NEDD4L mediates ITGB4 ubiquitination and degradation to suppress esophageal carcinoma progression.

The ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation exerts a vital role in the progression of multiple tumors. NEDD4L, which belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 family, is related to tumor genesis, metastasis and drug resistance. However, the anti-tumor role of NEDD4L in esophageal carcinoma, and the potential specific recognition substrate remain unclear. Based on public esophageal carcinoma database and clinical sample data, it was discovered in this study that the expression of NEDD4L in esophageal carcinoma was apparently lower than that in atypical hyperplastic esophageal tissue and esophageal squamous epithelium. Besides, patients with high expression of NEDD4L in esophageal carcinoma tissue had longer progression-free survival than those with low expression. Experiments in vivo and in vitro also verified that NEDD4L suppressed the growth and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma. Based on co-immunoprecipitation and proteome analysis, the NEDD4L ubiquitination-degraded protein ITGB4 was obtained. In terms of the mechanism, the HECT domain of NEDD4L specifically bound to the Galx-ß domain of ITGB4, which modified the K915 site of ITGB4 in an ubiquitination manner, and promoted the ubiquitination degradation of ITGB4, thus suppressing the malignant phenotype of esophageal carcinoma.

Multi-omics and multi-stages integration identified a novel variant associated with silicosis risk.

Assessing the association between candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by multi-omics approaches and susceptibility to silicosis. RNA-seq analysis was performed to screen the differentially expressed mRNAs in the fibrotic lung tissues of mice exposed to silica particles. Following this, we integrated the SNPs located in the above human homologenes with the silicosis-related genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to select the candidate SNPs. Then, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL)-SNPs were identified by the GTEx database. Next, we validated the associations between the functional eQTL-SNPs and silicosis susceptibility by additional case-control study. And the contribution of the identified SNP and its host gene in the fibrosis process was further validated by functional experiments. A total of 12 eQTL-SNPs were identified in the screening stage. The results of the validation stage suggested that the variant T allele of rs419540 located in IL12RB1 significantly increased the risk of developing silicosis [additive model: odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.85, P = 0.017]. Furthermore, the combination of GWAS and the results of validation stage also indicated that the variant T allele of rs419540 in IL12RB1 was associated with increased silicosis risk (additive model: OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.38-3.12, P < 0.001). Additionally, after knockdown or overexpression of IL12RB1, the levels of pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-12, IFN-γ, and other pro-inflammatory factors, were correspondingly decreased or increased. The novel eQTL-SNP, rs419540, might increase the risk of silicosis by modulating the expression levels of IL12RB1.

Integration of apaQTL and eQTL analysis reveals novel SNPs associated with occupational pulmonary fibrosis risk.

To explore the association between apaQTL/eQTL-SNPs and the susceptibility to silicosis. A silicosis-related GWAS was initially conducted to screen for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of silicosis. Candidate SNPs with apaQTL and eQTL functions were then obtained from the 3'aQTL-atlas and GTEx databases. Subsequently, additional case-control studies were performed to validate the relationship between the candidate apaQTL/eQTL-SNPs and the risk of silicosis. Finally, experiments were conducted to illustrate APA events occurring at different alleles of the identified apaQTL/eQTL-SNPs. The combined results of the GWAS and iMLDR validations indicate that the variant T allele of the rs2974341 located on SMIM19 (additive model: OR = 0.66, the 95% CI = 0.53-0.84, P = 0.001) and the variant T allele of the rs2390488 located on TMTC4 (additive model: OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.57-0.90, P = 0.005) were significantly associated with decreased risk of developing silicosis susceptibility. Furthermore, 3'RACE experiments verified the presence of two poly (A) sites (proximal and distal) in SMIM19, rs2974341 may remotely regulate the binding between miRNA-3646 and SMIM19 with its high LD locus rs2974353 to affect the expression level of SMIM19. The rs2974341 variant T allele may contribute to the generation of the shorter 3'UTR transcript of SMIM19 and affect the binding of miRNA-3646 to the target gene SMIM19. The apaQTL/eQTL-SNPs may provide new perspectives for evaluating the regulatory function of SNPs in the development of silicosis.

Nursing Homes Increasingly Rely On Staffing Agencies For Direct Care Nursing.

