Enhanced expression of SRPK2 contributes to aggressive progression and metastasis in prostate cancer.

Serine/Arginine-Rich Protein-Specific Kinase-2 (SRSF protein kinase-2, SRPK2) is up-regulated in multiple human tumors. However, the expression, function and clinical significance of SRPK2 in prostate cancer (PCa) has not yet been understood. We therefore aimed to determine the association of SRPK2 with tumor progression and metastasis in PCa patients in our present study. The expression of SRPK2 was detected by some public datasets and validated using a clinical tissue microarray (TMA) by immunohistochemistry. The association of SRPK2 expression with various clinicopathological characteristics of PCa patients was subsequently statistically analyzed based on the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and clinical TMA. The effects of SRPK2 on cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and tumor growth were then respectively investigated using in vitro and in vivo experiments. First, public datasets showed that SRPK2 expression was greater in PCa tissues when compared with non-cancerous tissues. Statistical analysis demonstrated that high expression of SRPK2 was significantly correlated with a higher Gleason Score, advanced pathological stage and the presence of tumor metastasis in the TCGA Dataset (all P < 0.01). Similar correlations between SRPK2 and a higher Gleason Score or advanced pathological stage were also identified in the TMA (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier curve analyses showed that the biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free time of PCa patients with SRPK2 high expression was shorter than for those with SRPK2 low expression (P < 0.05). Second, cell function experiments in PCa cell lines revealed that enhanced SRPK2 expression could promote cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell cycle progression but suppress tumor cell apoptosis in vitro. Xenograft experiments showed that SRPK2 promoted tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that SRPK2 may play an important role in the progression and metastasis of PCa, which suggests that it might be a potential therapeutic target for PCa clinical therapy.

High expression of ASPM correlates with tumor progression and predicts poor outcome in patients with prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: Abnormal spindle microtubule assembly (ASPM) gene was known to be linked with poor clinical prognosis in various tumors. However, the clinical significance of ASPM in prostate cancer (PCa) has not yet been understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of ASPM with tumor progression and prognosis in PCa patients. METHODS: The expression of ASPM at protein level in human PCa and non-cancerous prostate tissue was detected by immunohistochemical analysis, which was further validated by using microarray-based dataset (NCBI GEO: GSE21032 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset) at mRNA level. Subsequently, the association of ASPM expression with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with PCa was then statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry and dataset analyses revealed that ASPM expression was significantly increased in the PCa tissues with high Gleason score. Additionally, as showed by two datasets, ASPM expression was significantly high expressed in the PCa tissues when compared with the non-cancerous tissues, especially in advanced PCa pathological stage. The upregulation of ASPM mRNA expression in the PCa tissues significantly correlated with the presence of tumor metastasis, shorter overall survival and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure. Furthermore, both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the upregulation of ASPM was a potential predictor of poor biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that ASPM may play an important role in the progression of PCa. More importantly, the increased expression of ASPM may potentially predict poor BCR-free survival in patients with PCa.

Remote ischaemic preconditioning reduces myocardial injury in patients undergoing heart valve surgery: randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is cardioprotective in patients undergoing heart valve replacement. DESIGN: Single-blinded, randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Tertiary referral hospital in China. PATIENTS: Adult patients (31-72 years) undergoing mitral valve, aortic valve or tricuspid valve surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomised to either the RIPC (n=38) or control (n=35) group. After induction of anaesthesia, patients in the RIPC group underwent three 5 min cycles of right upper limb ischaemia, induced by an automated cuff-inflator placed on the upper arm and inflated to 200 mm Hg. Each cycle was interrupted by a 5 min period of reperfusion during which time the cuff was deflated. The control group had only a deflated cuff placed on the upper arm for 30 min. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum troponin I concentration was measured before surgery and at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively. The cardiac function of all patients was followed postoperatively. RESULTS: Troponin I concentration was reduced in the RIPC group (398.7±179.3 µg/l) compared with the control group (708.4±242.5 µg/l). Mean difference was 309.7±50.8 (95% CI 210.1 to 409.3, p<0.0001). A greater improvement in postsurgical cardiac function was noted in the RIPC group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that RIPC reduces myocardial injury and improves cardiac function in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01175681.