Transcription factor OsWRKY11 induces rice heading at low concentrations but inhibits rice heading at high concentrations.

The heading date of rice is a crucial agronomic characteristic that influences its adaptability to different regions and its productivity potential. Despite the involvement of WRKY transcription factors in various biological processes related to development, the precise mechanisms through which these transcription factors regulate the heading date in rice have not been well elucidated. The present study identified OsWRKY11 as a WRKY transcription factor which exhibits a pivotal function in the regulation of the heading date in rice through a comprehensive screening of a clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) ‒ CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 mutant library that specifically targets the WRKY genes in rice. The heading date of oswrky11 mutant plants and OsWRKY11-overexpressing plants was delayed compared with that of the wild-type plants under short-day and long-day conditions. Mechanistic investigation revealed that OsWRKY11 exerts dual effects on transcriptional promotion and suppression through direct and indirect DNA binding, respectively. Under normal conditions, OsWRKY11 facilitates flowering by directly inducing the expression of OsMADS14 and OsMADS15. The presence of elevated levels of OsWRKY11 protein promote formation of a ternary protein complex involving OsWRKY11, Heading date 1 (Hd1), and Days to heading date 8 (DTH8), and this complex then suppresses the expression of Ehd1, which leads to a delay in the heading date. Subsequent investigation revealed that a mild drought condition resulted in a modest increase in OsWRKY11 expression, promoting heading. Conversely, under severe drought conditions, a significant upregulation of OsWRKY11 led to the suppression of Ehd1 expression, ultimately causing a delay in heading date. Our findings uncover a previously unacknowledged mechanism through which the transcription factor OsWRKY11 exerts a dual impact on the heading date by directly and indirectly binding to the promoters of target genes.

A multiomics analysis-assisted deep learning model identifies a macrophage-oriented module as a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy involving multiple cellular components. The CRC tumor microenvironment (TME) has been characterized well at single-cell resolution. However, a spatial interaction map of the CRC TME is still elusive. Here, we integrate multiomics analyses and establish a spatial interaction map to improve the prognosis, prediction, and therapeutic development for CRC. We construct a CRC immune module (CCIM) that comprises FOLR2+ macrophages, exhausted CD8+ T cells, tolerant CD8+ T cells, exhausted CD4+ T cells, and regulatory T cells. Multiplex immunohistochemistry is performed to depict the CCIM. Based on this, we utilize advanced deep learning technology to establish a spatial interaction map and predict chemotherapy response. CCIM-Net is constructed, which demonstrates good predictive performance for chemotherapy response in both the training and testing cohorts. Lastly, targeting FOLR2+ macrophage therapeutics is used to disrupt the immunosuppressive CCIM and enhance the chemotherapy response in vivo.

The relationship between hypertriglyceridemic wait-to-height ratio and hypertension-diabetes comorbidity among older adult.

Objective: Limited information is available on the effect of hypertriglyceridemic waist-to-height ratio (HTHWH) and hypertension-diabetes comorbidity (HAD) in older adult people. We aimed to explore the relationship between HTHWH and HAD for the co-management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the older adult. Methods: A cross-sectional study, randomized cluster sampling from 10 community health service centers, and multivariate logistic regression were used in this study. A total of 3,501 participants aged 65 years or older recruited between January 2019 and December 2019 completed the study. Results: Among 3,501 participants, the median age was 69.96 years, and 42.50% were men. A total of 1,207 subjects were in the HTHWH group, and the prevalence rate of HAD was 17.23% in this group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, as compared with the normal group, the risk of HAD in the HTHWH group increased by 2.05 times (OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 2.06-4.51). The risks of hypertension or diabetes mellitus (HOD), hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were also increased in the HTHWH group, with their ORs (95%CIs) being 1.82 (1.44-2.29), 1.73 (1.38-2.17), and 2.28 (1.66-3.13), respectively. Conclusion: HTHWH significantly increases the risk of HAD and can be used as a reliable tool to screen the high-risk population for HAD.

Relationship between Soybean Protein Isolate and Textural Properties of Texturized Vegetable Protein.