When nursing homes experience a shortage in directly employed nursing staff, they may rely on temporary workers from staffing agencies to fill this gap. This article examines trends in the use of staffing agencies among nursing homes during the prepandemic and COVID-19 pandemic era (2018-22). In 2018, 23 percent of nursing homes used agency nursing staff, accounting for about 3 percent of all direct care nursing hours worked. When used, agency staff were commonly present for ninety or fewer days in a year. By 2022, almost half of all nursing homes used agency staff, accounting for 11 percent of all direct care nursing staff hours. Agency staff were increasingly used to address chronic staffing shortages, with 13.8 percent of nursing homes having agency staff present every day. Agency staff were 50-60 percent more expensive per hour than directly employed nursing staff, and nursing homes that used agency staff often had lower five-star ratings. Policy makers need to consider postpandemic changes to the nursing home workforce as part of nursing home reform, as increased reliance on agency staff may reduce the financial resources available to increase nursing staff levels and improve the quality of care.

Fluctuations in Detection Indicators and Their Significance for the Diagnosis of Early Pressure Injury in Rat Models.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the most meaningful diagnostic indicator for distinguishing blanchable erythema (BE) and stage 1 pressure injury (early PI) in an in vivo (rat) model. DESIGN: A prospective case-control design was used to complete a horizontal and vertical comparison of detection indicators during the process of fading of BE or the deterioration of early PI into ulcer in rat models. MATERIALS AND SETTING: The sample comprised 5 hairless rats with 20 injuries, of which 10 were BE and the other 10 were early PI. Data were collected at Nagano College of Nursing in 2020 in Nagano, Japan. METHODS: The BE and PI rat models were established by subjecting the dorsal skin of a hairless rat to compression between 2 neodymium magnets for 45 minutes and 3.45 hours, respectively. The affected skin was observed based on the following: (1) photography, (2) hardness, (3) temperature, (4) moisture, and (5) spectrophotometric (a* value and ultraviolet [UV] reflectance) measurements. All measurements of BE were performed at the beginning to 60 minutes after decompression, and those for early PI were performed until 48 hours after decompression. RESULTS: Multiple BE factors, such as the degree of erythema (macroscopy and a* value), hardness, temperature, and moisture, were found to have unstable fluctuations. Only UV reflectance gradually decreased from 6 hours and decreased significantly at 48 hours after decompression (P = .001 vs 1 hour). In contrast to early PI, erythema in BE obviously faded within 10 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings indicate that a continuous decrease in UV reflectance can reflect the worsening of hemorrhage in early (stage 1) PI. In contrast, other indicators including photography, skin hardness, temperature, and moisture fluctuated and did not prove predictive for PI progression. The obvious fading of erythema in BE a short time after decompression can be used for clinical observations.

Psychosocial markers of pre-hospital delay in patients with diabetic foot: A cross-sectional survey.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the psychosocial markers associated with pre-hospital delay among patients with diabetic foot (DF). DESIGN: This study has a cross-sectional design. METHODS: The participants completed a questionnaire including pre-hospital time, demographic characteristics, Social Support Rate Scale, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and Type D Personality Scale-14. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore independent associations with pre-hospital delay. RESULTS: Only 1.8% (3/164) of participants arrived at the hospital for medical care in 24 h of symptom onset. Patients with low utilization of social support (p = 0.029), low negative illness perceptions (p = 0.014) and high levels of negative affectivity (p = 0.009) are likely to arrive late at the clinic. Medical staff should pay attention to identifying diabetic patients' Type D personalities and take actions to improve their social support as well as illness perception, so as to reduce the occurrence of hospital delay. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Psychosocial factors play a vital role in the delay in seeking medical treatment for patients with DF. Medical staff need to improve patients' illness perception as well as self-management ability through health education. Importantly, key family members provide an emotional and psychological support system for diabetic patients. Therefore, nurses need to work with family members together to give information and psychological support during family visits. Additionally, building and maintaining trust with patients is crucial to encouraging individuals to express their concerns and worries. In this case, nurses may identify patients' negative emotions and conduct timely intervention, so as to achieve favourable outcomes. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This study used a convenience sample of 164 participants with DF recruited from the wound clinic of Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Yangzhou Hospital of TCM in China.

Characterization and comparison of carboxymethylation and TEMPO-mediated oxidation for polysaccharides modification.

