Benzo[a]pyrene might be transported by a TonB-dependent transporter in Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1.

Sphingomonads are well known for their ability to efficiently degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but little is known about the mechanism of PAH uptake and transport across the cell membrane. RNA sequencing analysis of a sphingomonad, Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1 showed that 38 TonB-dependent transporter (TBDT) genes were significantly upregulated under 5-ring PAH-benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) stress. In order to reveal whether TBDTs are involved in uptake and transport BaP in US6-1, the key TBDT genes were deleted to generate mutants. The results showed that the growth status of these mutants was not different from that of the wild-type strains, but the PAH degradation ability decreased, especially for the mutant strain Δtbdt-11, which did not encode the tbdt-11 gene. Meanwhile, the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of Δtbdt-11 was found to be significantly lower than that of the wild-type strain under BaP stress. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of genes encoding PAH degradative enzymes was found to be greatly reduced in Δtbdt-11. Confocal microscopy observations showed that US6-1 could transport BaP across the outer membrane, but this transport capacity was significantly reduced in Δtbdt-11 and wild-type US6-1 treated with PMF uncoupler, further confirming that the tbdt-11 gene was associated with PAH active transport.

Erratum to: Herbal decoctosome is a novel form of medicine.

Following the published article, we noticed an error duplication in Figure 5G "control" and "PGY-6" that was introduced during the revised process, with an attempt to replace it with higher-resolution images. Here we provide the original data in the first submitted manuscript (Figure 5G).

The Combinations Chitosan-Pam3CSK4 and Chitosan-Monophosphoryl Lipid A: Promising Immune-Enhancing Adjuvants for Anticaries Vaccine PAc.

We previously demonstrated that recombinant protein PAc could be administered as an anticaries vaccine. However, the relatively weak immunogenicity of PAc limits its application. In the present study, we investigated the effect of two adjuvant combinations of chitosan plus Pam3CSK4 (chitosan-Pam3CSK4) and of chitosan plus monophosphoryl lipid A (chitosan-MPL) in the immune responses to the PAc protein in vivo and in vitro PAc-chitosan-Pam3CSK4 or PAc-chitosan-MPL promoted significantly higher PAc-specific antibody titers in serum and saliva, inhibited Streptococcus mutans colonization onto the tooth surfaces, and endowed better protection effect with significantly less caries activities than PAc alone. Chitosan-Pam3CSK4 and chitosan-MPL showed no statistically significant differences. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the chitosan-Pam3CSK4 and chitosan-MPL combinations are promising for anticaries vaccine development.

Herbal decoctosome is a novel form of medicine.

Traditionally, herbal medicine is consumed by drinking decoctions produced by boiling herbs with water. The functional components of the decoction are heat stable. Small RNAs (sRNAs) were reported as a new class of functional components in decoctions. However, the mechanisms by which sRNAs survive heat treatment of the decoction and enter cells are unclear. Previous studies showed that plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs), which we call botanosomes, could deliver therapeutic reagents in vivo. Here, we report that heat-stable decoctosomes (ELNs) from decoctions have more therapeutic effects than the decoctions in vitro and demonstrate therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Furthermore, sRNAs, such as HJT-sRNA-m7 and PGY-sRNA-6, in the decoctosome exhibit potent anti-fibrosis and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. Decoctosome is comprised of lipids, chemical compounds, proteins, and sRNAs. A medical decoctosome mimic is called bencaosome. A single lipid sphinganine (d22:0) identified in the decoctosome was mixed and heated with the synthesized sRNAs to form the simplest bencaosome. This simple bencaosome structure was identified by critical micelle concentration (cmc) assay that sRNAs coassembled with sphinganine (d22:0) to form the lipid layers of vesicles. The heating process facilitates co-assembly of sRNAs and sphinganine (d22:0) until a steady state is reached. The artificially produced sphinganine-HJT-sRNA-m7 and sphinganine- PGY-sRNA-6 bencaosomes could ameliorate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and poly(I:C)-induced lung inflammation, respectively, following oral administration in mice. Our study not only demonstrates that the herbal decoctosome may represent a combinatory remedy in precision medicine but also provides an effective oral delivery route for nucleic acid therapy.