To identify the ideal soybean protein isolate for texturized vegetable protein processing, the effect of different soybean protein isolates on texturized vegetable protein composition was studied. Three different types of soybean protein isolates were selected and analyzed for functional properties (water holding capacity (WHC), emulsifying properties, foaming properties), amino acid content, and protein secondary structure. Then, using the same formulation, the soybean protein isolates were extruded to produce texturized vegetable protein, and its textural properties, degree of texturization, microstructure, free sulfhydryl (free SH), and disulfide (S-S) content were determined. Lastly, a correlation analysis was performed to examine the connection between soybean protein isolates and texturized vegetable proteins. After correlation analysis, the soybean protein isolate functional properties that affect the textural properties of the texturized vegetable protein were as follows: the emulsifying property affected the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of the texturized vegetable proteins; and the foaming property affected the gumminess, chewiness, and the degree of texturization of the texturized vegetable proteins. In addition, 16 amino acids including threonine (Thr), methionine (Met), and arginine (Arg) affect texturized vegetable proteins, mainly with respect to adhesiveness, springiness, and free SH. The effects of secondary structure (α-helix, random coil) on texturized vegetable proteins were degree of texturization, resilience, and cohesion, respectively. Therefore, choosing the soybean protein isolate with better emulsifying and foaming properties provides a more suitable approach for processing texturized vegetable protein.

Cholecystokinin neurons in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate the robustness of circadian clock.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) can generate robust circadian behaviors in mammals under different environments, but the underlying neural mechanisms remained unclear. Here, we showed that the activities of cholecystokinin (CCK) neurons in the mouse SCN preceded the onset of behavioral activities under different photoperiods. CCK-neuron-deficient mice displayed shortened free-running periods, failed to compress their activities under a long photoperiod, and developed rapid splitting or became arrhythmic under constant light. Furthermore, unlike vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurons, CCK neurons are not directly light sensitive, but their activation can elicit phase advance and counter light-induced phase delay mediated by VIP neurons. Under long photoperiods, the impact of CCK neurons on SCN dominates over that of VIP neurons. Finally, we found that the slow-responding CCK neurons control the rate of recovery during jet lag. Together, our results demonstrated that SCN CCK neurons are crucial for the robustness and plasticity of the mammalian circadian clock.

Epitaxially grown silicon-based single-atom catalyst for visible-light-driven syngas production.

Improving the dispersion of active sites simultaneous with the efficient harvest of photons is a key priority for photocatalysis. Crystalline silicon is abundant on Earth and has a suitable bandgap. However, silicon-based photocatalysts combined with metal elements has proved challenging due to silicon's rigid crystal structure and high formation energy. Here we report a solid-state chemistry that produces crystalline silicon with well-dispersed Co atoms. Isolated Co sites in silicon are obtained through the in-situ formation of CoSi2 intermediate nanodomains that function as seeds, leading to the production of Co-incorporating silicon nanocrystals at the CoSi2/Si epitaxial interface. As a result, cobalt-on-silicon single-atom catalysts achieve an external quantum efficiency of 10% for CO2-to-syngas conversion, with CO and H2 yields of 4.7 mol g(Co)-1 and 4.4 mol g(Co)-1, respectively. Moreover, the H2/CO ratio is tunable between 0.8 and 2. This photocatalyst also achieves a corresponding turnover number of 2 × 104 for visible-light-driven CO2 reduction over 6 h, which is over ten times higher than previously reported single-atom photocatalysts.

A Review of Plant Selenium-Enriched Proteins/Peptides: Extraction, Detection, Bioavailability, and Effects of Processing.

As an essential trace element in the human body, selenium (Se) has various physiological activities, such as antioxidant and anticancer activity. Selenium-enriched proteins/peptides (SePs/SePPs) are the primary forms of Se in plants and animals, and they are the vital carriers of its physiological activities. On the basis of current research, this review systematically describes the extraction methods (aqueous, alkaline, enzymatic, auxiliary, etc.) and detection methods (HPLC-MS/MS, GC-ICP-MS, etc.) for SePs/SePPs in plants. Their bioavailability and bioactivity, and the effect of processing are also included. Our review provides a comprehensive understanding and theoretical guidance for the utilization of selenium-enriched proteins/peptides.