In this study, carboxymethylation and TEMPO-mediated oxidation were compared for their ability to introduce carboxyl groups to polysaccharides, using cellulose and chitin as model polysaccharides. The carboxyl group contents and changes in the molecular weight of carboxymethylated and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose/chitin were measured. The results revealed that carboxymethylation achieved higher carboxyl group contents, with values of 4.99 mmol/g for cellulose and 4.46 mmol/g for chitin, whereas for TEMPO-oxidized cellulose and chitin, the values were 1.64 mmol/g and 1.12 mmol/g, respectively. As a consequence of TEMPO-mediated oxidation, polysaccharides underwent degradation, leading to a decrease in the molecular weight of 42.46 % for oxidized cellulose and 64.5 % for oxidized chitin. Additionally, the crystallinity of carboxymethylated polysaccharides decreased with an increase in the carboxyl group contents, whereas that of TEMPO-oxidized polysaccharides remained unchanged. Furthermore, TEMPO-mediated oxidation selectively oxidized C6 primary hydroxyls, while carboxylmethylation converted all the hydroxyl groups on the polysaccharides.

The potential health effects associated with electronic-cigarette.

A good old gateway theory that electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are widely recognized as safer tobacco substitutes. In actuality, demographics also show that vaping cannibalizes smoking, the best explanation of the data is the "common liability". However, the utilization of e-cigarette products remains a controversial topic at present. Currently, there has been a widespread and substantial growth in e-cigarette use worldwide owing to their endless new flavors and customizable characteristics. Furthermore, e-cigarette has grown widespread among smokers as well as non-smokers, including adolescents and young adults. And some studies have shown that e-cigarette users are at greater risk to start using combustible cigarettes while e-cigarettes use was also observed the potential benefits to people who want to quit smoking or not. Although it is true that e-cigarettes generally contain fewer toxic substances than combustible cigarettes, this does not mean that the chemical composition in e-cigarettes aerosols poses absolutely no risks. While concerns about toxic substances in e-cigarettes and their widespread use in the population are reasonable, it is also crucial to consider that e-cigarettes have been associated with the potential for promoting smoking cessation and the clinically relevant improvements in users with smoking-related pathologies. Meanwhile, there is still short of understanding of the health impacts associated with e-cigarette use. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the health impacts of e-cigarette exposure on oral, nasal, pulmonary, cardiovascular systems and brain. We aspire for this review to change people's previous perceptions of e-cigarettes and provide them with a more balanced perspective. Additionally, we suggest appropriate adjustments on regulation and policy for e-cigarette to gain greater public health benefits.

Comparing a new multimorbidity index with other multimorbidity measures for predicting disability trajectories.

BACKGROUND: The optimal multimorbidity measures for predicting disability trajectories are not universally agreed upon. We developed a multimorbidity index among middle-aged and older community-dwelling Chinese adults and compare its predictive ability of disability trajectories with other multimorbidity measures. METHODS: This study included 17,649 participants aged ≥50 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey 2011-2018. Two disability trajectory groups were estimated using the total disability score differences calculated between each follow-up visit and baseline. A weighted index was constructed using logistic regression models for disability trajectories based on the training set (70 %). The index and the condition count were used, along with the pattern identified by the latent class analysis to measure multimorbidity at baseline. Logistic regression models were used in the training set to examine associations between each multimorbidity measure and disability trajectories. C-statistics, integrated discrimination improvements, and net reclassification indices were applied to compare the performance of different multimorbidity measures in predicting disability trajectories in the testing set (30 %). RESULTS: In the newly developed multimorbidity index, the weights of the chronic conditions varied from 1.04 to 2.55. The multimorbidity index had a higher predictive performance than the condition count. The condition count performed better than the multimorbidity pattern in predicting disability trajectories. LIMITATION: Self-reported chronic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The multimorbidity index may be considered an ideal measurement in predicting disability trajectories among middle-aged and older community-dwelling Chinese adults. The condition count is also suggested due to its simplicity and superior predictive performance.

Financial Performance is Associated With PPE Shortages in Chain-Affiliated Nursing Homes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study.

Many nursing homes operated at thin profit margins prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the role of nursing homes' financial performance and chain affiliation in shortages of personal protection equipment (PPE) during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We constructed a longitudinal file of 79 868 nursing home-week observations from 10 872 unique facilities. We found that a positive profit margin was associated with a 21.0% lower probability of reporting PPE shortages in chain-affiliated nursing homes, but not in non-chain nursing homes. Having adequate financial resources may help nursing homes address future emergencies, especially those affiliated with a multi-facility chain.

