang board strength tests (one-handed rung pulling and one-handed bent arm lock-off at 90°). The Tindeq, a load cell-based sensor for assessing different force-related variables, was employed together with a force plate (Kistler Quattro Jump) during both conditions. Data analysis revealed excellent validity for assessment with Tindeq: The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.99 (both positions), while the standard error of the measurement (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV), and limits of agreement (LoA) showed low values. Within day reliability for the assessment with Tindeq was excellent: rung pulling showed an ICC of 0.90 and arm lock-off an ICC of 0.98; between-day reliability was excellent as well: rung pulling indicated an ICC of 0.95 and arm lock-off an ICC of 0.98. Other reliability indicators such as SEM, CV, and LoA were low. The Tindeq progressor can be applied for the cross-sectional and longitudinal climbing strength assessment as this device can detect training-induced changes reliably.

The effectiveness of traditional vs. velocity-based strength training on explosive and maximal strength performance: A network meta-analysis.

This network meta-analysis aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different velocity-based (VBT) and traditional 1RM-based resistance training (TRT) interventions on strength and power indices in healthy participants. The research was conducted until December 2021 using the online electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, PsycNet, and SPORTDiscus for studies with the following inclusion criteria: 1) controlled VBT trials, 2) strength and/or jump and/or sprint parameters as outcomes (c), participants aged between 18 and 40 years, and 4) peer-reviewed and published in English. Standardized mean differences (SMD) using a random effects models were calculated. Fourteen studies with 311 healthy participants were selected and 3 networks (strength, jump, and sprint) were achieved. VBT, TRT, repetitions in reserve (RIR), low velocity loss (lowVL), and high velocity loss (highVL) were ranked for each network. Based on P-score rankings, lowVL (P-score ≥ 0.59; SMD ≥ 0.33) and highVL (P-score ≥ 0.50; SMD ≥ 0.12) revealed favorable effects on strength, jump, and sprint performance compared to VBT (P-score ≤ 0.47; SMD ≤0.01), TRT (P-score ≤0.46; SMD ≤ 0.00), and RIR (P-score ≤ 0.46; SMD ≤ 0.12). In conclusion, lowVL and highVL showed notable effects on strength, jump, and sprint performance. In particular for jump performance, lowVL induced favorable improvements compared to all other resistance training approaches.

Changing Oar Rotation Axis Position Increases Catch Angle During Indoor and In-Field Para-Rowing: A Randomized Crossover Trial Verified by a Repeated Measurement Trial.

A long rowing stroke length is crucial for adequate rowing performance. Therefore, the relocation of the oar from traditional "in front" (NORM) to "behind the rotation axis" (GATE) may increase (para) rowing performance. Thus, 15 able-bodied rowers (21.4 ± 3.6 years; 187 ± 8 cm; 85.4 ± 8.2 kg) completed indoor TANK rowing 2 min TimeTrials (2 min-TT) of GATE and NORM in a randomized order. Additionally, one elite Paralympic oarsman (37 years, 185 cm, 67 kg) performed a multiple single case in-field BOAT testing (24x2min-TT of GATE and NORM in a randomized order). GATE revealed significantly larger catch angles during TANK (+97.1 ± 120.4%; p = 0.001, SMD = 0.84) and BOAT (+11.9 ± 3.2%; p < 0.021; SMD = 2.69; Tau-U = 0.70) compared to NORM. While total stroke length, rowing power, and work per stroke increased in GATE during TANK (p < 0.010, SMD > 0.634), no such significant changes of these performance parameters between GATE and NORM were observed during BOAT (p > 0.021; SMD < 0.58; Tau-U < 0.29). Rowing economy-related parameters (power or speed per oxygen uptake) and boat speed also showed no significant differences between GATE und NORM during BOAT (p > 0.61; SMD < 0.31; Tau-U < 0.19). The shape of the force-angle curve (position of peak force and ratio between average and maximal force) remained unaffected from GATE during both TANK (p > 0.73, SMD < 0.1) and BOAT (p > 0.63; SMD < 0.60; Tau-U < 0.27). In conclusion, GATE shifted the entire rowing stroke towards the catch (+6.6 ± 1.8°) without notably affecting relevant performance parameters during BOAT. Particularly during crew rowing, the minimization of detrimental boat movements for perfect synchrony should be aimed for. Accordingly, the combined application of GATE and NORM (for different athletes in crew boats) may be beneficial for rowing synchronization.

