Primary pulmonary meningioma and minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules: Rare pulmonary nodular lesions requiring more awareness in clinical practice.

In this editorial, we comment on an article by Ruan et al published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Case. Pulmonary meningothelial proliferative lesions, including primary pulmonary meningiomas, minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules, and metastatic pulmonary meningiomas are rare pulmonary lesions. These lesions are difficult to differentiate from lung cancers based on clinical and imaging manifestations. Herein, we briefly introduce the clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics of these lesions and discuss their pathogenesis to strengthen the current understanding of pulmonary meningothelial proliferative lesions in clinical diagnosis and therapy.

Primary adenomatoid tumor of the adrenal gland: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Adenomatoid tumors are rare benign tumors, mainly involving the reproductive tract, such as the epididymis in men and the uterus and fallopian tubes in women. However, a few cases can occur outside the reproductive tract. Herein, we report a rare case of a primary adenomatoid tumor of the adrenal gland. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 50-year-old man underwent ultrasound examination and was found to have a right adrenal mass without elevated blood pressure, weakness after fatigue, frequent nocturnal urination urgency, pain, or a history of hematuria. The patient's general health was normal. Computed tomography revealed a polycystic mixed-density lesion in the right adrenal region, approximately 7.3 × 4.5 cm in size. DIAGNOSES: Based on the clinical information, morphological features, and immunohistochemistry results, a pathological diagnosis of primary adenomatoid tumor of the adrenal gland was made. INTERVENTION: Excision of the right adrenal gland and tumor through the 11 ribs. OUTCOMES: The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. LESSONS: Preventing misdiagnosis adenomatoid tumors with other types of adrenal gland tumors or metastatic tumors is imperative. Morphological and immunohistochemical features can help diagnose primary adenomatoid tumors of the adrenal gland.

C21 steroids from the roots of Marsdenia tenacissima.

A phytochemical investigation of the dichloromethane soluble fraction of the ethanolic extract obtained from the roots of Marsdenia tenacissima led to the discovery of the sixteen undescribed pregnane C21 steroids (1-16) and isolation of eleven known C21 steroidal analogues (17-27). Their chemical structures were elucidated by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and, high resolution-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and their absolute configurations were determined using electronic circular dichroism or single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The in vitro anti-proliferative effects of 1-16 were evaluated against HepG2 (human hepatocellular cancer), A549 (lung cancer), and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines. Even though some of them showed moderate cytotoxic activities, marsectohexol derivative 12 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against A549 cells with an IC50 value of 5.2 µM.

Atypical thymic carcinoid tumor with ectopic ACTH syndrome in a 33-year-old male patient: A rare case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Atypical thymic carcinoid tumor is an exceedingly rare thymic neuroendocrine tumor derived from the cells of neuroendocrine system. Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis may result in disease progression to advanced stages and eventually leads to a poor prognosis. It is therefore necessary to make a correct diagnosis and provide an adequate treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 33-year-old Chinese male presented with numbness in bilateral lower extremities and general fatigue for a month. Chest computed tomography revealed a superior anterior mediastinal mass. Thymoma was initially considered, given the location of the mass and radiographic presentation. DIAGNOSIS: Microscopic findings showed that the tumor cells are arranged in pseudoepitheliomatous growth or irregular nested growth pattern in a background of fibroconnective tissue, with focal infiltration into adipose tissue. The chrysanthemum-like structure or beam-like structure seen often in typical carcinoid tumor was not identified in this case. The tumor cells are spindled or oval, with focal active mitosis. The immunohistochemical staining showed strong positivity for CD56, CgA and Syn, positivity for CK, ACTH, and TTF-1, negativity for Vimentin, and ki67 labeled proliferation index was up to 10% in focal areas. According to the radiological and pathological findings, the diagnosis of atypical thymic carcinoid was made. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent surgical resection of the mass. OUTCOME: No recurrence or metastasis was identified during the follow up. LESSONS: Because of its low incidencen, onspecific clinical symptoms, tissue location, and radiological findings, atypical thymic carcinoid tumor may sometimes be misdiagnosed as thymoma. Attention should be paid to avoid misdiagnosis.

Isolation and identification of 3,4-seco-labdane diterpenoids from Callicarpa nudiflora and investigation of their cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells.