Analysis of IGFBP7 expression characteristics in pan-cancer and its clinical relevance to stomach adenocarcinoma.

Background: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) are involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. IGFBP7 has been shown to act as either a tumor suppressive gene or an oncogene in many tumors, including stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). To provide a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of IGFBP7 gene, we performed an integrative pan-cancer analysis and explored further with the case of STAD. Methods: We compared the expression data of IGFBP7 in various cancer and normal tissues obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. The TISIDB web portal was used to analyze the associations of IGFBP7 with cancer molecular subtypes and immune subtypes. We also analyzed the predictive ability and prognostic values of IGFBP7 in pan-cancer, as well as explored its targeted binding proteins and their biological functions. Additionally, we examined the relationship between IGFBP7 and the clinical characteristics of STAD, investigated the co-expression genes and biological functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and validated the mRNA and protein expression levels of IGFBP7 using gastric cancer (GC) and adjacent normal tissues in a small self-case-control study. Results: IGFBP7 was found to be overexpressed in STAD and downregulated in many other cancers. The mRNA and protein expression levels of IGFBP7 were also significantly higher in the collected GC tissues compared with adjacent tissues. Expression of IGFBP7 varied significantly across molecular subtypes of nine different cancer types and immune subtypes of eight types, with the highest expression observed in the genomically stable molecular subtype and C3 inflammatory immune subtype in STAD. IGFBP7 demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) >0.7 for predicting 16 cancer types, and an AUC >0.9 for seven types. Patients in the higher IGFBP7 expression group showed a poorer prognosis for adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) and low-grade glioma (LGG), while demonstrating a more favorable prognosis for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). IGFBP7 expression in STAD was significantly associated with T stage, pathological stage, histologic grade, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Conclusions: IGFBP7 showed promise as a biomarker for prediction and prognosis in pan-cancer. IGFBP7 was found to be overexpressed in STAD, and its expression was closely associated with the clinical characteristics of STAD.

A novel APA-based prognostic signature may predict the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma in an East Asian population.

The role of alternative polyadenylation (APA) in tumor development is becoming increasingly evident, but the impact of APA events on the prognosis of LUAD patients is unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to analyze specific APA events in LUAD to identify novel prognostic biomarkers for LUAD. We first identified prognostic candidate genes for LUAD associated with APA events and validated them in both the East Asian and the USA cohorts, finding that five genes (DCUN1D5, PSMC4, TFAM, THRA, and TMEM100) were of prognostic significance in both populations. Based on this, an APA-based prognostic signature was constructed for the East Asian population. The predictive accuracy of the prognostic signature was further evaluated by the time-dependent ROC, with 1-, 2-, and 3-year AUCs of 0.86, 0.81, and 0.71, respectively. This study may provide new markers for individualized diagnosis and prognostic assessment of LUAD and potential targets for precision treatment.

Specific KIR-HLA genotypes predict outcomes in refractory or relapsed primary central nervous system lymphoma.

INTRODUCTION: An effective salvage regimen for the reinduction of remission is lacking for refractory or relapsed primary central nervous system lymphoma (r/r PCNSL). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cytarabine plus temozolomide in treating r/r PCNSL and to explore the associated prognostic factors. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of cytarabine and temozolomide (AT) in r/r PCNSL patients. KIR and HLA genotyping was performed on peripheral blood samples. RESULTS: Thirty PCNSL patients receiving an AT regimen (cytarabine 3 g/m2 for 2 days combined with temozolomide 150 mg/m2 for 5 days) in our institution were analyzed. The median age was 65 years (range 25-79 years). A total of 43.4% of patients (13/30) achieved an overall response within a median follow-up of 16 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11-23 months). The median PFS and OS of the cohort were 1.5 months (95% CI: 1-4 months) and 19.5 months (95% CI: 11 months to not calculable), respectively. Patients harboring KIR3DL1/HLA-B genotypes predicting low affinity had a higher response rate (p = 0.042) and longer median PFS (3 months) than those with KIR3DL1/HLA-B genotypes predicting high affinity (1 month) (p = 0.0047). Cox regression analysis indicated that KIR/HLA-B genotypes were independently associated with PFS (p = 0.043). However, KIR/HLA-B genotypes had no impact on the OS of the cohort. The toxicity of AT treatment was mild and manageable. CONCLUSION: The AT regimen was well tolerated, and patients with specific KIR-HLA genotypes may benefit from this regimen.