Effects of Pilates Training on Physiological and Psychological Health Parameters in Healthy Older Adults and in Older Adults With Clinical Conditions Over 55 Years: A Meta-Analytical Review.

This meta-analytical review aimed at comparing the impact of Pilates interventions (PIs) on physiological and psychological health parameters in healthy older adults and older adults with a clinical condition aged 55 years and older. The literature search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus). Randomized controlled trials that aimed at improving physiological and psychological health parameters in adults aged 55 years and older using Pilates as an intervention were screened for eligibility. The included data was extracted and assigned based on participants' health condition (clinical vs. non-clinical), as well as the respective control condition used in the study [inactive (IC) vs. active control group (AC)]. Statistical analyses were computed using a random-effects inverse-variance model. Fifty-one studies with a total of 2,485 participants (mean age: 66.5 ± 4.9 years) were included. Moderate effects (SMD: 0.55; 0.68) were found for physiological health parameters (muscle strength, balance, endurance, flexibility, gait, and physical functioning) in both experimental (clinical and non-clinical) conditions when compared to ICs (p < 0.003; p = 0.0001), and small to moderate effects (SMD: 0.27; 0.50) when compared to ACs (p = 0.04; p = 0.01). Moderate to large effects (SMD: 0.62; 0.83) were documented for psychological health parameters (quality of life, depression, sleep quality, fear of falling, pain, and health perception) in both conditions when compared to ICs (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). PIs induce small to large effects in physiological and psychological health parameters in older adults, regardless of their health condition. The substantial heterogeneity within the included studies complicated standardized comparison of the training modalities between the two target groups. Nonetheless, Pilates seems to be a safe, adaptable, and promising exercise approach for a heterogenous population of older adults.

The Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility of Major Sport Organizations by the German Public: An Empirical Analysis During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Sport governing bodies have played a special role in society during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Following stakeholder theory and consumption capital theory, this study investigated the actions of the German Bundesliga (DFL), Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) during this phase as perceived by the German population and through the lens of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Based on a representative sample of the German resident population (N = 1,000), the study examined the individual characteristics that influenced the perceived CSR of these organizations and what population clusters emerged from this perception. The survey applied a CSR scale that was previously validated in a professional team sports context. The results confirmed the equally strong applicability of the scale to the sport governing context. Cluster analysis yielded three distinctive clusters, namely, "supporters," "neutral observers," and "critics." Regression analyses and the cluster analysis identified those with frequent consumption and high involvement in sport as rating the actions of the three sport organizations more positively. They are also more strongly represented in the "supporters" cluster. In contrast, those threatened the most by the virus are overrepresented in the "critics" cluster.

Functional High-Intensity Interval Training Lowers Body Mass and Improves Coordination, Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Aerobic Endurance of Inmates in a German Prison.

This study examined the effects of circuit-like functional high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition and motor performance of inmates in an open German prison. The group of inmates (n=11) consisted of predominantly overweight males [average body-mass-index (BMI)=31.2]. They performed 6weeks of training including 3 sessions per week. The 6-week training program was framed by a pre-test and a post-test that assessed anthropometry and motor performance. On average, the inmates participated in 91.9% of all training sessions. The intervention significantly lowered body mass (p=0.007) and BMI (p=0.006). Fat mass and fat-free mass did not change significantly from pre-test to post-test. The times in 20m sprint did not change. The performance in lateral jumping from side-to-side (p=0.024), standing long jump (p=0.001), and 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (p<0.001) improved significantly. The greatest improvements were observed in the number of sit-ups (p<0.001) and push-ups (p<0.001). These findings suggest that (functional) HIIT is a practical and effective training method in the context of a prison.