Twenty-one previously undescribed compounds, including nineteen 3,4-seco-labdanes (nudiflopenes P-W, Y, AI-JI), one 3,4-seco-pimarane (nudiflopene X), and one labdane (nudiflopene Z), along with nine known compounds (one 3,4-seco-pimarane and eight 3,4-seco-labdanes) were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. Et Arn. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, configurations of the isolated compounds were determined by electronic circular dichroism, DP4+ probability analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. All undescribed compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells in vitro, among which compound 12 exhibited a moderate activity with an IC50 value of 27.8 µM.

Incontinentia Pigmenti: A Case Report of Early Clinical Symptoms in a Lack of Family Inheritance Positive Result.

Background: Incontinentia pigmenti (IP), also known as Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome, is an X-linked dominant genetic disease involving multiple systems. Previous literature has not reported the case of parents with negative genetic test results, and typical early clinical symptoms and auxiliary inspection results were also lacking. Case Report: A female child was found to have broken skin immediately after birth with no family inheritance disease, and the area of the broken skin increased. Immediately afterward, Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple blood lesions in the brain. Then, the wide-angle digital retinal imaging system suggesting that fundus fluorescein angiography showed fundus vascular loop-like changes. And blood genetic testing showed that exons 4-10 of the NEMO gene located in Xq28 were deleted. The patient was eventually diagnosed with IP. However, her parents were a non-consanguineous healthy couple, with no specific skin, oral, or perineal diseases. And her parents' blood genetic testing showed that the parents and sisters of the patient did not have the NEMO gene exon deletion of Xq28. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the process from suspected neonatal IP cases without familial inheritance to diagnosis, which showed the typical early clinical symptoms and auxiliary inspection results. This case showed that the parents of patients with IP do not necessarily have clinical symptoms and positive symptoms of genetic testing results.

The Accurate Interpretation and Clinical Significance of Morphological Features of Fine Needle Aspiration Cells in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the thyroid gland; fine needle aspiration cytology is the most basic and reliable diagnostic method before PTC operation. However, it is not clear which cell morphological changes can be used as a reliable standard for the diagnosis of PTC. A retrospective analysis was performed on 337 patients with PTC confirmed by postoperative histology. An additional 197 randomly selected patients with benign thyroid lesions were included in the study and used as a control group. True papillary arrangements, swirl arrangements, and escape arrangements had high specificity, all of which were 100%, but only swirl arrangements had ideal sensitivity (77.61%). The nuclear volume characteristics had a high sensitivity of more than 90%, but the specificities of both nuclear crowding and nuclear overlap were too low, only 16.34% and 23.35%. The sensitivities of five nuclear structural characteristics were more than 90%, but only the specificity of intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions (INCIs) reached 100%, nuclear contour irregularity and pale nuclei with powdery chromatin also had ideal interpretation value except for grooves and marginally placed micronucleoli. Although the sensitivity of psammoma bodies (PBs) was low, the specificity was 100%. In terms of preparation methods, the method of liquid-based preparation (LBP) is obviously better than that of conventional smears. The diagnostic efficiency by the combined detection method of parallel tests showed that without reducing the specificity, the sensitivity increased with the increase of the number of morphological characteristics and finally reached 98.81%. The INCIs and swirl arrangements are the most common and important indicators for the diagnosis of PTC, whereas papillary-like arrangements, the crowding and overlap of nuclear, grooves, marginally placed micronucleoli, and multinucleated giant cells are of little significance for the diagnosis of PTC.

Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Caryopteris aureoglandulosa and Their Biological Activities.

This study describes the isolation and identification of two novel phenylethanoid glycosides, aureoglanduloside A (1) and aureoglanduloside B (2), as well as a newly discovered diterpene glycoside, aureoglanduloside C (29). Additionally, 31 known compounds were isolated from the n-butyl alcohol (BuOH) soluble fraction of Caryopteris aureoglandulosa whole dried plants. Their structures were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS). Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of all phenylethanoid glycosides were evaluated. Specifically, compounds 2 and 10-12 exhibited the ability to promote the phagocytosis of myelin by microglia, and compounds 2, 10-11, and 24 showed the ability to promote the phagocytosis of myelin by astrocytes.

