[3-D fluorescence properties of river with great flow rate].

In the present study, the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of River A with great flow rate were investigated. The results showed that there existed three unambiguous peaks in the excitation-emission matrix of River A at lambda(ex)/lambda(em) of around 230/340, 280/320 and 250/450 nm respectively. The fluorescence intensity varied significantly and had sharp fluctuation sometimes. But the COD(Mn) of the samples remained quite stable. This study indicated that fluorescence technique could demonstrate the pollution in the water bodies with great flow rate and furthermore make up for the deficiency of the conventional parameters related to organic pollution, i. e. invalidation to exhibit the components of pollutants. It is a good tool for the early-warning of the water quality.

[Fluorescence fingerprint--a novel tool of quality control of chemical reagents].

Product quality control is crucial for industrial production, but there is lack of simple and effective detect methods. In this study, the chromatographically pure N-hexane from different manufacturers and same manufacturers with different batches was detected with fluorescence fingerprint technology. The results showed that the fluorescence fingerprints of all samples were different from each other. The numbers of fluorescence peaks of the fingerprints of the famous international manufacturer was stable and the intensity was low. The chromatographically pure N-hexane made in China generally had more peaks, higher intensities and greater changes as compared to the imported product. This indicated that the domestic products had more impurities with high concentration and the product quality was unstable. The study showed that the fluorescence fingerprint can be used as a novel method for quality control of chemical reagents.

[Fluorescence properties of municipal wastewater with industrial wastewater as major components].

The present paper studied fluorescence fingerprint properties of the municipal wastewater with industrial wastewater as major components. There existed three typical fluorescence peaks in the excitation-emission matrix of the municipal wastewater, locating at about lambda(ex)/lambda(em) of 275/310, 230/340 and 220/310 nm respectively. The wastewater didn't display typical protein-like fluorescence as the municipal wastewater with domestic sewage as major component. The fluorescence intensity of the wastewater was quite high with remarkable difference between workday and weekend. These might relate to the high content of industrial wastewater. The advantages of the fluorescence fingerprint such as easy and fast measurement and rich information about the components of wastewater make it a novel tool in water quality monitoring and early-warning.

[Comparison of three-dimensional fluorescence characteristics of two isomers: phenanthrene and anthrancene].

In recent years, three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometry has been widely used to study the transportation and transformation of the environment pollutants. But little understanding about the relationship between fluorescence characteristics and molecular structure restricts its application. In the present paper, the excitation-emission matrix (EEM) of the typical aromatic pollutants and isomers, phenanthrene and anthracene were studied. The result showed that there existed a peak locating at lambda ex/lambdaem = 225/340 nm in the EEM of both phenanthrene and anthracene. Furthermore, the peaks at 275/360 nm of phenanthrene located quite close to the peak of anthracene at 285/360 nm. However, the difference between the EEM of phenanthrene and anthracene was significant. There existed the third fluorescence peak at 275/340 nm and the most intensive peak at 225/340 nm in the EEM of phenanthrene. The EEM of anthracene was more complicated. The most intensive peaks located at lambda ex,/lambdaem = 250/ 380, 250/400 and 250/425 nm respectiveoy. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of anthracene at 225/340 nm was about 1. 63 times that of phenanthrene when their concentrations were about 0. 058 1 mg L-1. The orbital energy gap of the frontier molecules of phenanthrene and anthracene were 4. 779 and 3. 621 eV respectively according to the density functional theory. Owe to the smaller energy gap and better symmetry of electron cloud, anthracene was easier to be excited under the excitation of longer wavelength with higher fluorescence intensity. The density functional theory is a good tool to estimate the luminous capability of organic matters.

[Fluorescence fingerprint properties of refinery wastewater].

