PIII/PV-Catalyzed Beckmann Reaction and Sequential [2,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement to Construct 2-Amidopyridines.

An organophosphorus catalytic method for the synthesis of substituted 2-amidopyridines is reported. The method employs a small-ring organophosphorus-based catalyst and a hydrosilane reductant to drive the conversion of ketoximes and pyridine-N-oxides into 2-amidopyridines through sequential Beckmann rearrangement followed by [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. The readily available ketoximes could be activated to nitrilium ions in PIII/PV redox catalysis and could efficiently participate in the domino reaction of pyridine-N-oxides, thus providing various substituted 2-amidopyridines in moderate to excellent yields. This presented strategy features excellent functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope.

Organophosphorus-Catalyzed Direct Dehydroxylative Thioetherification of Alcohols with Hypervalent Organosulfur Compounds.

A metal-free and thiol-free organophosphorus-catalyzed method for forming thioethers was disclosed, driven by PIII/PV═O redox cycling. In this work, one-step dehydroxylative thioetherification of alcohols was fulfilled with various hypervalent organosulfur compounds. This established strategy features an excellent functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope, especially inactivated alcohols. The scale-up reaction and further transformation of the product were also successful. Additionally, this method offers a protecting-group-free and step-efficient approach for synthesizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists which exhibited promising potential for treating osteoporosis in mammals.

Organophosphorus-Catalyzed "Dual-Substrate Deoxygenation" Strategy for C-S Bond Formation from Sulfonyl Chlorides and Alcohols/Acids.

A green method to construct C-S bonds using sulfonyl chlorides and alcohols/acids via a PIII/PV═O catalytic system is reported. The organophosphorus-catalyzed umpolung reaction promotes us to propose the "dual-substrate deoxygenation" strategy. Herein, we adopt the "dual-substrate deoxygenation" strategy, which achieves the deoxygenation of sulfonyl chlorides and alcohols/acids to synthesize thioethers/thioesters driven by PIII/PV═O redox cycling. The catalytic method represents an operationally simple approach using stable phosphine oxide as a precatalyst and shows broad functional group tolerance. The potential application of this protocol is demonstrated by the late-stage diversification of drug analogues.

Synthesis of Functionalized Thiazolidin-2-imine and Oxazolidin-2-one Derivatives from p-Quinamines via [3 + 2] Annulation of Isothiocyanates and CO2.

An efficient and environmentally friendly synthetic approach to prepare thiazolidine-2-imine and oxazolidine-2-one derivatives has been developed. Thiazolidine-2-imines are synthesized in good to excellent yields by [3 + 2] annulation of p-quinamines with isothiocyanates under catalyst- and solvent-free conditions. Oxazolidine-2-ones are produced in good to excellent yields via [3 + 2] annulation of p-quinamines with CO2 using triethylenediamine (DABCO) as an organocatalyst. Furthermore, this strategy can be performed on a gram scale and tolerate a wide range of functional groups.

Diversity synthesis of indole derivatives via catalyst control cyclization reaction of 2-indolylmethanols and azonaphthalene.

A series of indole-fused scaffolds and derivatives was synthesized via the cyclization reaction of 2-indolylmethanols with azonaphthalene. These reactions were realized under mild reaction conditions through catalyst control, providing structurally diverse indole derivatives with moderate to excellent yields. This protocol also shows good substrate adaptability, especially in six-membered ring products.

Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Desymmetrization of para-Quinamines with Isocyanates: Access to Functionalized Imidazolidin-2-one Derivatives.

The development of enantioselective desymmetrization of para-quinamines with isocyanates catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid is reported. The strategy provides concise access to functionalized imidazolidin-2-one derivatives in high yields and enantioselectivities under mild reaction conditions. Remarkably, this reaction could be performed on a gram scale using 5 mol % catalyst loading and the chiral imidazolidin-2-one derivatives could be easily transformed into valuable scaffolds without disturbing the enantiopurity, demonstrating the synthetic utility of this protocol.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/delta agonist for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major feature of the final stage of nearly all cause types of diabetes mellitus (DM). To date, few safe and effective drugs are available to treat. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), comprised of three members: PPAR-α, PPAR-δ and PPAR-γ, play a protective role in the DKD through glycemic control and lipid metabolism, whereas systemic activation of PPAR-γ causes serious side-effects in clinical trials. GFT505 is a dual PPAR-α/δ agonist, and the selectivity against PPAR-γ is still to be improved. Sulfuretin has been shown to suppress the expression of PPAR-γ and improve the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. In this study, by hybridizing the carboxylic acid of GFT505 and the parent nucleus of sulfuretin, we pioneeringly designed and synthetized a series of novel dual PPAR-α/δ agonists, expecting to provide a better benefit/risk ratio for PPARs. Of all the synthesized compounds, compound 12 was identified with highly activity on PPAR-α/δ and higher selectivity against PPAR-γ than that of GFT505 (EC50: hPPAR-α: 0.26 µM vs.0.76 µM; hPPAR-δ: 0.50 µM vs.0.73 µM; hPPAR-γ: 4.22 µM vs.2.79 µM). The molecular docking studies also depicted good binding affinity of compound 12 for PPAR-α and PPAR-δ compared to GFT505. Furthermore, compound 12 exhibited an evidently renoprotective effect on the DKD through inhibiting inflammatory process, which might at least partly via JNK/NF-κB pathways in vivo and in vitro. Overall, compound 12 hold therapeutic promise for DKD.