Vitamin D Activates miR-126a-5p to Target GSK-3ß and Alleviates Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in MRL/LPR Mice.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex, and the disease is thus difficult to cure. In this regard, it has been established that SLE patients are characterized by differing levels of vitamin D-hydroxylation; however, the direct effects of vitamin D (VitD) in these patients remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of action of VitD in the context of SLE. METHODS: The effects of VitD on MRL/LPR mice were studied by synthesizing glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß)-interfering lentiviruses and transfecting with miR-126a-5p mimics. Changes in the body weight of mice were recorded for 6 weeks. Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of T-bet, GATA3, and GSK-3ß protein expression, and qRT-PCR was performed to determine the levels of miR-126a-5p and GSK-3ß mRNA expression. ELISA was performed to determine the levels of ANA, dsDNA, and snRNP/Sm in mice serum. RESULTS: GSK-3ß and miR-126a-5p were expressed at high and low levels, respectively, in MRL/LPR mice. VitD (30 ng/kg) was found to reduce the expression of GSK-3ß and increase miR-126a-5p expression, which targets GSK-3ß. T-bet and GATA3 were found to be positively regulated by miR-126a-5p and VitD and negatively regulated by GSK-3ß. The body weight of mice was not altered by VitD. ANA, dsDNA, and snRNP/Sm were positively regulated by miR- 126a-5p and VitD and negatively regulated by GSK-3ß. The effects of GSK-3ß were enhanced in response to the inhibition of miR-126a-5p expression. CONCLUSION: VitD upregulated miR-126a-5p to target GSK-3ß expression, thereby alleviating the SLE in MRL/LPR mice.

Primary acinic cell carcinoma of the trachea: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Salivary gland-type acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is a low-grade malignancy. Primary ACC of the trachea and lungs is rare; here, we describe 1 such case. The histological morphology of tracheal ACC was similar to that of its salivary gland-associated equivalent. Because of its rarity, it is easily misdiagnosed as another type of tracheal or lung tumor. Microscopic analysis of pathological features and immunohistochemistry help diagnose primary ACC of the trachea and lungs. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 33-year-old female complained of shortness of breath and hemoptysis for 2 years, and reported the symptoms to have aggravated over the last 4 months. The patient was admitted to our hospital for further treatment. Enhanced computed tomography revealed a soft tissue density nodule shadow in the trachea, which was approximately 1.3 × 1.2 cm in size. DIAGNOSES: Based on the clinical information, morphological features, and immunohistochemistry, the pathological diagnosis was primary ACC of the trachea. INTERVENTION: The tracheal lesion was resected with an electric snare, electrotomy, freezing, and an argon knife using a rigid bronchoscope. OUTCOMES: The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. LESSONS: It is important to prevent misdiagnosis of this type of tumor as another type of lung tumor. Morphological and immunohistochemical features can be useful in diagnosing primary ACC of the trachea and lungs.

Endometrioid adenofibroma of ovary: A case report and review of literature.

RATIONALE: Endometrioid adenofibroma is a benign epithelial neoplasm of the ovary, most of which are often unilateral. The symptoms of endometrioid adenofibroma are often nonspecific and misleading. Therefore, a full understanding of the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment methods of this disease is of great importance. In this study, we report a 34-year-old woman who was found with an unidentified mass on the right ovary during the physical examination 3 years ago with nosymptoms or signs. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 34-year-old Chinese female was found with an unidentified 6 cm mass on the right ovary for 3 years that presented with no symptoms or signs. DIAGNOSIS: Pelvic ultrasound revealed a 6 cm cystic solid mixed mass on the right ovary. Through histological and immunohistochemical examinations, the tumor mass was finally diagnosed as endometrioid adenofibroma of ovary. INTERVENTIONS: To confirm the diagnosis, the ovarian tumor was laparoscopically resected. OUTCOMES: The patient returned to hospital after 3 months with no recurrence or postoperative complications. LESSONS: Endometrioid adenofibroma is a benign epithelial neoplasm of the ovary. Complete surgical resection is required and rare cases can recur. Postsurgical pathologic and immunohistochemical testing can confirm a diagnosis of endometrioid adenofibroma. It is important to understand of the key points of differential diagnosis of the disease due to the different prognosis and clinical treatment.

Thymic lipofibroadenomas: Three case reports.

BACKGROUND: Thymic lipofibroadenomas are extremely rare. In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of thymic lipofibroadenomas. CASE SUMMARY: This study included three patients with thymic lipofibroadenomas. We retrospectively analyzed the patient data to determine the clinicopathological characteristics of thymic lipofibroadenomas. The study included one man and two women [mean age, 43 (33-59) years]. All patients were non-smokers and presented with well-defined anterior mediastinal tumors. The cut surfaces of the tumors were solid, with a mixture of yellow and white areas. Microscopic evaluation of resected specimens showed scattered cord-like structures of epithelial cells embedded within abundant fibrotic and hyaline stroma admixed with variable quantities of adipose tissue. One patient showed hyperplastic thymic tissue in a part of the tumor. CONCLUSION: Thymic lipofibroadenomas are an extremely rare type of benign thymic tumor. Surgical removal of lipofibroadenomas is usually curative.

