Integrated transgene and transcriptome reveal the molecular basis of MdWRKY87 positively regulate adventitious rooting in apple rootstock.

For most fruit and forest species vegetative propagated from elite genotypes, adventitious rooting is essential. The ability to form adventitious roots significantly decreased during the juvenile to adult phase change. Apart from the miR156-SPL pathway, whether there is another regulation mechanism controlling age-dependent adventitious rooting ability remained largely unknown. In the present study, we showed that MdWRKY87 expression level was positively correlation with adventitious rooting ability. In addition, over-expressing of MdWRKY87 in tobacco leads to enhanced adventitious rooting ability, more adventitious root number and accelerated adventitious rooting process. Comparative transcriptome profiling indicated that MdWRKY87 overexpression can activate the expression of adventitious rooting-induced genes, such as WOX11 and AIL. In addition, MdWRKY87 overexpression can inhibit the transcription of adventitious rooting-repressed genes, such as AUX/IAAs and type-B cytokinin RRs. Collectively, here we demonstrated that higher expression level of MdWRKY87 contributes to age-dependent adventitious rooting-competent in juvenile apple rootstock.

DNA methylation variation is crucial to restore adventitious rooting ability during in vitro shoot culture-induced rejuvenation in apple rootstock.

In vitro shoot culture has been widely used for restoring adventitious rooting ability in rooting recalcitrant woody perennial species for the past few decades, but its molecular mechanism is largely uncovered. DNA methylation is an essential epigenetic mark that participates in many biological processes. Recent reports suggested a role of DNA methylation in vitro culture in plants. In this study, we characterized the single-base resolution DNA methylome and transcriptome of adult and in vitro shoot culture-induced rejuvenation cuttings of apple rootstock M9T337. We found a global decrease in DNA methylation during rejuvenation, which may be correlated with increased expression of DNA demethylase genes and decreased expression of DNA methyltransferase genes. We additionally documented DNA hypomethylation in 'T337'_R in gene protomer associated with higher transcript levels of several adventitious rooting-related genes. The application of a DNA methylation inhibitor (5-azacytidine) enhanced the adventitious rooting ability and the expression level of adventitious rooting-related genes, such as, MdANT, MdMPK3, MdABCB21, MdCDC48, MdKIN8B, pri-MdMIR156a5 and pri-MdMIR156a12. Together, the DNA hypomethylation is critical for the rejuvenation-dependent adventitious rooting ability in apple rootstock. In addition, increased DNA methylation was also found in thousands of genes in 'T337'_R. We additionally documented that DNA hypermethylation is required for inhibition of adventitious rooting-repressed genes, such as MdGAD5a, encoding glutamate decarboxylase, which can catalyze glutamate decarboxylated to form γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Our results revealed that in vitro shoot culture-dependent DNA methylation variation plays important roles in adventitious rooting in apple rootstock.

Diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer in pregnant women.

In recent years, the incidence of gynecological malignant tumors during pregnancy has increased, mainly due to the increased number of old age pregnancy. The most common gynecological malignant tumors in pregnancy are cervical cancer, accounting for 71.6%, followed by ovarian malignant tumors, accounting for 7.0%. The incidence of cervical cancer in pregnancy is itself not very high, and the symptoms are easily confused with other diseases in pregnancy. During pregnancy, gynecological examination is limited, and therefore, the rate of misdiagnosis is higher. The treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy is related to many factors, such as tumor size, pathological type, period of gestation, lymph node involvement, and patients' willingness to maintain pregnancy. As a reason of these factors, it is difficult to determine the optimal treatment. This article reviews the research progress on the diagnosis and treatment principles of cervical cancer in pregnancy, in order to strike a balance between effective treatment of tumors and protection of fetal health, and avoid delays in treatment and preterm delivery.