[Analysis and Reflection on Drafting Units of Medical Device Industry Standards in China].

Standard drafting is an important part in the process of standard formulation and revision. By analyzing the status of the medical device industry standards drafting, thoughts and suggestions were proposed to further promote all relevant parties to actively participate in the standard drafting, effectively improve the quality of the standards, strengthen the technical support and promote the high-quality development of the industry. The statistical data of the participation of social organizations in the drafting and as the first unit drafting medical devices standards from 2017 to 2021 was researched, and the problems in the drafting of standards at this stage were analyzed. Based on the research and analyses, some thoughts and suggestions were proposed to strengthen the management of standard drafting units and promote the participation of all relevant parties in standard drafting. It is necessary to expand and enhance social participation in standard drafting further by innovating incentives, refining and strengthening normative requirements, and creating a positive social atmosphere.

Developing a Machine Learning Risk-adjustment Method for Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits of Nursing Home Residents With Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Long-stay nursing home (NH) residents with Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) are at high risk of hospital transfers. Machine learning might improve risk-adjustment methods for NHs. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to develop and compare NH risk-adjusted rates of hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits among long-stay residents with ADRD using Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and logistic regression. RESEARCH DESIGN: Secondary analysis of national Medicare claims and NH assessment data in 2012 Q3. Data were equally split into the training and test sets. Both XGBoost and logistic regression predicted any hospitalization and ED visit using 58 predictors. NH-level risk-adjusted rates from XGBoost and logistic regression were constructed and compared. Multivariate regressions examined NH and market factors associated with rates of hospitalization and ED visits. SUBJECTS: Long-stay Medicare residents with ADRD (N=413,557) from 14,057 NHs. RESULTS: A total of 8.1% and 8.9% residents experienced any hospitalization and ED visit in a quarter, respectively. XGBoost slightly outperformed logistic regression in area under the curve (0.88 vs. 0.86 for hospitalization; 0.85 vs. 0.83 for ED visit). NH-level risk-adjusted rates from XGBoost were slightly lower than logistic regression (hospitalization=8.3% and 8.4%; ED=8.9% and 9.0%, respectively), but were highly correlated. Facility and market factors associated with the XGBoost and logistic regression-adjusted hospitalization and ED rates were similar. NHs serving more residents with ADRD and having a higher registered nurse-to-total nursing staff ratio had lower rates. CONCLUSIONS: XGBoost and logistic regression provide comparable estimates of risk-adjusted hospitalization and ED rates.

The relative abundance of fecal bacterial species belonging to the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla is related to plasma levels of bile acids in young adults.

BACKGROUND: Gut bacteria play a crucial role in the metabolism of bile acids (BA). Whether an association exists between the fecal microbiota composition and circulating BA levels in humans is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the relationship between fecal microbiota diversity and composition with plasma levels of BA in young adults. METHODS: Fecal microbiota diversity/composition was analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing in 80 young adults (74% women; 21.9 ± 2.2 years old). Plasma levels of BA were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PERMANOVA and Spearman correlation analyses were used to investigate the association between fecal microbiota parameters and plasma levels of BA. RESULTS: Fecal microbiota beta (P = 0.025) and alpha diversity indexes of evenness (rho = 0.237, P = 0.033), Shannon (rho = 0.313, P = 0.004), and inverse Simpson (rho = 0.283, P = 0.010) were positively associated with plasma levels of the secondary BA glycolithocholic acid (GLCA). The relative abundance of genera belonging to the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla was positively correlated with plasma levels of GLCA (all rho ≥ 0.225, P ≤ 0.049). However, the relative abundance of species from Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla were negatively correlated with plasma levels of primary and secondary BA (all rho ≤ - 0.220, P ≤ 0.045), except for the relative abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus, Alistipes onderdonkii, and Bacteroides xylanisolvens species (Bacteroidetes phylum) that were positively correlated with the plasma levels of GLCA. CONCLUSIONS: The relative abundance of specific fecal bacteria species is associated with plasma levels of BA in young adults. However, further investigations are required to validate whether the composition of the gut microbiota can regulate the plasma concentrations of BA in humans.