New compounds from Patrinia villosa Juss. and their anti-inflammatory activities.

Five new iridoids, patriscabioins M-Q and a new monoterpene, eldanolide acid, together with three known iridoids, were isolated from the 95% aqueous EtOH extract whole plants of Patrinia villosa Juss. The structures were established by a variety of spectroscopic analysis, such as IR, 1 D and 2 D NMR spectra, MS, ECD and X-ray diffraction data. Bioactivity screening revealed the inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production of them in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells with Aminoguanidine Hydrochloride as the positive control. Among them, patriscabioin M (1), patriscabioin N (2), patriscabioin P (4), patriscabioin Q (5), 8,9-didehydro-7-hydroxydolichodia (7) were found to markedly reduce LPS-induced NO production in murine macrophage cells with IC50 values of 18.14, 18.93, 22.00, 13.64, 26.48 µM, respectively.

Bioinformatics analysis of SOXF family genes reveals potential regulatory mechanism and diagnostic value in cancers.

Background: SOXF family genes (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) have been reported to involved in tumorigenesis and development in previous articles, separately. But data sources, analysis contents and criteria are not same. Here, we focused on SOXF genes to analyze the regulatory mechanisms and diagnostic value at the same standards. Methods: This study analyzed functions, expressions, methylations, and mutations of SOXF genes through public databases including Metascape, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), cBioPortal, Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER), and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. TIMER applies a deconvolution method to infer the abundance of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) from gene expression profiles. Metascape combines several biological functions and over 40 independent knowledge bases within one integrated portal. GEPIA analyses RNA sequencing expression data from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) projects. The cBioPortal visualizes and analyses genetic data from cancer studies. Results: This study found that SOXF genes had low expressions in multiple types of cancer, such as lung cancer and breast cancer (ANOVA differential methods, |log2FC| cutoff: 1, q value cutoff: 0.01). The lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with high expression of SOX7 [HR =0.72 (0.61-0.85), logrank P=8.1e-05) and SOX17 [HR =0.54 (0.45-0.64), logrank P=1.7e-12] had a higher overall survival (OS) rate. Expression of SOX7 was significantly related to the copy number variation (CNV) (P=3.02e-8) and promoter methylation level (P=5.33e-14), while SOX17 was only related to the promoter methylation level (P=3.32e-12). The expression of SOXF genes was positively correlated with CD4+ T cell infiltration (SOX7: P=8.32e-07, SOX17: P=4.93e-06, SOX18: P=1.61e-11). The AUC for cg07660671 site of SOX7, cg15377283 site of SOX17, and cg24199599 site of SOX18 in distinguishing between normal and tumor in LUAD, intestinal cancer, and breast cancer reached 0.9. SOXF genes were mainly involved in transcriptional regulation, and the Wnt signaling pathway and low expression of SOXF genes in tumor tissue had a strong negative correlation with tumor hypoxia (correlation: -0.35, P≤0.001). Conclusions: This study implied that the expression of SOX7 and SOX17 are potential prognosis markers for patients with Lung cancer and the SOXF genes methylation is potential biomarkers for pan-cancer screening. The SOX7 and SOX17 might modulate the Wnt signaling pathway and the expression of SOXF family genes was significantly negatively correlated with tumor hypoxia.

Primary salivary gland-type polymorphous adenocarcinoma in the lung: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma is a low-risk infiltrative malignant tumor of the salivary glands. However, some of these tumors are more malignant than the low-grade tumors and therefore, according to the most recent recommendation of the World Health Organization, they are renamed as polymorphous adenocarcinomas (PACs). Primary polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas/PACs of the lungs are rare. Herein, we report a case of primary PAC of the lung with bronchial cartilage and perineural invasion, and lymph node metastasis. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 58-year-old man had developed fever half a month prior, without chills or other accompanying symptoms, and the underlying reasons were unknown. His self-measured temperature was up to 39°C, accompanied by cough and expectoration, yellow and thin sputum, and shortness of breath. The patient's general state was normal, and respiratory sounds originating from the right lung were weak. Enhancement computed tomography revealed that the bronchial lumen of the basal segment of the lower lobe of the right lung was narrow; soft tissue density nodules were seen, with a range of approximately 2.4 cm × 1.3 cm. DIAGNOSIS: Based on clinical information, morphological features, and immunohistochemistry results, the pathological diagnosis was primary PAC of the lungs. INTERVENTION: Thoracoscopic resection of the middle and lower lobes of the right lung was performed, further extended dissection of the mediastinal lymph nodes was performed. OUTCOMES: The postoperative course was uneventful. LESSONS: Primary PAC of the lung is rare and may cause misdiagnosis. When encountering a lung tumor with diverse tissue structures, uniform cell type and nerve invasion, we should consider the possibility of PAC. Morphological and immunohistochemical features can be useful for diagnosing primary PAC of the lungs.

