[Bridging vein injuries in shaken baby syndrome : Forensic-radiological meta-analysis with special focus on the tadpole sign]. / Brückenvenenverletzungen bei Schütteltrauma : Forensisch-radiologische Metaanalyse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des "Tadpole"-Zeichens.

Shaken baby syndrome is a common variant of the abusive head trauma in infants and toddlers and is still subject of intensive research. In recent years, a number of radiological studies on the diagnostic and forensic relevance of injured bridging veins were conducted using different imaging modalities. The present article will give an overview on the current state of research in this field and will discuss the forensic implications. The meta-analysis of the seven currently existing studies revealed that injuries of the bridging veins and bridging vein thromboses, respectively, frequently appear as rounded, enlarged, and/or tubular structures. The "tadpole sign" may serve as a valuable tool for the identification of these formations. Especially, T2*/SWI (susceptibility-weighted imaging) sequences allow for good detectability of these lesions and should always be generated when abusive head trauma is suspected. In conclusion, it can be recommended that the presence of radiologically detectable bridging vein injuries should give reason to search for other manifestations of physical child abuse.

[On the quality of the external post-mortem examination in cases of fatal head trauma : A comparison of death certificate and forensic autopsy]. / Zur Qualität der ärztlichen Leichenschau bei todesursächlichem Schädel­Hirn­Trauma : Ein Vergleich von Todesbescheinigung und gerichtlicher Obduktion.

BACKGROUND: In Germany it is required by law that basically every type of physician needs to be capable of executing a correct external post-mortem examination of a corpse. In recent years, numerous investigations on external post-mortem examinations repeatedly reported systematic mistakes and erroneous procedures in various clinical and medicolegal case groups. Accordingly, the completion of death certificates is frequently performed incorrectly. As one of the typical unnatural death cases, decedents dying from fatal head trauma (FHT) represent a special autopsy case group, which is expected to be correctly recognized during the primary external post-mortem examination because the external injuries are mostly obvious. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed at investigating the quality of the external post-mortem examination in medicolegal FHT cases by means of comparison of death certificates and autopsy reports from a 10-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a retrospective study design all autopsy cases from the Institute of Legal Medicine of the University Hospital Münster in the years 2006-2015 (n = 3611) were analyzed as to the presence of FHT. A total of 328 cases with FHT and the concomitant presence of a death certificate filled out before the autopsy were identified. Subsequently, the cause of death according to the death certificate was compared with the cause of death according to the autopsy. The degree of agreement was classified into six different categories from I to VI. While category I represented a complete lack of agreement, category VI was assigned to cases with full agreement. RESULTS: In 58.5% of the cases (category VI) FHT was identified correctly during the external post-mortem examination. In 1.5% of the cases, a completely different cause of death was determined during the external post-mortem examination (category I). In 19.2% of the cases, no cause of death or the statement "unclear" was given as the cause of death in the death certificate (categories II and III). Cross-analyses and intuitive heatmap visualization were generated to identify case constellations with an increased risk for discrepancies. These analyses revealed that among all discrepant cases (categories I-V), falls were found significantly more often than in the nondiscrepant cases (p < 0.01), especially falls of women older than 57 years (median age of women) or falls considered as accidents by the examiner. In addition, traffic-associated FHT of men older than 44.5 years (median age of men) was identified more frequently in the external post-mortem examination. CONCLUSION: Despite the fact that FHT should be a cause of death that is comparably easy to identify during external post-mortem examination, more than one third of the cases were not sufficiently recognized. Therefore, special attention must still be paid to certain case constellations during the external post-mortem examination. Typical examples of such cases are burned bodies, cases of advanced putrefaction and falls.

Understanding Subdural Collections in Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma.

Life-threatening physical abuse of infants and toddlers is frequently correlated with head injuries. A common variant of the abusive head trauma is the shaken baby syndrome. The present review article sheds light on subdural collections in children with abusive head trauma and aims at providing a recent knowledge base for various medical disciplines involved in diagnostic procedures and legal proceedings. To this end, the different subdural collection entities are presented and illustrated. The pathophysiologic background is explained. Differential and age-diagnostic aspects are discussed and summarized by tabular and graphic overviews. Two problematic constellations frequently occurring during initial CT investigations are evaluated: A mixed-density subdural collection does not prove repeated trauma, and hypodense subdural collections are not synonymous with chronicity. The neuroradiologic analysis and assessment of subdural collections may decisively contribute to answering differential diagnostic and forensic questions. In addition to more reference data, a harmonization of terminology and methodology is urgently needed, especially with respect to age-diagnostic aspects.

Optimising magnetic resonance imaging-based evaluation of the ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis: a multi-centre study.

Evaluation of the ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis plays a key role in forensic age estimation, particularly in determining whether the age of 18 has been attained. A key research objective in the forensic age estimation field at present is to establish non-X-ray methods for investigating the clavicle. This paper looks at the use of magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating the developmental state of the medial clavicular epiphysis. Clavicle specimens obtained from autopsies of 125 female and 270 male subjects aged from 10 to 30 were examined using a 3-T magnetic resonance scanner. One FFE-3D-T1 gradient echo sequence and one 2D-T2 turbo spin echo sequence were acquired. In each case, two investigators undertook a consensual determination of the ossification stage of the medial clavicular epiphysis using recognised classification systems. To determine intra-observer and inter-observer agreement, 80 clavicle specimens were subjected to repeat evaluation. We present statistics relating to the ossification stages. The inclusion of established sub-stages of clavicular ossification offers an additional option for determining whether a subject has attained the age of 18 which is applicable in both sexes. For both sexes, the minimum ages for ossification stages 4 and 5 allow conclusions to be drawn about a subject's age at a point in time lying several years in the past. Magnetic resonance imaging is a valid investigatory procedure for determining the ossification stage of the medial clavicular epiphysis. This paper makes a contribution to expanding the range of methods available for forensic age estimation.

Subdural hygromas in abusive head trauma: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and forensic implications.

Are subdural hygromas the result of abusive head trauma? CT and MR imaging represent important tools for the diagnosis of abusive head trauma in living infants. In addition, in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of subdural hygromas is increasingly required by neuroradiologists, pediatricians, and forensic physicians. Therefore, the current knowledge on subdural hygromas is summarized and forensic conclusions are drawn. The most important diagnostic pitfalls, benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space, and chronic subdural hematoma, are discussed in detail. Illustrative cases from forensic practice are presented. Literature analysis indicates that subdural hygromas can occur immediately or be delayed. If other infrequent reasons can be excluded, the presence of subdural hygromas strongly suggests a posttraumatic state and should prompt the physician to search for other signs of abuse. To differentiate subdural hygromas from other pathologies, additional MR imaging of the infant's head is indispensable after initial CT scan.

[The significance of chronic prostatitis for the etiopathology of prostate cancer]. / Die Bedeutung der chronischen Prostatitis für die Pathogenese des Prostatakarzinoms.

Although prostate cancer is of crucial impact as a common disease of men, numerous relationships remain unknown, particularly concerning its pathogenesis. A novel approach regarding the origin and development of prostate cancer is a phenomenon that has already been investigated in other human cancers: cancerogenesis due to chronic inflammation. Hence, the present review introduces the current state of research concerning the relationship between chronic prostatitis and prostate cancer. In addition to histological and biochemical features, the latest discoveries are discussed, including the relationship between the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and infection by the novel gammaretrovirus XMRV, similar to cervical cancer associated with HPV.