Plant-derived phosphocholine facilitates cellular uptake of anti-pulmonary fibrotic HJT-sRNA-m7.

Pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive chronic disease with a high mortality rate, has limited treatment options. Currently, lung transplantation remains the only effective treatment. Here we report that a small RNA, HJT-sRNA-m7, from a Chinese herbal medicine Hong Jing Tian (HJT, RHODIOHAE CRENULATAE RADIX ET RHIZOMA, Rhodiola crenulata) can effectively reduce the expressions of fibrotic hallmark genes and proteins both in alveolar in vitro and in mouse lung tissues in vivo. We also discovered over one hundred oil-soluble chemicals from HJT decoctions, most of which are found in lipid extracts from other Chinese herbals decoctions, including Pu Gong Ying (PGY, TARAXACI HERBA, Taraxacum mongolicum), Chuan Xin Lian (CXL, changed to "ANDROGRAPHIS HERBA, Andrographis paniculata"), and Jin Yin Hua (JYH, lonicera japonica or Honeysuckle). We identified the active component in these decoctions as two forms of phosphocholines, PC (18:0/18:2) and PC (16:0/18:2). These PCs potentially could form liposomes with small RNAs to enter human alveolar and gastric cells. Our experimental results suggest an unprecendent lipid complex route through which botanic small RNA can enter human bodies. Our results provide an innovative treatment strategy for oral delivery of siRNAs as therapeutic medication.

Large-scale analysis of small RNAs derived from traditional Chinese herbs in human tissues.

Plant-derived microRNAs have recently been reported to function in human blood and tissues. Controversy was immediately raised due to possible contamination and the lack of large sample sizes. Here, we report thousands of unique small RNAs derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs found in human blood cells and mouse lung tissues using a large-scale analysis. We extracted small RNAs from decoctions of 10 TCM plants (Ban Zhi Lian, Chai Hu, Chuan Xin Lian, Di Ding Zi Jin, Huang Qin, Jin Yin Hua, Lian Qiao, Pu Gong Ying, Xia Ku Cao, and Yu Xing Cao) and obtained millions of RNA sequences from each herb. We also obtained RNA-Seq data from the blood cells of humans who consumed herbal decoctions and from the lung tissues of mice administered RNAs from herbal decoctions via oral gavage. We identified thousands of unique small RNA sequences in human blood cells and mouse lung tissues. Some of these identified small RNAs from Chuan Xin Lian and Hong Jing Tian could be mapped to the genomes of the herbs, confirming their TCM plant origin. Small RNAs derived from herbs regulate mammalian gene expression in a sequence-specific manner, and thus are a superior novel class of herbal drug components that hold great potential as oral gene-targeted therapeutics, highlighting the important role of herbgenomics in their development.

miRNA-200c-3p is crucial in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Influenza infection and pneumonia are known to cause much of their mortality by inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the most severe form of acute lung injury (ALI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is a negative regulator of angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin system, has been reported to have a crucial role in ALI. Downregulation of ACE2 is always associated with the ALI or ARDS induced by avian influenza virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus and sepsis. However, the molecular mechanism of the decreased expression of ACE2 in ALI is unclear. Here we show that avian influenza virus H5N1 induced the upregulation of miR-200c-3p, which was then demonstrated to target the 3'-untranslated region of ACE2. Then, we found that nonstructural protein 1 and viral RNA of H5N1 contributed to the induction of miR-200c-3p during viral infection. Additionally, the synthetic analog of viral double-stranded RNA (poly (I:C)), bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid can all markedly increase the expression of miR-200c-3p in a nuclear factor-κB-dependent manner. Furthermore, markedly elevated plasma levels of miR-200c-3p were observed in severe pneumonia patients. The inhibition of miR-200c-3p ameliorated the ALI induced by H5N1 virus infection in vivo, indicating a potential therapeutic target. Therefore, we identify a shared mechanism of viral and bacterial lung infection-induced ALI/ARDS via nuclear factor-κB-dependent upregulation of miR-200c-3p to reduce ACE2 levels, which leads increased angiotensin II levels and subsequently causes lung injury.