Human papillomavirus16 E6 but not E7 upregulates GLUT1 expression in lung cancer cells by upregulating thioredoxin expression.

Background and objective: E6 and E7 proteins in human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 are major oncogenes in several types of tumors, including lung cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that both E6 and E7 oncoproteins can upregulate GLUT1 protein and mRNA expression levels in lung cancer cells. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the main differences in the molecular mechanisms of GLUT1 expression regulated by E6 and E7. Methods: The double directional genetic manipulation and immunofluorescence were performed to explore the molecular mechanism of E6 or E7 upregulating the expression of GLUT1 in H1299 and A549 cell lines. Results: The overexpression of E6 in well-established lung cancer cell lines upregulated thioredoxin (Trx) protein expression. Notably, plasmid transfection or small interfering RNA transfection with E7 had no regulatory effect on Trx expression. As an important disulfide reductase of the intracellular antioxidant system, Trx plays important role in maintaining oxidative stress balance and protecting cells from oxidative damage. The overexpression of Trx increased the activation of NF-κB by upregulating p65 expression and promoting p65 nuclear translocation, and further upregulated GLUT1 protein and mRNA expression levels. The results of the present study demonstrated that E6, but not E7, upregulated GLUT1 expression in lung cancer cells by activating NF-κB due to the participation of Trx. Conclusion: These results suggest that Trx plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HPV-associated lung cancer, and propose a novel therapeutic target for HPV-associated lung cancer.

Kaempferia galanga L.: Progresses in Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Ethnomedicinal Uses.

K. galanga is an aromatic medicinal herb. It is locally to India and distributed in China, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. K. galanga is a Traditional Chinese Herb Medicine (TCHM), which has been applied to treat cold, dry cough, toothaches, rheumatism, hypertension and so on. In addition, it has been used widely as spices since its highly aromas. The aim of this review is to compile and update the current progresses of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of K. galanga. All the data on K. galanga were based on different classical literary works, multiple electronic databases including SciFinder, Web of Science, PubMed, etc. The results showed that ninety-seven compounds have been identified from rhizome of K. galanga, including terpenoids, phenolics, cyclic dipeptides, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, fatty acids and esters. Modern pharmacology studies revealed that extracts or secondary metabolites of the herb possessed anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumorous, anti-bacterial, and anti-angiogenesis effects, which were closely related to its abundant ethnomedicinal uses. In conclusion, although previous research works have provided various information of K. galanga, more in-depth studies are still necessary to systemically evaluate phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity and quality control of this herb.

FAM83A Promotes the Proliferative and Invasive Abilities of Cervical Cancer Cells via Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and the Wnt Signaling Pathway.

The family with sequence similarity 83, member A (FAM83A) gene is associated with the occurrence and development of many malignant tumors. Our aim was to explore the role of FAM83A in cervical cancer. FAM83A was overexpressed or knocked down in cervical cancer cells, and the expressions of FAM83A, key proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and Wnt signaling pathway-related proteins were detected by western blot analysis. Cell proliferative and invasive abilities were also examined using cell proliferation, colony formation, and Matrigel invasion assays. Cells were treated with the Wnt pathway inhibitor XAV-939 to determine whether Wnt signaling was necessary for the effect of FAM83A on cervical cancer cells. FAM83A was highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and was associated with differentiation, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer. Knockdown of FAM83A inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, and invasion of cervical cancer cells. The opposite results were observed in FAM83A-overexpressing cells, and FAM83A overexpression also promoted EMT and Wnt signaling. XAV-939 reversed the activation of Wnt signaling and EMT induced by FAM83A. In conclusion, FAM83A expression was increased in cervical cancers and correlated with poor prognosis of patients. FAM83A overexpression can activate the Wnt signaling pathway, facilitate EMT, and promote the proliferative and invasive abilities of cervical cancer cells.