Nitro-Decorated Microporous Covalent Organic Framework (TpPa-NO2) for Selective Separation of C2H4 from a C2H2/C2H4/CO2 Mixture and CO2 Capture.

A nitro-decorated microporous covalent organic framework, TpPa-NO2, has been synthesized in a gram scale with a one-pot reaction. It can effectively selectively separate C2H4 from a C2H2/C2H4/CO2 mixture and capture CO2 from CO2/N2 based on ideal adsorption solution theory calculations and transient breakthrough experiments. Theoretical calculations illustrated that the hydrogen atoms of imine bonds, carbonyl oxygen, and nitro group show high affinity toward C2H2 and CO2, playing vital roles in efficient separation.

Development and external validation of models to predict acute respiratory distress syndrome related to severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Although a series of prediction models have been developed for early identification of such patients, the majority are complicated or lack validation. A simpler and more credible model is required for clinical practice. AIM: To develop and validate a predictive model for SAP related ARDS. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with AP from four hospitals located at different regions of China were retrospectively grouped into derivation and validation cohorts. Statistically significant variables were identified using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression method. Predictive models with nomograms were further built using multiple logistic regression analysis with these picked predictors. The discriminatory power of new models was compared with some common models. The performance of calibration ability and clinical utility of the predictive models were evaluated. RESULTS: Out of 597 patients with AP, 139 were diagnosed with SAP (80 in derivation cohort and 59 in validation cohort) and 99 with ARDS (62 in derivation cohort and 37 in validation cohort). Four identical variables were identified as independent risk factors for both SAP and ARDS: heart rate [odds ratio (OR) = 1.05; 95%CI: 1.04-1.07; P < 0.001; OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 1.03-1.07, P < 0.001], respiratory rate (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.0-1.17, P = 0.047; OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.02-1.19, P = 0.014), serum calcium concentration (OR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.09-0.73, P = 0.011; OR = 0.17, 95%CI: 0.06-0.48, P = 0.001) and blood urea nitrogen (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.09-1.23, P < 0.001; OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.05-1.19, P < 0.001). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.879 (95%CI: 0.830-0.928) and 0.898 (95%CI: 0.848-0.949) for SAP prediction in derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. This value was 0.892 (95%CI: 0.843-0.941) and 0.833 (95%CI: 0.754-0.912) for ARDS prediction, respectively. The discriminatory power of our models was improved compared with that of other widely used models and the calibration ability and clinical utility of the prediction models performed adequately. CONCLUSION: The present study constructed and validated a simple and accurate predictive model for SAP-related ARDS in patients with AP.

Influence of Selenium Biofortification of Soybeans on Speciation and Transformation during Seed Germination and Sprouts Quality.

Selenium (Se) biofortification during seed germination is important not only to meet nutritional demands but also to prevent Se-deficiency-related diseases by producing Se-enriched foods. In this study, we evaluated effects of Se biofortification of soybeans on the Se concentration, speciation, and species transformation as well as nutrients and bioactive compounds in sprouts during germination. Soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings were cultivated in the dark in an incubator with controlled temperature and water conditions and harvested at different time points after soaking in Se solutions (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg/L). Five Se species and main nutrients in the sprouts were determined. The total Se content increased by 87.3 times, and a large portion of inorganic Se was transformed into organic Se during 24 h of germination, with 89.3% of the total Se was bound to soybean protein. Methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys) and selenomethionine (SeMet) were the dominant Se species, MeSeCys decreased during the germination, but SeMet had opposite trend. Se biofortification increased contents of total polyphenol and isoflavonoid compounds and amino acids (both total and essential), especially in low-concentration Se treatment. In conclusion, Se-enriched soybean sprouts have promising potential for Se supplementation and as functional foods.

Selenium Biofortification of Soybean Sprouts: Effects of Selenium Enrichment on Proteins, Protein Structure, and Functional Properties.

