Development and initial validation of the Engagement in Athletic Training Scale.

The current study presents the development process and initial validation of the Engagement in Athletic Training Scale (EATS), which was designed to evaluate athletes' engagement in athletic training. In study 1, item generation and initial content validity of the EATS were achieved. In study 2, the factor structure of the EATS was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Internal consistency reliabilities of the subscales were examined (N = 460). In study 3, factor structure, discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability, and nomological validity of the EATS were further examined in an independent sample (N = 513). Meanwhile, measurement invariance of the EATS across samples (study 2 and study 3) and genders was evaluated. Overall, results from the 3 rigorous studies provided initial psychometric evidence for the 19-item EATS and suggested that the EATS could be used as a valid and reliable measure to evaluate athletes' engagement in athletic training.

Increased PIT1 and PIT2 Expression in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Diabetic Mice Contributes to Uptake of iAs(V).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the susceptibility of mice with streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (TIDM) to the uptake of pentavalent inorganic arsenic (iAsV) and the possible molecular mechanism. METHODS: TIDM was induced in mice by STZ. TIDM and normal mice were treated with 15.0 mg/kg Na2HAsO4·12H2O by intragastric administration. Then, the concentrations of arsenic in various tissues were measured by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The gene expression levels of Pit1 and Pit2 were quantified by real-time RT-PCR, and their protein levels were detected by Western blotting in mouse heart, kidney, and liver tissues. RESULTS: The concentrations of arsenic in STZ-induced TIDM mouse tissues were higher at 2 h after intragastric administration of Na2HAsO4·12H2O. Compared with the levels in normal mice, PIT1 and PIT2, which play a role in the uptake of iAsV, were upregulated in the livers and hearts of TIDM mice. PIT1 but not PIT2 was higher in TIDM mouse kidneys. The upregulation of Pit1 and Pit2 expression could be reversed by insulin treatment. CONCLUSION: The increased uptake of iAsV in TIDM mouse tissues may be associated with increased PIT1 and/or PIT2 expression.

Effect of different levels of nitrogen on rhizosphere bacterial community structure in intensive monoculture of greenhouse lettuce.

Pyrosequencing-based analyses revealed significant effects among low (N50), medium (N80), and high (N100) fertilization on community composition involving a long-term monoculture of lettuce in a greenhouse in both summer and winter. The non-fertilized control (CK) treatment was characterized by a higher relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi; however, the average abundance of Firmicutes typically increased in summer, and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased in winter in the N-fertilized treatments. Principle component analysis showed that the distribution of the microbial community was separated by a N gradient with N80 and N100 in the same group in the summer samples, while CK and N50 were in the same group in the winter samples, with the other N-level treatments existing independently. Redundancy analysis revealed that available N, NO3(-)-N, and NH4(+)-N, were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of the bacterial community. Correlation analysis showed that nitrogen affected the shifts of microbial communities by strongly driving the shifts of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria in summer samples, and Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria in winter samples. The study demonstrates a novel example of rhizosphere bacterial diversity and the main factors influencing rizosphere microbial community in continuous vegetable cropping within an intensive greenhouse ecosystem.

Genome-wide association study on susceptibility genes associated with yang-deficiency constitution: A small sample case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore susceptibility genes associated with yang-deficiency constitution using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. METHODS: Based on an epidemiological survey, 30 volunteers with yang-deficiency constitution and 30 volunteers with a balanced constitution were included according to the Classification and Determination Standards of Constitutions in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Peripheral blood was collected and DNA was extracted from white blood cells. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted by SNP 6.0 genotyping at the Beijing CapitalBio Corporation Ltd. A minimum association P-value (Fisher's exact value) of less than 10(-4) in the allele, genotype, dominant, and recessive models served as the standard for significant association of SNP with yang-deficiency constitution. RESULTS: Among the four genetic models, a total of 42 SNPs were significantly associated with yang-deficiency constitution (Fisher's exact P-values P<10(-4)). These SNPs were adjacent to more than 20 genes, including RGS6, mGluR5, GAPDHL19, and IKZF1. CONCLUSION: Yang-deficiency constitution exhibits the characteristics of polygenic inheritance. This pilot study suggests that the polymorphisms in RGS6, mGluR5, GAPDHL19, and IKZF1 are associated with changes in cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels, memory, metabolic energy status, and immune function, respectively in people with yang-deficiency constitution.

Caveolin-1, E-cadherin and ß-catenin in Gastric Carcinoma, Precancerous Tissues and Chronic Non-atrophic Gastritis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of caveolin-1, E-cadherin and ß-catenin in gastric carcinoma, precancerous gastric and chronic non-atrophic gastritis tissues, and evaluate the correlation of these expressions with the development of gastric cancer. METHODS: The expressions of caveolin-1, E-cadherin and ß-catenin were detected by biotin-streptavidin- peroxidase (SP) immunohistochemistry on 58 gastric cancer tissues, 40 precancerous gastric tissues and 42 chronic non-atrophic gastritis tissues. The correlation between the expressions of caveolin-1, E-cadherin and ß-catenin, and the clinicopathologic parameters of gastric cancer was analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The positive rates of caveolin-1 and E-cadherin expressions in gastric carcinoma were significantly lower than precancerous gastric and chronic non-atrophic gastritis tissues (P<0.01). An abnormal rate of ß-catenin expression in gastric carcinoma was higher than precancerous gastric and chronic non-atrophic gastritis tissues (P<0.01). Moreover, low expressions of caveolin-1, E-cadherin and ß-catenin correlated with tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (P<0.05). The positive rates of caveolin-1 and E-cadherin expressions decreased (P<0.01), while an abnormal rate of ß-catenin expression increased inversely, with the degree of atypical hyperplasia (P<0.01). Caveolin-1 expression correlated positively with E-cadherin (r=0.41, P<0.05). Caveolin-1 (r=-0.36, P<0.05) and E-cadherin (r=-0.45, P<0.05) expressions negatively correlated with abnormal ß-catenin expression. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that dysregulated expressions of caveolin-1, E-cadherin and ß-catenin correlated with the development of gastric cancer and its biological behavior.

Comparison of long lasting therapeutic effects between succimer and penicillamine on hepatolenticular degeneration.

AIM:To compare the long-term effect of succimer (Suc) with that of penicillamine (Pen) in treating hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD).METHODS:One hundred and twenty patients with HLD were divided into 2 groups. Group A (n =60) received Suc 750mg,po.bid.Group B (n =60) received Pen 250mg, po. qid. The period of maintenance treatment varied from 6 months to 3 years, averaging 1.5 years. Symptoms and therapeutic effects were evaluated by modified Goldstein scale.RESULTS:The total effectiveness of group A in two different periods of treatment were 80% and 85% respectively, higher than those of group B (58% and 59% respectively)(P < 0.05). Suc also had obvious curative effects for the patients who failed in the use of Pen. There were fewer side effect in group A than in group B (P < 0.05). Suc and Pen could increase urinary copper excretion effectively and continually.CONCLUSION:Suc is more effective and safer than Pen. Clinically, it can replace Pen as first-choice drug for long-term maintenance therapy of HLD.