Unraveling the origin of Kondo-like behavior in the 3d-electron heavy-fermion compound YFe2Ge2.

The heavy fermion (HF) state of [Formula: see text]-electron systems is of great current interest since it exhibits various exotic phases and phenomena that are reminiscent of the Kondo effect in [Formula: see text]-electron HF systems. Here, we present a combined infrared spectroscopy and first-principles band structure calculation study of the [Formula: see text]-electron HF compound YFe[Formula: see text]Ge[Formula: see text]. The infrared response exhibits several charge-dynamical hallmarks of HF and a corresponding scaling behavior that resemble those of the [Formula: see text]-electron HF systems. In particular, the low-temperature spectra reveal a dramatic narrowing of the Drude response along with the appearance of a hybridization gap ([Formula: see text] 50 meV) and a strongly enhanced quasiparticle effective mass. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the infrared response indicates a crossover around [Formula: see text] 100 K from a coherent state at low temperature to a quasi-incoherent one at high temperature. Despite of these striking similarities, our band structure calculations suggest that the mechanism underlying the HF behavior in YFe[Formula: see text]Ge[Formula: see text] is distinct from the Kondo scenario of the [Formula: see text]-electron HF compounds and even from that of the [Formula: see text]-electron iron-arsenide superconductor KFe[Formula: see text]As[Formula: see text]. For the latter, the HF state is driven by orbital-selective correlations due to a strong Hund's coupling. Instead, for YFe[Formula: see text]Ge[Formula: see text] the HF behavior originates from the band flatness near the Fermi level induced by the combined effects of kinetic frustration from a destructive interference between the direct Fe-Fe and indirect Fe-Ge-Fe hoppings, band hybridization involving Fe [Formula: see text] and Y [Formula: see text] electrons, and electron correlations. This highlights that rather different mechanisms can be at the heart of the HF state in [Formula: see text]-electron systems.

Superconductivity in pressurized trilayer La4Ni3O10-δ single crystals.

The pursuit of discovering new high-temperature superconductors that diverge from the copper-based model1-3 has profound implications for explaining mechanisms behind superconductivity and may also enable new applications4-8. Here our investigation shows that the application of pressure effectively suppresses the spin-charge order in trilayer nickelate La4Ni3O10-δ single crystals, leading to the emergence of superconductivity with a maximum critical temperature (Tc) of around 30 K at 69.0 GPa. The d.c. susceptibility measurements confirm a substantial diamagnetic response below Tc, indicating the presence of bulk superconductivity with a volume fraction exceeding 80%. In the normal state, we observe a strange metal behaviour, characterized by a linear temperature-dependent resistance extending up to 300 K. Furthermore, the layer-dependent superconductivity observed hints at a unique interlayer coupling mechanism specific to nickelates, setting them apart from cuprates in this regard. Our findings provide crucial insights into the fundamental mechanisms underpinning superconductivity, while also introducing a new material platform to explore the intricate interplay between the spin-charge order, flat band structures, interlayer coupling, strange metal behaviour and high-temperature superconductivity.

Field-tuned quantum effects in a triangular-lattice Ising magnet.

We report thermodynamic and neutron scattering measurements of the triangular-lattice quantum Ising magnet TmMgGaO4 in longitudinal magnetic fields. Our experiments reveal a quasi-plateau state induced by quantum fluctuations. This state exhibits an unconventional non-monotonic field and temperature dependence of the magnetic order and excitation gap. In the high field regime where the quantum fluctuations are largely suppressed, we observed a disordered state with coherent magnon-like excitations despite the suppression of the spin excitation intensity. Through detailed semi-classical calculations, we are able to understand these behaviors quantitatively from the subtle competition between quantum fluctuations and frustrated Ising interactions.

Anomalous Contribution to the Nematic Electronic States from the Structural Transition in FeSe Revealed by Time- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy.