The Supine Position Technique Method Is Better Than the Conventional Method for Manual Reduction of Acute Nontraumatic Temporomandibular Joint Dislocation.

OBJECTIVE: To comparatively assess the effectiveness of the supine position technique versus the conventional method, for the manual reduction of acute nontraumatic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation. METHODS: This randomized single blind trial included a total of 40 patients, aged 18 to 80 years presenting with acute nontraumatic TMJ dislocation. Based on the randomization procedure, patients were treated with either conventional method or the supine position technique method. The visibility of dynamic occlusion during jaw manipulation, operation time, and visual analogue scale scores for pain perception were comparatively studied. RESULTS: All patients with dislocated mandible were successfully managed. Unlike the conventional technique, the ability to monitor the dynamic occlusion during jaw manipulation was possible only in the supine position method group. The operation time (P < 0.05) and visual analogue scale scores for pain perception (P < 0.01) during the treatment were significantly reduced in the supine position technique group. No accidental finger biting was reported in any groups. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced operation time and reduced pain perception indicated that the supine position technique method might be a more viable alternative to the conventional method of reduction of acute nontraumatic TMJ dislocation.

Restoration of murine femoral segmental defect using CTGF-overexpressing MC3T3-E1 cells.

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a member of the CCN super family and is reported to widely participate in bone development and regeneration. This study aimed to restore murine femoral segmental defect using CTGF-overexpressing MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were transinfected by lenti-CTGF (LvCTGF) and lenti-negative control (LvNC) virus to obtain stably transinfected cells. Real-time PCR, Western blot, alkaline phosphatase activity assay, and alizarin red staining demonstrated that the overexpression of CTGF enhanced osteogenesis in vitro. Cell migration assay results showed that LvCTGF cells expressed higher migration ability than LvNC cells, while CCK-8 assay revealed no significant difference in cell proliferation. The LvCTGF and LvNC cells were then seeded into a chitosan/ß-TCP scaffold and were used to restore a murine femoral segmental defect. Samples were harvested by the end of 2 and 5 weeks respectively. Micro-CT analysis and Masson's trichrome staining results showed that the LvCTGF-scaffold group expressed better bone healing compared with the LvNC-scaffold and scaffold-only groups. CTGF-overexpressed cells serve as an efficient source of seeding cells for bone regeneration.

Gene expression profile determination in rat retinal tissue after ocular hypertension through oligo microarray.

Increased intraocular pressure is the main cause of glaucoma development. However, the systemic information of genes related to ocular hypertension has not yet been clarified. In the present study, oligomicroarray determined the profile of gene expression in the retina after ocular hypertension. A rat ocular hypertension model was constructed through photocoagulation by diode lasers. On postoperative days 7, 35, 60, 90, 180 and 360, the intraocular pressure and the gene expression profile were determined using an ophthalmotonometer and an Oligochip containing 35,000 oligonucleotides, respectively. Oligochip reliability was verified by real-time PCR, and the Oligochip data were analyzed through functional distribution analysis. In our study, we found that the intraocular pressure was significantly increased in a time-dependent manner but returned to the normal level on postoperative day 360. We also found that 1,692 genes were differentially expressed, including 719 upregulated and 973 downregulated genes. The χ² value of gene clusters related to transport function is significantly higher than that of other gene clusters as determined through function distribution analysis, suggesting that this group of genes plays an important role in the repair process of the optical nerve. In conclusion, the gene expression pattern at different time points of ocular hypertension was determined, which may contribute to clarify the molecular mechanism of glaucoma and to establish better therapeutic strategies to treat glaucoma.