Antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy induces long-term changes in gut microbiota and the behaviors of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder offspring.

The pathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been fully elucidated. Gestational hypertension could double the probability of ADHD in the offspring, while the initial bacterial communication between the mother and offspring has been associated with psychiatric disorders. Thus, we hypothesize that antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy may abate the impairments in neurodevelopment of the offspring. To test this hypothesis, we chose Captopril and Labetalol, to apply to pregnant spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) dams and examined the outcomes in the male offspring. Our data demonstrated that maternal treatment with Captopril and Labetalol had long-lasting changes in gut microbiota and behavioral alterations, including decreased hyperactivity and increased curiosity, spatial learning and memory in the male offspring. Increased diversity and composition were identified, and some ADHD related bacteria were found to have the same change in the gut microbiota of both the dam and offspring after the treatments. LC-MS/MS and immunohistochemistry assays suggested elevated expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of offspring exposed to Captopril/ Labetalol, which may account for the improvement of the offspring's psychiatric functions. Therefore, our results support the beneficial long-term effects of the intervention of gestational hypertension in the prevention of ADHD.

Taurocholic acid ameliorates hypertension through the activation of TGR5 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.

Diets rich in taurine can increase the production of taurine-conjugated bile acids, which are known to exert antihypertensive effects. Despite their benefits to the heart, kidney and arteries, their role in the central nervous system during the antihypertensive process remains unclear. Since hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation, we aimed to investigate the function of bile acids in the PVN. The concentration of bile acids in the PVN of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) fed with normal chow was measured using LC-MS/MS, which identified taurocholic acid (TCA) as the most down-regulated bile acid. To fully understand the mechanism of TCA's functions in the PVN, bi-lateral PVN micro-infusion of TCA was carried out. TCA treatment in the PVN led to a significant reduction in the blood pressure of SHRs, with decreased plasma levels of norepinephrine and improved morphology of cardiomyocytes. It also decreased the number of c-fos+ neurons, reduced the inflammatory response, and suppressed oxidative stress in the PVN of the SHRs. Most importantly, the TGR5 receptors in neurons and microglia were activated. PVN infusion of SBI-115, a TGR5 specific antagonist, was able to counteract with TCA in the blood pressure regulation of SHRs. In conclusion, TCA supplementation in the PVN of SHRs can activate TGR5 in neurons and microglia, reduce the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, suppress activated neurons, and attenuate hypertension.

Combined anterior and posterior approach in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis-associated cervical fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Cervical fractures with ankylosing spondylitis (CAS) are a specific type of spinal fracture with poor stability, low healing rate, and high disability rate. Its treatment is mainly surgical, predominantly through the anterior approach, posterior approach, and the anterior-posterior approach. Although many clinical studies have been conducted on various surgical approaches, controversy still exists concerning the choice of these surgical approaches by surgeons. The authors present here a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis exploring the utility of the anterior-posterior approach versus the anterior approach and the posterior approach. METHODS: After a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Embase databases, 12 clinical studies were included in the final qualitative analysis and 8 in the final quantitative analysis. Of these studies, 11 conducted a comparison between the anterior-posterior approach and the anterior approach and posterior approaches, while one examined only the anterior-posterior approach. Where appropriate, statistical advantage ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: The present meta-analysis of postoperative neurological improvement showed no statistical difference in the overall neurological improvement rate between the anterior-posterior approach and anterior approach (OR 1.70, 95% CI 0.61 to 4.75; p = 0.31). However, the mean change in postoperative neurological function was lower in patients who received the anterior approach than in those who received the anterior-posterior approach (MD 0.17, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.36; p = 0.08). There was an identical trend between the anterior-posterior approach and posterior approach, with no statistically significant difference in the overall rate of neurological improvement (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.70 to 2.56; p = 0.38). Nevertheless, the mean change in neurological function was smaller in patients receiving the anterior-posterior approach compared with the posterior approach, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two (MD 0.17, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.36; p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review and meta-analysis suggest that the benefits of the anterior-posterior approach are different from those of the anterior and posterior approaches in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis-related cervical fractures. In a word, there is no significant difference between the cervical surgical approach and the neurological functional improvement. Therefore, surgeons should pay more attention to the type of cervical fracture, the displacement degree of cervical fracture, the spinal cord injury, the balance of cervical spine and other aspects to comprehensively consider the selection of appropriate surgical methods.

Diosgenin exerts an antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats via gut-brain communication.

Gut microbiota is well-established to regulate host blood pressure. Diosgenin is a natural steroid sapogenin with documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. We aimed to investigate whether the antihypertensive effects of diosgenin are mediated by the microbiota-gut-brain axis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). 15-Week-old male Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and age-matched SHR were randomly distributed into three groups: WKY, SHR treated with a vehicle, and SHR treated with diosgenin (100 mg kg-1). Our results showed that diosgenin prevented elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) and ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy in SHR. Moreover, the gut microbiota composition and intestinal integrity were improved. Furthermore, increased butyrate-producing bacteria and plasma butyrate and decreased plasma lipopolysaccharides were observed in SHR treated with diosgenin. These findings were associated with reduced microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the paraventricular nucleus. Our findings suggest that diosgenin attenuates hypertension by reshaping the gut microbiota and improving the gut-brain axis.

Effect of Melatonin and Calmodulin in an Idiopathic Scoliosis Model.

Background. To explore influence of continuous illumination, luzindole, and Tamoxifen on incidence of scoliosis model of rats. Methods. Thirty-two one-month-old female rats were rendered into bipedal rats. The bipedal rats were divided into 4 groups: group A by intraperitoneal injection of luzindole and continuous illumination; group B by intraperitoneal injection of luzindole only; group C by intraperitoneal injection of luzindole and oral administration of Tamoxifen; and group D by intraperitoneal injection of equivalent saline. Radiographs were taken at 8th week and 16th week, and incidence and the Cobb angles of scoliosis were calculated. At 16th week, all rats were sacrificed. Before the sacrifice, the levels of calmodulin were measured in each group. Results. At 8th week, scoliosis occurred in groups A and B, with an incidence of 75% and 12.5%, respectively, while rats in group C or D had no scoliosis. At 16th week, scoliosis incidences in groups A and B were 57% and 62.5%, respectively. No scoliosis occurred in group C or D. Calmodulin in platelets in group B was significantly different, compared with groups A and D. There was no significant difference in calmodulin in platelets in groups B and C. Conclusion. By intraperitoneal injection of luzindole in bipedal rats, scoliosis rat models could be successfully made. Under light, incidence of scoliosis may be increased at an early period but it is reversible. Tamoxifen can suppress natural process of scoliosis.