Intentions of Environmentally Friendly Behavior Among Sports Club Members: An Empirical Test of the Theory of Planned Behavior Across Genders and Sports.

Environmentally friendly behavior has become increasingly important in recent years to reduce the speed of climate change and its negative impacts. Individual behavior, including environmentally friendly behavior, is largely formed by behavioral intentions. This study draws on the theory of planned behavior to examine the effects of attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on intentions of environmentally friendly behavior. It also investigates differences between genders and among sports. The study is based on data from a nationwide online survey of community sports club members in Germany in five team/racket sports (n = 3,036). Existing measures to operationalize the constructs were adapted to the present research context. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results show that the theoretical assumptions of the theory of planned behavior were largely supported by the data, implying that the antecedents of environmentally friendly behavioral intentions can be applied to club members. Furthermore, gender- and sports-specific differences in the antecedents-intention relationship were detected. This study is among the first to examine environmentally friendly behavioral intentions in community sports clubs. It adds to an increasing body of research investigating environmental sustainability in sports.

The Effects of Sport Activities and Environmentally Sustainable Behaviors on Subjective Well-Being: A Comparison Before and During COVID-19.

This study examined the effects of sport activities and environmentally sustainable behaviors on the subjective well-being of working-age adults (18-64). Specifically, it analyzes the effects of different types of sport activities, including nature-based, natural resource-using, and nature-neutral sport activities and different types of environmentally sustainable behaviors such as recycling, ecological consumption, energy-saving, and mobility on subjective well-being. The study conducts comparisons between the period before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the first lockdown in Germany. Quantitative survey data were collected using a convenience sampling approach (n = 412). Sport activities were captured with the number of hours spent on nature-based, natural resource-using, and nature-neutral activities. Environmentally sustainable behaviors were measured across four areas, including recycling, ecological consumption, energy-saving, and mobility. Subjective well-being was measured using the scale of the World Health Organization (WHO-5). Differences between the periods before and during COVID-19 were analyzed using t-tests. A set of multivariate regression models were estimated with subjective well-being as the dependent variable and sport activities, environmentally sustainable behaviors, and socio-demographics as independent variables. The results show that nature-based and nature-neutral sport activities significantly decreased during the first COVID-19 lockdown, while environmentally sustainable behaviors increased. The regression analyses reveal that nature-based and nature-neutral sport activities as well as ecological consumption significantly added to individuals' subjective well-being in the pre- and during-COVID-19-period. A decrease in nature-based and nature-neutral sport activities significantly predicted a decrease in individuals' subjective well-being. The findings of this study might help people understand the role and importance of active living for psychosocial outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Knowledge transfer into sport practice: An empirical user analysis of a sport science website.

AbstractTransferring scientific knowledge to applied practitioners presents a challenge in sport science. Knowledge transfer, conceptualized as knowledge reuse and knowledge contribution, has mainly been studied in the context of specific topics, projects, or organizations. The purposes of this study were to investigate the determinants of knowledge transfer from a publicly available website to its users and to cluster users into different groups based on their level of knowledge transfer. The website www.sportsandscience.de is dedicated to translating evidence-based knowledge that is regularly generated in scientific studies into short and digestible information through e.g. videos and blogs, and provides opportunities for knowledge reuse and contribution. A theoretical model of knowledge transfer in organizations which was adapted to this context guided the study. Data from an online survey of registered website users were employed for the empirical analysis. The regression analyses showed that knowledge reuse is positively affected by ease of knowledge access and negatively by age. Knowledge reuse, job experience, and male gender have a significant positive effect on knowledge contribution. The findings suggest that the theoretical model is generally applicable to this context, but also highlight differences to the original organizational setting. Cluster analysis yielded three clusters: Frequent users, occasional users, and frequent contributors. Analyses of variances revealed significant differences among clusters regarding computer self-efficacy, job experience, gender, age, employment, interested sports, and conditional skills, but not concerning education and formal qualifications. Implications for improving knowledge transfer of such a website are provided.