Fluorescence organic matters contain the information about total amount and components of organic substances and could be treated as a novel water quality parameter to make up the ambiguity of COD and BOD about the pollutant composition. Refinery wastewater is a type of nonbiodegradable industrial wastewater containing a large number of toxic pollutants. The investigation on the excitation-emission matrixes of the wastewater from a large-scale refinery plant indicated that the matrix was unique for each sample; the fluorescence was intensive and was derived from the overlaps of fluorescence related to peaks at around lambda(ex)/lambda(em) = 270/300 nm, 220/300 nm and 230/350 nm. The intensity of 270/300 nm was the highest and that of 220/300 nm was the secondly highest. The location and intensities of peaks varied within small ranges. The fluorescence of the refinery wastewater contains information about products and raw materials. Phenol significantly contributed to the fluorescence intensity of 270/300 nm and 220/300 nm, and other compounds with one benzene ring such as dichlorobenzene and benzene contributed to the two peaks too. The fluorescence of 230/350 nm would be closely related to alkane and benzene. The location and intensity of peaks would be used to diagnose if the performance of the manufacturing processes and influent of treatment plant is proper.

[Three-dimensional fluorescence properties of sodium butyl naphthalene sulfonate in aqueous solution].

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy is a new and effective chemical analysis method and is employed in water environment more and more widely. But the utilization is limited by the bottleneck, i. e. shortage of fluorescence data of contaminants in aqueous solution. This paper presents the three-dimensional fluorescence properties of a toxic contaminant, sodium butyl naphthalene sulfonate, in aqueous solution. There existed four peaks at about lambda(ex)/em = 230/340, 280/340, 225/650 and 280/650 nm respectively. The intensity of all the peaks except the peak at 225/650 nm increased as the concentration augmented, while the intensity of peak at 225/650 nm increased as the concentration augmented when the concentration was less than 0.5 mg x L(-1), and decreased as the concentration augmented when the concentration was greater than 0.5 mg x L(-1). The pH would lead to the variation in the fluorescence intensity vary rather than to change the peak location. The fluorescence intensities were stable when pH was in the range of 2-10. The study indicates that it is feasible to measure sodium butyl naphthalene sulfonate directly with the fluorescence intensity at 280/340 nm. The linear range is between 0 and 0.033 3 mg x L(-1). This simple and rapid method could provide reliable results without complex pretreatment.

[3-D fluorescence properties of petrochemical wastewater].

Petrochemical wastewater is one of major types of industrial wastewater in China. It is of huge quantity and causes serious pollution. Wastewater contains lots of fluorescence matters. Its fluorescence spectrum could exhibit organic components and unique for each sample like fingerprint. Thus it is referred to as fluorescence fingerprint of water quality, in brief aqueous fingerprint. This paper presented that there were almost 10 peaks in the aqueous fingerprint of petrochemical wastewater from a large-scale petrochemical plant, including the peak at the excitation/emission wavelengths (lambda(ex)/lambda(em)) of around 230/340 nm. That peak exists in the fluorescence spectra of various petroleum materials. The aqueous fingerprint was divided into 3 zones according to the relationship of fluorescence intensity of peaks: the linear relation between the peaks from different zones was not significant while that between the peaks from same zone was significant with coefficients of above 0.85. The zone around lambda(ex)/lambda(em) = 230/305 nm might relate to benzene compounds and the zone around lambda(ex)/lambda(em) = 220-320/230-440 nm (excluding the zone around lambda(ex)/lambda(em) = 230/305 nm) showed close relation with the raw materials (petroleum materials). The intensity of each peak had a fixed range. That range and relationships between peaks could be the evidences for diagnosing if the performance of the production processes is proper.

[Fluorescence fingerprint transformation of municipal wastewater caused by aerobic treatment].

The conventional parameters such as COD and BOD only could represent information about total organic content. Fluorescence spectrum can display organic composition and it is unique for each sample, so it is referred as "fluorescence fingerprint". In the present study transformation of excitation-emission matrix of municipal wastewater with sewage as major components after aerobic treatment was investigated and then the zones of biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matters were figured out: the fluorescence at excitation wavelength/emission wavelength of about 280/340 nm and 225/240 nm derived from biodegradable organics and those of the zone of excitation wavelength above 300 nm and the zone of excitation wavelength below 300 nm and emission wavelength above 400 nm were mainly related with non-biodegradable organics. The above-mentioned results indicated that fluorescence fingerprint could be used to evaluate the performance and instruct design and operation of aerobic systems.