Selenium (Se) biofortification during germination is an efficient method for producing Se-enriched soybean sprouts; however, few studies have investigated Se distribution in different germinated soybean proteins and its effects on protein fractions. Herein, we examined Se distribution and speciation in the dominant proteins 7S and 11S of raw soybean (RS), germinated soybean (GS), and germinated soybean with Se biofortification (GS-Se). The effects of germination and Se treatment on protein structure, functional properties, and antioxidant capacity were also determined. The Se concentration in GS-Se was 79.8-fold higher than that in GS. Selenomethionine and methylselenocysteine were the dominant Se species in GS-Se, accounting for 41.5-80.5 and 19.5-21.2% of the total Se with different concentrations of Se treatment, respectively. Se treatment had no significant effects on amino acids but decreased methionine in 11S. In addition, the α-helix contents decreased as the Se concentration increased; the other structures showed no significant changes. The Se treatment also had no significant effects on the water and oil-holding capacities in protein but increased the foaming capacity and emulsion activity index (EAI) of 7S, but only the EAI of 11S. The Se treatment also significantly increased the antioxidant capacity in 7S but not in 11S. This study indicates that the dominant proteins 7S and 11S have different Se enrichment abilities, and the protein structures, functional properties, and antioxidant capacity of GS can be altered by Se biofortification.

Milling Parameter Optimization of Continuous-Glass-Fiber-Reinforced-Polypropylene Laminate.

The composite-material laminate structure will inevitably encounter connection problems in use. Among them, mechanical connections are widely used in aerospace, automotive and other fields because of their high connection efficiency and reliable connection performance. Milling parameters are important for the opening quality. In this paper, continuous-glass-fiber-reinforced-polypropylene (GFRPP) laminates were chosen to investigate the effects of different cutters and process parameters on the hole quality. The delamination factor and burr area were taken as the index to characterize the opening quality. After determining the optimal milling tool, the process window was obtained according to the appearance of the milling hole. In the selected process parameter, the maximum temperature did not reach the PP melting temperature. The best hole quality was achieved when the spindle speed was 18,000 r/min and the feed speed was 1500 mm/min with the corn milling cutter.

Sodium Butyrate Attenuates Taurocholate-Induced Acute Pancreatitis by Maintaining Colonic Barrier and Regulating Gut Microorganisms in Mice.

Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) damages the intestinal barrier, which aggravates AP. Butyrate exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in AP, but it is unknown if such a protective effect is associated with the regulation of gut microorganisms. We aim to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on pancreatic inflammation, colonic barrier, and gut microorganisms. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into groups of sham operation (Sham), AP, 200 mg/kg SB intervention (SB-200), and 500 mg/kg SB intervention group (SB-500). Samples were harvested 24 h after the model was established. The gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Pancreatic infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and M2-type macrophages was significantly reduced in the SB-500 intervention group. Supplementation of SB-500 improved colon mucosal histology and the expression of ZO-1 and occluding. The relative abundance of Alloprevotella and Muribaculaceae was increased and that of Akkermansia was decreased in the SB-500 group compared with the AP group. Ruminococcaceae was the most significantly increased species and Prevotellaceae was the most significantly decreased species in the SB-500 group compared with the AP group. Conclusion: High dose of SB inhibits pancreatic inflammation probably by maintaining the intestinal barrier and regulating gut microbiota in mice with AP.

High Water Adsorption MOFs with Optimized Pore-Nanospaces for Autonomous Indoor Humidity Control and Pollutants Removal.

The indoor air quality is of prime importance for human daily life and health, for which the adsorbents like zeolites and silica-gels are widely used for air dehumidification and harmful gases capture. Herein, we develop a pore-nanospace post-engineering strategy to optimize the hydrophilicity, water-uptake capacity and air-purifying ability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with long-term stability, offering an ideal candidate with autonomous multi-functionality of moisture control and pollutants sequestration. Through variant tuning of organic-linkers carrying hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in the pore-nanospaces of prototypical UiO-67, a moderately hydrophilic MOF (UiO-67-4Me-NH2 -38 %) with high thermal, hydrolytic and acid-base stability is screened out, featuring S-shaped water sorption isotherms exactly located in the recommended comfortable and healthy ranges of relative humidity for indoor ventilation (45 %-65 % RH) and adverse health effects minimization (40-60 % RH). Its exceptional attributes of water-uptake working capacity/efficiency, contaminants removal, recyclability and regeneration promise a great potential in confined indoor environment application.