Cu-Catalyzed Dimerization of Indole Derived Oxime Acetate for Synthesis of Biimidazo[1,2-a]indoles.

A copper-mediated cyclization and dimerization of indole derived oxime acetate was developed to generate a series of biimidazo[1,2-a]indole scaffolds with two contiguous stereogenic quaternary carbons in one step.

Discovery of AdipoRon analogues as novel AMPK activators without inhibiting mitochondrial complex I.

Activation of AMPK emerges as a potential therapeutic approach to metabolic diseases. AdipoRon is claimed to be an adiponectin receptor agonist that activates AMPK through adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1). However, AdipoRon also exhibits moderate inhibition of mitochondrial complex I, leading to increased risk of lactic acidosis. In order to find novel AdipoRon analogues that activate AMPK without inhibition of complex I, 27 analogues of AdipoRon were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated. As results, benzyloxy arylamide B10 was identified as a potent AMPK activator without inhibition of complex I. B10 dose-dependently improved glucose tolerance in normal mice, and significantly lowered fasting blood glucose level and ameliorated insulin resistance in db/db diabetic mice. More importantly, unlike the pan-AMPK activator MK-8722, B10 did not cause cardiac hypertrophy, probably owing to its selective activation of AMPK in the muscle tissue but not in the heart tissue. Together, B10 represents a novel class of AMPK activators with promising therapeutic potential against metabolic disease.

N-benzylpiperidinol derivatives as novel USP7 inhibitors: Structure-activity relationships and X-ray crystallographic studies.

USP7 as a deubiquitinase plays important roles in regulating the stability of some oncoproteins including MDM2 and DNMT1, and thus represents a potential anticancer target. Through comparative analysis of USP7 co-crystal structures in complex with the reported piperidinol inhibitors, we noticed that the USP7 Phe409 sub-site might have good adaptability to the ligands. Based on this observation, 55 N-aromatic and N-benzyl piperidinol derivatives were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated, among which compound L55 was identified as a highly selective and potent USP7 inhibitor (IC50 = 40.8 nM, KD = 78.3 nM). X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that L55 bound to USP7 with a new pose that was very different from the previously reported inhibitors. The results of cellular assays showed that L55 had strong antitumor activity against LNCaP (IC50 = 29.6 nM) and RS4; 11 (IC50 = 41.6 nM) cells, probably through inducing cell death and restricting G0/G1 and S phases. Moreover, L55 dose-dependently reduced the protein levels of MDM2 and DNMT1 and increased the protein levels of p53 and p21. These findings could have valuable implications for designing novel structural classes of USP7 inhibitors.

Transition metal-free direct dehydrogenative arylation of activated C(sp3)-H bonds: synthetic ambit and DFT reactivity predictions.

A transition metal-free dehydrogenative method for the direct mono-arylation of a wide range of activated C(sp3)-H bonds has been developed. This operationally simple and environmentally friendly aerobic arylation uses tert-BuOK as the base and nitroarenes as electrophiles to prepare up to gram quantities of structurally diverse sets (>60 examples) of α-arylated esters, amides, nitriles, sulfones and triaryl methanes. DFT calculations provided a predictive model, which states that substrates containing a C(sp3)-H bond with a sufficiently low pK a value should readily undergo arylation. The DFT prediction was confirmed through experimental testing of nearly a dozen substrates containing activated C(sp3)-H bonds. This arylation method was also used in a one-pot protocol to synthesize over twenty compounds containing all-carbon quaternary centers.

Organocatalytic Para-Selective Amination of Phenols with Iminoquinone Monoacetals.

A highly selective para C-H amination of unprotected phenols with iminoquinone acetals was realized, giving the functional phenols in good to excellent yields. Overall, this transformation is operationally simple, proceeds with readily available phenols, and has wide substrate scope and low catalyst loading. The biarylamine product is stochastically formed via [5,5]-sigmatropic rearrangement of a mixed acetal species which is generated in situ under the reaction conditions.

A formal intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,3-disubstituted indoles and alkylquinones.

A formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,3-disubstituted indoles and alkylquinones was realized to furnish polycyclic indolines in good yields. This protocol proceeded smoothly under basic conditions, with high atom-economy and broad substrate scope.

N-Substituted 3(10H)-Acridones as Visible-Light, Water-Soluble Photocatalysts: Aerobic Oxidative Hydroxylation of Arylboronic Acids.

We disclosed a novel water-soluble photocatalyst that could promote aerobic oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids to furnish phenols in excellent yields. This transformation uses visible-light irradiation under environmentally friendly conditions, that is, water-soluble catalyst, metal-free, green oxidant, room temperature.

Direct Intermolecular C-H Functionalization Triggered by 1,5-Hydride Shift: Access to N-Arylprolinamides via Ugi-Type Reaction.

A novel Ugi-type reaction triggered by 1,5-hydride shift has been established, giving access to N-arylprolinamides and related compounds in high atom economy and good yields. This is an example of a two starting material-three component reaction. The benzyl alcohol substrate 1 acts as a dual synthon, which upon treatment with a Brønsted acid affords iminium ion and water. Nucleophilic attack at the iminium ion by the third component isocyanide, followed by hydrolysis with the endogenic water, gives the Ugi-type reaction products. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and is tolerable to a broad scope of substrates.

Pd-catalyzed cascade allylic alkylation and dearomatization reactions of indoles with vinyloxirane.

We have developed Pd-catalyzed intermolecular Friedel-Crafts-type allylic alkylation and allylic dearomatization reactions of substituted indoles bearing a nucleophilic group with vinyloxirane, providing an efficient method to synthesize structurally diverse tetrahydrocarboline and spiroindolenine derivatives under mild conditions.

Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Allylic Dearomatization of Indoles by a Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction.

Bridged indoline derivatives were synthesized by an intermolecular Pd-catalyzed allylic dearomatization reaction of substituted indoles. The reaction between indoles and allyl carbonates bearing a nucleophilic alcohol side-chain proceeds in a cascade fashion, providing bridged indolines in excellent enantioselectivity.

Symmetry in Cascade Chirality-Transfer Processes: A Catalytic Atroposelective Direct Arylation Approach to BINOL Derivatives.

Herein we disclose a scalable organocatalytic direct arylation approach for the regio- and atroposelective synthesis of non-C2-symmetric 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthalenes (BINOLs). In the presence of catalytic amounts of axially chiral phosphoric acids, phenols and naphthols are coupled with iminoquinones via a cascade process that involves sequential aminal formation, sigmatropic rearrangement, and rearomatization to afford enantiomerically enriched BINOL derivatives in good to excellent yields. Our studies suggest that the (local) symmetry of the initially formed aminal intermediate has a dramatic impact on the level of enantioinduction in the final product. Aminals with a plane of symmetry give rise to BINOL derivatives with significantly lower enantiomeric excess than unsymmetrical ones featuring a stereogenic center. Presumably asymmetric induction in the sigmatropic rearrangement step is significantly more challenging than during aminal formation. Sigmatropic rearrangement of the enantiomerically enriched aminal and subsequent rearomatization transfers the central chirality into axial chirality with high fidelity.

The Rh(ii)-catalyzed formal N-S bond insertion reaction of aryldiazoacetates into N-phenyl-sulfenyl phthalimide.

The Rh(ii)-catalyzed sulfur ylide [1,2]-rearrangement of carbenoids generated from aryldiazoacetates has been realized via N-S bond insertion, generating tertiary sulfides in moderate to excellent yields. This demonstrates the first use of the sulfur ylide [1,2]-rearrangement undergoing N-S bond insertion. This protocol could proceed smoothly with high regioselectivity, low catalyst loading (0.1 mol% Rh2(OAc)4), gram-scale reaction and broad substrate scope. And the product could be converted into glycine derivatives through simple procedures.

Enantiomeric separations of α-aryl ketones with cyclofructan chiral stationary phases via high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography.

Normal phase chiral HPLC and SFC methods are presented for the enantiomeric separation of 21 α-aryl ketones with a unique class of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on cyclofructans (CFs). Separations were achieved for all but 2 analytes, with 17 compounds attaining baseline separation having resolution values up to 4.0. Most separations obtained in HPLC could be transferred to SFC, but the HPLC resolutions were generally better due to greater enantiomeric selectivity values. A structure-separation relationship (SSR) was developed to identify important structural features for separation of this class of compounds using CF-based CSPs. Preliminary studies are also presented that demonstrate the utility of the CF CSPs to investigate the base-induced enantiomerization of α-aryl ketones. It was demonstrated that even small amounts of base (0.01%v/v) in the mobile phase results in rapid, on-column, enantiomerization. Lastly, CSPs composed of superficially porous particles were used to achieve comparable separations of this class of chiral compounds, but at a fraction of the analysis time compared to CSPs composed of fully porous particles.