Longitudinal Associations of Staff Shortages and Staff Levels with Health Outcomes in Nursing Homes.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether facility-reported staff shortages and total staff levels were independently associated with changes in nursing home (NH) outcomes in 2020. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 8466 NHs with staffing and outcome data. METHODS: This study used NH COVID-19 Public File (2020), Nursing Home Compare (2019-2020), and Payroll-Based Journal data (2019-2020). Outcome measures included the percentage of long-stay residents in a facility with declines in activities in daily living (ADLs), decreases in mobility, weight loss, and pressure ulcers in 2020 Q2, 2020 Q3, and 2020 Q4. Independent variables were whether NHs reported any shortage of aides or licensed nurses and total staff hours per resident day (HPRD). Separate 2-level (NH, state) Hierarchical Generalized Linear Mixed models examined the association of facility-reported shortages and staff hours with key NH resident outcomes, controlling for NH characteristics and COVID-19 infections. RESULTS: The weekly percentage of NHs reporting any staff shortage averaged 20%. Total staff HPRD increased slightly from 3.7 in 2019 to 3.8 in 2020. Health outcomes were stable during 2019 and 2020 Q1 but worsened substantially starting in 2020 Q2. For example, the percentage of residents with mobility loss increased from 16.2% in 2020 Q1 to 27.9% in 2020 Q4. Facility-reported staff shortages were associated with an increase in the proportion of residents with an ADL decline (0.54 percentage points), mobility loss (0.80 percentage points), weight loss (0.22 percentage points), and pressure ulcers (0.22 percentage points) (all P < .01). Total staff HPRD was not associated with changes in any outcomes (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: NHs reported worsened health outcomes among long-stay residents in 2020, with worse outcomes found among facilities that reported staff shortages but not among those with lower total staff levels. Facility-reported shortages provide important quality information during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Comparative proteomics study of exosomes in Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio anguillarum.

Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles released by bacteria and contain diverse biomolecules. In this study, we isolated exosomes from Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio anguillarum, which are both serious pathogens in mariculture, using a supercentrifugation method, and the proteins in the exosomes of these two vibrios were analyzed by LC-MS/MS proteomics. Exosome proteins released by V. harveyi and V. anguillarum were different; they not only contained virulence factors (such as lipase and phospholipase in V. harveyi, metalloprotease and hemolysin in V. anguillarum), but also participated in the important life activities of bacteria (such as fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of antibiotics, carbon metabolism). Subsequently, to verify whether the exosomes participated in bacterial toxicity, after Ruditapes philippinarum was challenged with V. harveyi and V. anguillarum, the corresponding genes of virulence factors from exosomes screened by proteomics were tested by quantitative real-time PCR. All the genes detected were upregulated which suggested that exosomes were involved in vibrio toxicity. The results could provide an effective proteome database for decoding the pathogenic mechanism of vibrios from the exosome perspective.

The effect of death education course utilizing constructivist learning theory on first grade undergraduate nursing student attitudes and coping abilities towards death: A mixed study design.

Inadequate clinical preparation for palliative care is often reflected in inadequate education about death. Nursing students as nurses of the future, it is necessary to make them aware of death and overcome fear of it so that they can cope with their future careers and provide qualified and warmly care service. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of death education course using constructivist learning theory on first grade undergraduate nursing student attitudes and coping abilities towards death. DESIGN: This study was designed using a mixed-methods design. SETTING: Two campuses of a university school of nursing in China. PARTICIPANTS: First grade Bachelor of Nursing Science students (n = 191). METHODS: Data collection includes questionnaires and reflective writing as after class task. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. As for reflective writing, content analysis was hired to analysis. RESULTS: The intervention group's attitude towards death tended to be neutral acceptance. The intervention group's ability to deal with death (Z = -5.354, p < 0.001) and expression of thoughts about death (Z = -3.89 b, p < 0.001) greater than that of the control group. Four themes (Awareness of death before class, Knowledge, The meaning of palliative care, New cognition) were identified from reflecting writing. CONCLUSION: Compared with the conventional teaching, death education course utilizing constructivist learning theory was found to be a more effective method for developing students' death coping skills and reducing fear of death.