Enhancing Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production via the Construction of Robust Multivariate Ti-MOF/COF Composites.

Titanium metal-organic frameworks (Ti-MOFs), as an appealing type of artificial photocatalyst, have shown great potential in the field of solar energy conversion due to their well-studied photoredox activity (similar to TiO2 ) and good optical responsiveness of linkers, which serve as the antenna to absorb visible-light. Although much effort has been dedicated to developing Ti-MOFs with high photocatalytic activity, their solar energy conversion performances are still poor. Herein, we have implemented a covalent-integration strategy to construct a series of multivariate Ti-MOF/COF hybrid materials PdTCPP⊂PCN-415(NH2 )/TpPa (composites 1, 2, and 3), featuring excellent visible-light utilization, a suitable band gap, and high surface area for photocatalytic H2 production. Notably, the resulting composites demonstrated remarkably enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic H2 evolution performance, especially for the composite 2 with a maximum H2 evolution rate of 13.98 mmol g-1 h-1 (turnover frequency (TOF)=227 h-1 ), which is much higher than that of PdTCPP⊂PCN-415(NH2 ) (0.21 mmol g-1 h-1 ) and TpPa (6.51 mmol g-1 h-1 ). Our work thereby suggests a new approach to highly efficient photocatalysts for H2 evolution and beyond.

Flexible Microporous Copper(II) Metal-Organic Framework toward the Storage and Separation of C1-C3 Hydrocarbons in Natural Gas.

A flexible and robust microporous copper(II) metal-organic framework (MOF) based on a methyl-functionalized ligand, namely, [Cu3(µ3-OH)2(L)2(DMF)] (LIFM-ZZ-1; L = 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), was constructed. Its sorption performance for the separation of CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 was investigated. LIFM-ZZ-1 showed a breathing behavior that led to a transition between large- and narrow-pore states. The sample also showed outstanding water stability. Gas adsorption experiments revealed that desolvated LIFM-ZZ-1 exhibited higher adsorption capacities for C2H6 and C3H8 (2.80 and 4.06 mmol·g-1) than for CH4 (0.39 mmol·g-1) at 298 K and 1 bar. Breakthrough experiments showed that a CH4/C2H6/C3H8 mixture was completely separated at 298 K, demonstrating the promising potential applications of this material for separating low contents of C2/C3 hydrocarbons from natural gas.

Clinical characteristics and outcome of tumor-associated acute pancreatitis: a single-center cohort study.

BACKGROUND: What features should alert clinicians to suspect underlying tumors in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) was largely unknown. This study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with tumor-associated AP. METHODS: Patients who presented with AP and were diagnosed with tumor after admission were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and followed up by hospital notes, telephone, WeChat and/or e-mail. The clinical characteristics and outcome were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression and were compared with AP patients without tumor. RESULTS: Out of a cohort of 1,792 AP patients we identified 103 who had a neoplastic etiology. The 103 patients had a median age of 57 (range, 13-81) and 65 were males. AP was mild in 92 patients, moderately severe in 7 and severe in 4. The three most common tumors included pancreatic cancer (PC) (40), periampullary carcinoma (PAC) (25), and neoplastic pancreatic cysts (NPC) (22). The following ranked features were predictive of a tumor etiology: dilation of main pancreatic duct (MPD) (OR 417.83, 95% CI: 80.40-2,171.42), vascular invasion (OR 82.04, 95% CI: 6.05-1,113.14), mild AP (8.29, 95% CI: 1.98-34.73), and anemia (OR 5.73, 95% CI: 2.02-16.26). The median survival period of AP patients with PC, PAC, and NPC was 10.0 (7.0-23.5), 21.0 (5.0-37.0), and 35.0 (30.0-96.0) months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Mild AP patients with dilation of MPD, vascular invasion, and anemia were more frequently suggested a tumor etiology. Thus, clinical vigilance is needed for timely detection of tumor-associated pancreatitis with these characteristics.

