Research Progress on Dental Age Estimation Based on MRI Technology.

Dental age estimation is a crucial aspect and one of the ways to accomplish forensic age estimation, and imaging technology is an important technique for dental age estimation. In recent years, some studies have preliminarily confirmed the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating dental development, providing a new perspective and possibility for the evaluation of dental development, suggesting that MRI is expected to be a safer and more accurate tool for dental age estimation. However, further research is essential to verify its accuracy and feasibility. This article reviews the current state, challenges and limitations of MRI in dental development and age estimation, offering reference for the research of dental age assessment based on MRI technology.

Preparation and sustained-release of chitosan-alginate bilayer microcapsules containing aromatic compounds with different functional groups.

This study investigated the release of aromatic compounds with distinct functional groups within bilayer microcapsules. Bilayer microcapsules of four distinctive core materials (benzyl alcohol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and benzoic acid) were synthesized via freeze-drying. Chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (ALG) were used as wall materials. CS concentration, using orthogonal experiments with the loading ratio as a metric. Under optimal conditions, three other types of microcapsules (cinnamic aldehyde, benzoic acid, and benzyl alcohol) were obtained. The four types of microcapsules were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and their sustained release characteristics were evaluated. The optimal conditions were: CS dosage, 1.2 %; CS-to-eugenol mass ratio, 1:2; and CS-to-ALG mass ratio, 1:1. By comparing the IR spectra of the four types of microcapsules, wall material, and core material, the core materials were revealed to be encapsulated within the wall material. SEM results revealed that the granular protuberances on the surface of the microcapsules were closely aligned and persistent when magnified 2000×. The TEM results indicated that all four microcapsules had a spherical and bilayer structure. The thermal stability and sustained release results showed that the four microcapsules were more resilient and less volatile than the four core materials. The release conformed to first-order kinetics, and the release ratios of the four microcapsules were as follows: benzyl alcohol microcapsules Ëƒ eugenol microcapsules Ëƒ cinnamaldehyde microcapsules Ëƒ benzoic acid microcapsules. The prepared bilayer microcapsules encapsulated four different core materials with good sustained release properties.

Eggshell membrane powder reinforces adhesive polysaccharide hydrogels for wound repair.

Multifunctional polysaccharide hydrogels with strong tissue adhesion, and antimicrobial and hemostatic properties are attractive wound healing materials. In this study, a chitosan-based hydrogel (HCS) was designed, and its properties were enhanced by incorporating oxidized eggshell membrane (OEM). Hydrogel characterization and testing results showed that the hydrogel had excellent antimicrobial properties, cytocompatibility, satisfactory adhesion properties on common substrates, and wet-state adhesion capacity. A rat liver injury model confirmed the significant hemostatic effect of the hydrogel. Finally, the ability of the hydrogel to promote wound healing was verified using rat skin wound repair experiments. Our findings indicate that HCS/OEM hydrogels with added eggshell membrane fibers have better self-healing properties, mechanical strength, adhesion, hemostatic properties, and biocompatibility than HCS hydrogels, in addition to having superior repair performance in wound repair experiments. Overall, the multifunctional polysaccharide hydrogels fabricated in this study are ideal for wound repair.

A Bioinspired Self-Healing Conductive Hydrogel Promoting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration.

The development of self-healing conductive hydrogels is critical in electroactive nerve tissue engineering. Typical conductive materials such as polypyrrole (PPy) are commonly used to fabricate artificial nerve conduits. Moreover, the field of tissue engineering has advanced toward the use of products such as hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels. Although HA-modified PPy films are prepared for various biological applications, the cell-matrix interaction mechanisms remain poorly understood; furthermore, there are no reports on HA-modified PPy-injectable self-healing hydrogels for peripheral nerve repair. Therefore, in this study, a self-healing electroconductive hydrogel (HASPy) from HA, cystamine (Cys), and pyrrole-1-propionic acid (Py-COOH), with injectability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and nerve-regenerative capacity is constructed. The hydrogel directly targets interleukin 17 receptor A (IL-17RA) and promotes the expression of genes and proteins relevant to Schwann cell myelination mainly by activating the interleukin 17 (IL-17) signaling pathway. The hydrogel is injected directly into the rat sciatic nerve-crush injury sites to investigate its capacity for nerve regeneration in vivo and is found to promote functional recovery and remyelination. This study may help in understanding the mechanism of cell-matrix interactions and provide new insights into the potential use of HASPy hydrogel as an advanced scaffold for neural regeneration.