High-resolution time- and angle-resolved photoemission measurements were made on FeSe superconductors. With ultrafast photoexcitation, two critical excitation fluences that correspond to two ultrafast electronic phase transitions were found only in the d_{yz}-orbit-derived band near the Brillouin-zone center within our time and energy resolution. Upon comparison to the detailed temperature dependent measurements, we conclude that there are two equilibrium electronic phase transitions (at approximately 90 and 120 K) above the superconducting transition temperature, and an anomalous contribution on the scale of 10 meV to the nematic states from the structural transition is experimentally determined. Our observations strongly suggest that the electronic phase transition at 120 K must be taken into account in the energy band development of FeSe, and, furthermore, the contribution of the structural transition plays an important role in the nematic phase of iron-based high-temperature superconductors.

Neutron Scattering Studies of the Breathing Pyrochlore Antiferromagnet LiGaCr_{4}O_{8}.

We report neutron scattering measurements of the spinel oxide LiGaCr_{4}O_{8}, in which magnetic ions Cr^{3+} form a breathing pyrochlore lattice. Our experiments reveal the coexistence of a nearly dispersionless resonance mode and dispersive spin-wave excitations in the magnetically ordered state, which can be quantitatively described by a quantum spin model of hexagonal loops and linear spin-wave theory with the same set of exchange parameters, respectively. Comparison to other Cr spinel oxides reveals a linear relationship between the resonance energy and lattice constant across all these materials, which is in agreement with our hexagonal loop calculations. Our results suggest a unified picture for spin resonances in Cr spinel oxides.

Polarized neutron scattering studies of magnetic excitations in iron-selenide superconductor Li0.8Fe0.2ODFeSe (Tc=41 K).

We report polarized neutron scattering measurements of the low energy spin fluctuations of the iron-selenide superconductor Li0.8Fe0.2ODFeSe below and above its superconducting transition temperatureTc= 41 K. Our experiments confirmed that the resonance mode near 21 meV is magnetic. Moreover, the spin excitations are essentially isotropic in spin space at 5 ⩽E⩽ 29 meV in the superconducting and normal states. Our results suggest that the resonance mode in iron-based superconductors becomes isotropic when the influence of spin-orbit coupling and magnetic/nematic order is minimized, similar to those observed in cuprate superconductors.

Observation of an electronic order along [110] direction in FeSe.

Multiple ordered states have been observed in unconventional superconductors. Here, we apply scanning tunneling microscopy to probe the intrinsic ordered states in FeSe, the structurally simplest iron-based superconductor. Besides the well-known nematic order along [100] direction, we observe a checkerboard charge order in the iron lattice, which we name a [110] electronic order in FeSe. The [110] electronic order is robust at 77 K, accompanied with the rather weak [100] nematic order. At 4.5 K, The [100] nematic order is enhanced, while the [110] electronic order forms domains with reduced correlation length. In addition, the collective [110] order is gaped around [-40, 40] meV at 4.5 K. The observation of this exotic electronic order may shed new light on the origin of the ordered states in FeSe.

Neutron Spin Resonance in the Heavily Hole-Doped KFe_{2}As_{2} Superconductor.

We report high-resolution neutron scattering measurements of the low energy spin fluctuations of KFe_{2}As_{2}, the end member of the hole-doped Ba_{1-x}K_{x}Fe_{2}As_{2} family with only hole pockets, above and below its superconducting transition temperature T_{c} (∼3.5 K). Our data reveal clear spin fluctuations at the incommensurate wave vector (0.5±Î´, 0, L), (δ=0.2) (1-Fe unit cell), which exhibit L-modulation peaking at L=0.5. Upon cooling to the superconducting state, the incommensurate spin fluctuations gradually open a spin gap and form a sharp spin resonance mode. The incommensurability (2δ=0.4) of the resonance mode (∼1.2 meV) is considerably larger than the previously reported value (2δ≈0.32) at higher energies (≥∼6 meV). The determination of the momentum structure of spin fluctuation in the low energy limit allows a direct comparison with the realistic Fermi surface and superconducting gap structure. Our results point to an s-wave pairing with a reversed sign between the hole pockets near the zone center in KFe_{2}As_{2}.

Coexistence of Ferromagnetic and Stripe-Type Antiferromagnetic Spin Fluctuations in YFe_{2}Ge_{2}.