Shotgun metagenomics reveals significant gut microbiome features in different grades of acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis (AP) has a broad spectrum of severity and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota may be associated with AP severity. AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the composition and functional effects of gut microbiota in different grades of AP severity. METHODS: We carried out shotgun metagenomic sequencing on rectal swab samples from three patients with mild acute pancreatitis (MAP), three with moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP), three with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and three normal control persons (NOR). Differences analysis in gut microbiota composition and functional enrichment was performed. RESULTS: Gut microbiota in AP patients was characterized by decreased species richness. The most representative gut microbiota in mild acute pancreatitis (MAP), moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP), and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) was Streptococcus, Escherichia-coli, and Enterococcus, respectively. Each of the three AP-associated genera could differentiate AP from healthy control population. Representative pathways associated with the glutathione metabolism, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) were enriched in MAP, MSAP, and SAP, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows a potential association of gut microbiome composition and function to the progression of AP severity.

Identification of Dysfunctional Gut Microbiota Through Rectal Swab in Patients with Different Severity of Acute Pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis (AP) has a wide spectrum of severity and can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Whether gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with AP severity remains obscure. AIMS: We aim to investigate the differences in the alterations of gut microbiota in different grades of AP severity. METHODS: We collected clinical information and rectal swab samples from 80 individuals. The gut microbiota was tested by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, gut microbiota species composition analysis, difference analysis, random forest model prediction analysis, and gut microbiota species correlation network analysis. RESULTS: There was a different microbiota profile in different severity grades. Bacteroides, Escherichis-Shigella, and Enterococcus were dominant species in mild, moderately severe, and severe AP, respectively. Finegoldia was the most significantly increased and Blautia the most decreased species in mild AP. Anaerococcus was the most significantly increased and Eubacterium hallii the most decreased species in moderately severe AP. Enterococcus was the most significantly increased and Eubacterium hallii the most decreased species in severe AP. Finegoldia, Eubacterium_hallii, and Lachnospiraceae were potential diagnostic biomarkers for mild AP and Eubacterium_hallii and Anaerococcus for moderately severe AP. There was a positive interaction between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in mild AP. CONCLUSIONS: The disturbed gut microbiota is different among grades of AP, suggesting their potential role in the progression of disease severity. There was a different microbiota profile in different severity grades. Bacteroides, Escherichis-Shigella, and Enterococcus were dominant gut microbiota species in MAP, MSAP, and SAP, respectively. Finegoldia was the most significantly increased and Blautia the most decreased gut microbiota species in MAP. Anaerococcus was the most significantly increased and Eubacterium hallii the most decreased species in MSAP. Enterococcus was the most significantly increased and Eubacterium hallii the most decreased species in SAP. Finegoldia, Eubacterium_hallii, and Lachnospiraceae were potential diagnostic biomarkers for MAP and Eubacterium_hallii and Anaerococcus for MSAP. There was a positive interaction between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in MAP.

Catalysis through Dynamic Spacer Installation of Multivariate Functionalities in Metal-Organic Frameworks.

We demonstrate herein a facile strategy to engineer versatile catalytically active coordination interspace in the same primitive metal-organic framework (MOF) for variable heterogeneous catalysis. Different functional ligands can be reversibly inserted into and removed from proto-LIFM-28 individually or successively to bring in single or binary catalytic sites for specific reactions and switch the parent MOF to multipurpose catalysts. Alcohol-oxidation, Knoevenagel-condensation, click, acetal, and Baylis-Hillman reactions are achievable through simple exchange of a single catalytic spacer, while sequential or stepwise reactions are designable via selective combination of two catalytic spacers with different functionalities, thus making proto-LIFM-28 a multivariate MOF for multiuse and economic catalysis.