Aligned Electroactive Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration.

Effective repair and functional recovery of large peripheral nerve deficits are urgent clinical needs. A biofunctional electroactive scaffold typically acts as a "bridge" for the repair of large nerve defects. In this study, we constructed a biomimetic piezoelectric and conductive aligned polypyrrole (PPy)/polydopamine (PDA)/poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) electrospun fibrous scaffold to improve the hydrophilicity and cellular compatibility of PLLA and restore the weakened piezoelectric effect of PDA, which is beneficial in promoting Schwann cell differentiation and dorsal root ganglion neuronal extension and alignment. The aligned PPy/PDA/PLLA fibrous scaffold bridged the sciatic nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats with a 10 mm deficit, prevented autotomy, and promoted nerve regeneration and functional recovery, thereby activating the calcium and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Therefore, electroactive fibrous scaffolds exhibit great potential for neural tissue regeneration.

Superhydrophobic, stretchable kirigami pencil-on-paper multifunctional device platform.

Wearable electronics with applications in healthcare, human-machine interfaces, and robotics often explore complex manufacturing procedures and are not disposable. Although the use of conductive pencil patterns on cellulose paper provides inexpensive, disposable sensors, they have limited stretchability and are easily affected by variations in the ambient environment. This work presents the combination of pencil-on-paper with the hydrophobic fumed SiO2 (Hf-SiO2) coating and stretchable kirigami structures from laser cutting to prepare a superhydrophobic, stretchable pencil-on-paper multifunctional sensing platform. The resulting sensor exhibits a large response to NO2 gas at elevated temperature from self-heating, which is minimally affected by the variations in the ambient temperature and relative humidity, as well as mechanical deformations such as bending and stretching states. The integrated temperature sensor and electrodes with the sensing platform can accurately detect temperature and electrophysiological signals to alert for adverse thermal effects and cardiopulmonary diseases. The thermal therapy and electrical stimulation provided by the platform can also deliver effective means to battle against inflammation/infection and treat chronic wounds. The superhydrophobic pencil-onpaper multifunctional device platform provides a low-cost, disposable solution to disease diagnostic confirmation and early treatment for personal and population health.

Dual-bioactive molecules loaded aligned core-shell microfibers for tendon tissue engineering.

Development of a controlled delivery ultrafine fibrous system with two bioactive molecules is required to stimulate tendon healing in different phase. In this study, we used emulsion stable jet electrospinning to fabricate aligned poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) based ultrafine fibers with two small bioactive molecules of L-Arginine (Arg) and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA). The results demonstrated that the aligned Arg/HA/PLLA microfibrous scaffold showed core-shell structure and allowed sequential release of Arg and HA due to their different electric charge. The scaffold also showed enhanced hydrophilicity, cell migration, spread and proliferation. Using an Achilles tendon repair model in rats, we demonstrated that this novel fibrous scaffold can prevent adhesion and promote tendon regeneration. Additionally, two p53 and ER-α-mediated signalling pathways were described as the probable main path of synergistic effects of the novel scaffold on tendon generation. Thus, this study may provide an important strategy for developing biofunctional and biomimetic tendon scaffolds.

Vanadium Oxide-Doped Laser-Induced Graphene Multi-Parameter Sensor to Decouple Soil Nitrogen Loss and Temperature.

Monitoring nitrogen utilization efficiency and soil temperature in agricultural systems for timely intervention is essential for crop health with reduced environmental pollution. Herein, this work presents a high-performance multi-parameter sensor based on vanadium oxide (VOX )-doped laser-induced graphene (LIG) foam to completely decouple nitrogen oxides (NOX ) and temperature. The highly porous 3D VOX -doped LIG foam composite is readily obtained by laser scribing vanadium sulfide (V5 S8 )-doped block copolymer and phenolic resin self-assembled films. The heterojunction formed at the LIG/VOX interface provides the sensor with enhanced response to NOX and an ultralow limit of detection of 3 ppb (theoretical estimate of 451 ppt) at room temperature. The sensor also exhibits a wide detection range, fast response/recovery, good selectivity, and stability over 16 days. Meanwhile, the sensor can accurately detect temperature over a wide linear range of 10-110 °C. The encapsulation of the sensor with a soft membrane further allows for temperature sensing without being affected by NOX . The unencapsulated sensor operated at elevated temperature removes the influences of relative humidity and temperature variations for accurate NOX measurements. The capability to decouple nitrogen loss and soil temperature paves the way for the development of future multimodal decoupled electronics for precision agriculture and health monitoring.

Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang Powder Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats via Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway to Repair the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier, and Modulating Intestinal Microbiota.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory disease of the intestine, which is prone to recurrence and difficult to cure. Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang powder (YFBP), as a classic Chinese herbal formula, is commonly used in the clinical treatment of UC. However, its potential mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which YFBP exerts a therapeutic effect against UC. Firstly, we used network pharmacology to screen the active ingredients and potential targets of YFBP and constructed a "drug-ingredient-target" network. Based on bioinformatics, we searched for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with UC and obtained common targets. The core targets of YFBP in the treatment of UC were identified using a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and molecular docking techniques were used to evaluate the binding energies of the core targets and corresponding ingredients. Enrichment analysis by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that YFBP exerted therapeutic effects by regulating multiple inflammatory pathways including TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF. Secondly, an experimental study was carried out in vivo for verification. Our results demonstrated that YFBP could effectively improve the symptoms and intestinal pathological of UC rats. Further study showed that YFBP could significantly downregulate the expressions of TLR4 and p-NF-κB p65 in UC rats, inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, reduce the levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α, and then upregulate the expressions of tight junction proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, YFBP could improve the intestinal microbial community. In conclusion, our study revealed that YFBP had a good therapeutic effect on UC, and its mechanism might be related to the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway to repair intestinal epithelial barrier and the modulation of intestinal microbiota.

Online Orthogonal Dictionary Learning Based on Frank-Wolfe Method.

Dictionary learning is a widely used unsupervised learning method in signal processing and machine learning. Most existing works on dictionary learning adopt an off-line approach, and there are two main off-line ways of conducting it. One is to alternately optimize both the dictionary and the sparse code, while the other is to optimize the dictionary by restricting it over the orthogonal group. The latter, called orthogonal dictionary learning (ODL), has a lower implementation complexity and, hence, is more favorable for low-cost devices. However, existing schemes for ODL only work with batch data and cannot be implemented online, making them inapplicable for real-time applications. This article, thus, proposes a novel online orthogonal dictionary scheme to dynamically learn the dictionary from streaming data, without storing the historical data. The proposed scheme includes a novel problem formulation and an efficient online algorithm design with convergence analysis. In the problem formulation, we relax the orthogonal constraint to enable an efficient online algorithm. We then propose the design of a new Frank-Wolfe-based online algorithm with a convergence rate of O(lnt/t1/4) . The convergence rate in terms of key system parameters is also derived. Experiments with synthetic data and real-world Internet of things (IoT) sensor readings demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed online ODL scheme.

Pencil-on-Paper Humidity Sensor Treated with NaCl Solution for Health Monitoring and Skin Characterization.

Although flexible humidity sensors are essential for human health monitoring, it is still challenging to achieve high sensitivity and easy disposal with simple, low-cost fabrication processes. This study presents the design and fabrication of highly reliable hand-drawn interdigital electrodes from pencil-on-paper treated with NaCl solution for highly sensitive hydration sensors working over a wide range of relative humidity (RH) levels from 5.6% to 90%. The applications of the resulting flexible humidity sensor go beyond the monitoring of respiratory rate and proximity to characterizations of human skin types and evaluations of skin barrier functions through insensible sweat measurements. The sensor array can also be integrated with a diaper to result in smart diapers to alert for an early diaper change. The design and fabrication strategies presented in this work could also be leveraged for the development of wearable, self-powered, and recyclable sensors and actuators in the future.

Embelin Enhances the Sensitivity of Renal Cancer Cells to Axitinib by Inhibiting HIF Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system with a high recurrence rate and easy metastasis. Current clinical drugs for renal cell carcinoma include immunotherapies and targeted drugs. Axitinib is a clinically targeted drug for treating renal cell carcinoma, which has shortcomings such as unstable efficacy and easy drug resistance. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether embelin can enhance the sensitivity of renal cancer cells to axitinib and explore its regulatory pathways. METHODS: The enhancing effect of embelin on axitinib was detected using MTT, crystal violet staining, and annexin VFITC staining in two renal cancer cell lines. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins under different conditions. Bioinformatic tools were used to predict the pathways through which embelin may act on renal cancer cells, and pharmacological methods were used to verify the results. RESULTS: Embelin enhanced the sensitivity of renal cancer cells to axitinib in the following aspects: enhancing the inhibition of cell proliferation by axitinib, and the induction of cell apoptosis. HIF was a potential pathway for embelin's action. After IOX2 regulated the HIF-1α pathway, the enhancing effect of embelin on axitinib was weakened. Moreover, after PT2977 regulated the HIF-2α pathway, the enhancing effect of embelin on axitinib was weakened. CONCLUSIONS: Embelin enhanced the sensitivity of A498 and 786-O renal cancer cells to axitinib by inhibiting the HIF pathway.