We report neutron scattering measurements of single-crystalline YFe_{2}Ge_{2} in the normal state, which has the same crystal structure as the 122 family of iron pnictide superconductors. YFe_{2}Ge_{2} does not exhibit long-range magnetic order but exhibits strong spin fluctuations. Like the iron pnictides, YFe_{2}Ge_{2} displays anisotropic stripe-type antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations at (π, 0, π). More interesting, however, is the observation of strong spin fluctuations at the in-plane ferromagnetic wave vector (0, 0, π). These ferromagnetic spin fluctuations are isotropic in the (H, K) plane, whose intensity exceeds that of stripe spin fluctuations. Both the ferromagnetic and stripe spin fluctuations remain gapless down to the lowest measured energies. Our results naturally explain the absence of magnetic order in YFe_{2}Ge_{2} and also imply that the ferromagnetic correlations may be a key ingredient for iron-based materials.

Fractionalized excitations in the partially magnetized spin liquid candidate YbMgGaO4.

Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) are exotic states of matter characterized by emergent gauge structures and fractionalized elementary excitations. The recently discovered triangular lattice antiferromagnet YbMgGaO4 is a promising QSL candidate, and the nature of its ground state is still under debate. Here we use neutron scattering to study the spin excitations in YbMgGaO4 under various magnetic fields. Our data reveal a dispersive spin excitation continuum with clear upper and lower excitation edges under a weak magnetic field (H = 2.5 T). Moreover, a spectral crossing emerges at the Γ point at the Zeeman-split energy. The corresponding redistribution of the spectral weight and its field-dependent evolution are consistent with the theoretical prediction based on the inter-band and intra-band spinon particle-hole excitations associated with the Zeeman-split spinon bands, implying the presence of fractionalized excitations and spinon Fermi surfaces in the partially magnetized QSL state in YbMgGaO4.

Structure of spin excitations in heavily electron-doped Li0.8Fe0.2ODFeSe superconductors.

Heavily electron-doped iron-selenide high-transition-temperature (high-T c) superconductors, which have no hole Fermi pockets, but have a notably high T c, have challenged the prevailing s ± pairing scenario originally proposed for iron pnictides containing both electron and hole pockets. The microscopic mechanism underlying the enhanced superconductivity in heavily electron-doped iron-selenide remains unclear. Here, we used neutron scattering to study the spin excitations of the heavily electron-doped iron-selenide material Li0.8Fe0.2ODFeSe (T c = 41 K). Our data revealed nearly ring-shaped magnetic resonant excitations surrounding (π, π) at ∼21 meV. As the energy increased, the spin excitations assumed a diamond shape, and they dispersed outward until the energy reached ∼60 meV and then inward at higher energies. The observed energy-dependent momentum structure and twisted dispersion of spin excitations near (π, π) are analogous to those of hole-doped cuprates in several aspects, thus implying that such spin excitations are essential for the remarkably high T c in these materials.The microscopic mechanism underlying an enhanced superconductivity in electron-doped iron selenide superconductor remains unclear. Here, Pan et al. report the spin excitations of Li0.8Fe0.2ODFeSe, revealing analogous momentum structure and dispersion to hole-doped cuprates.

Evidence for a spinon Fermi surface in a triangular-lattice quantum-spin-liquid candidate.

A quantum spin liquid is an exotic quantum state of matter in which spins are highly entangled and remain disordered down to zero temperature. Such a state of matter is potentially relevant to high-temperature superconductivity and quantum-information applications, and experimental identification of a quantum spin liquid state is of fundamental importance for our understanding of quantum matter. Theoretical studies have proposed various quantum-spin-liquid ground states, most of which are characterized by exotic spin excitations with fractional quantum numbers (termed 'spinons'). Here we report neutron scattering measurements of the triangular-lattice antiferromagnet YbMgGaO4 that reveal broad spin excitations covering a wide region of the Brillouin zone. The observed diffusive spin excitation persists at the lowest measured energy and shows a clear upper excitation edge, consistent with the particle-hole excitation of a spinon Fermi surface. Our results therefore point to the existence of a quantum spin liquid state with a spinon Fermi surface in YbMgGaO4, which has a perfect spin-1/2 triangular lattice as in the original proposal of quantum spin liquids.