Residue analytical method for the determination of trifluoroacetic acid and difluoroacetic acid in plant matrices by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS/MS).

In the past years, the technology for trace residue analysis of plant protection compounds in plant and animal matrices, soil, and water has gradually changed to meet changing regulatory demands. Generally, from the '70s to the '90s of the last century, the active compounds and only a few major metabolites had to be determined in a typical "residue definition". Step by step and within the framework of product safety assessments of the enforcement of residues in dietary matrices and in the environment, further metabolites have come into the authorities focus. Many active substances were formerly determined via gas chromatography (GC) based detection techniques. The introduction of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology in the '90s and the acceptance of this technique, by official bodies at the end of the '90s, has led to a major change for residue analytical laboratories all over the world. Most of the medium to non-polar active compounds as well as many of the more polar metabolites can be detected with this technique, and today LC-MS/MS is the "workhorse" in many residue analytical laboratories in the industry as well as official enforcement labs responsible for analyzing registration-related field studies. With the demand to analyze further breakdown products, more and more polar compounds, or even (permanently) charged target compounds, have now come into the focus of the registration authorities. This now brings standard LC-based techniques to their limits and requires the application of approaches such as hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) MS/MS or ion chromatography, however these techniques often incur related uncertainties and problems with matrix samples. The aim of this study was to develop a new CE-MS/MS-based approach to reduce the impact of matrix on the separation and detection of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and difluoroacetic acid (DFA) in agrochemical field trials. This project used 7 representative examples of fruit, grain and vegetables which had undergone homogenization and extraction with acetonitrile water and filtration before CE-MS/MS analysis. The CE-MS/MS developed reached the limit of quantitation (LOQ) requirement of current legislation for both TFA and DFA (0.01 mg/kg) in all 7 matrices tested. The mean relative standard deviation (RSD) obtained from the repeat analysis of control field trail samples in all matrices, for both TFA and DFA, was less than 10% meeting GLP guidelines. When compared with LC-MS/MS, using on column loading amounts, the CE-MS/MS was 17 - 43 times more sensitive than a standard method and less matrix effects were observed. The developed method was validated under GLP conditions to provide a GLP-validated residue analytical method for the charged metabolites TFA and DFA in matrix samples from GLP field residue trials.

Vascular patterns in reactive and malignant lymphadenopathy.

A total of 130 superficial lymph nodes were evaluated using color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) in order to differentiate benign from malignant lymphadenopathy. The patterns of intranodal flow signals detected at standardized conditions by CDFI were classified using eight self-defined criteria and were correlated with the histopathological or clinical diagnosis. Nonparametric discriminant analysis showed that four vascular were suspicious of malignancy: (a) avascular areas, (b) displacement of intranodal vessels, (c) accessory peripheral vessels and (d) aberrant course of central vessels. Of the neoplastic lymph nodes (n = 73), 96% showed at least one pathological vascular pattern. Malignancy could be excluded in 95% of 57 reactive lymph nodes using these four criteria. Most reactive lymph nodes in contrast demonstrated a vascular hilus and/or vessels running at the long axis of the lymph node with branches to the cortex. There was a diagnostic accuracy of 41-82% in the additionally evaluated sonomorphological (size, shape, echogenicity) and Doppler (increased Pourcelot's or pulsatility indices) criteria. The definitive interpretation of the promising results of this retrospective study requires confirmation of examiner independency as well as a prospective evaluation.