Three-layer core-shell structure of polypyrrole/polydopamine/poly(l-lactide) nanofibers for wound healing application.

Poor wound healing is a very common clinical problem, so far there is no completely satisfactory treatment. Electropsun nanofibrous wound dressings may provide an ideal structure to improve wound healing. Therefore, development of nanofibrous wound dressings with rapid hemostasis, antibacterial and tissue regenerative multi-functions has been a hotspot in the field of skin tissue engineering. In this work, polydopamine (PDA) and polypyrrole (PPy) were uniformly coated onto the surface of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) nanofibers by in-situ polymerization, forming a novel PPy/PDA/PLLA three-layer core-shell structure. The homogeneously coated PPy and PDA two layers could significantly increase the hydrophilicity, conductivity, near-infrared photothermal antibacterial property, the speed of wound hemostasis, antioxidant capacity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity, respectively. In addition, PPy/PDA/PLLA nanofibers showed good biocompatibility. Rat wound healing model confirmed that PPy/PDA/PLLA nanofibers could significantly accelerate wound repair in vivo. Thus, this novel nanofibrous wound dressing is a promising candidate for clinical wound healing.

Clinical application of autophagy proteins as prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis.

Aim: To evaluate the prognostic value of autophagy proteins in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Six potential autophagy proteins were analyzed (Beclin-1, LC3A, LC3B, ULK1, ATG10 and p62). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) of CRC patients were calculated. Results: A total of 20 studies were included. High expression of LC3B and p62 was associated with favorable OS (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.40-0.80; HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.61-0.96), whereas high expression of Beclin-1 (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.05-2.06) and ULK1 (HR: 1.92. 95% CI: 1.05-3.53) might predict worse OS in CRC patients. Conclusion: Beclin-1, LC3B and p62 might act as promising prognostic biomarkers for CRC. High LC3 and p62 expression can be reliable tools for metastasis prediction.

Moisture-resistant, stretchable NOx gas sensors based on laser-induced graphene for environmental monitoring and breath analysis.

The accurate, continuous analysis of healthcare-relevant gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) in a humid environment remains elusive for low-cost, stretchable gas sensing devices. This study presents the design and demonstration of a moisture-resistant, stretchable NOx gas sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG). Sandwiched between a soft elastomeric substrate and a moisture-resistant semipermeable encapsulant, the LIG sensing and electrode layer is first optimized by tuning laser processing parameters such as power, image density, and defocus distance. The gas sensor, using a needlelike LIG prepared with optimal laser processing parameters, exhibits a large response of 4.18‰ ppm-1 to NO and 6.66‰ ppm-1 to NO2, an ultralow detection limit of 8.3 ppb to NO and 4.0 ppb to NO2, fast response/recovery, and excellent selectivity. The design of a stretchable serpentine structure in the LIG electrode and strain isolation from the stiff island allows the gas sensor to be stretched by 30%. Combined with a moisture-resistant property against a relative humidity of 90%, the reported gas sensor has further been demonstrated to monitor the personal local environment during different times of the day and analyze human breath samples to classify patients with respiratory diseases from healthy volunteers. Moisture-resistant, stretchable NOx gas sensors can expand the capability of wearable devices to detect biomarkers from humans and exposed environments for early disease diagnostics.

Atractylodin induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through inhibition of the P13K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

This study aimed to determine the apoptosis and autophagy-inducing mechanism of atractylodin in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The molecular mechanism of anticancer activity of atractylodin was confirmed by assessing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidants activity, dual staining, and comet assay. Moreover, cleaved caspases 3, 8, and 9, and signaling proteins, such as p53, Bcl-2, and Bax, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin(P13K/Akt/mTOR), LC3I and LC3II, and beclin-1 were analyzed. In MCF-7 cells treated with atractylodin, the concentration-dependent toxicity, increased LPO, increased production of ROS, and decreased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidasewere observed. In MCF-7 cells, atractylodin administration decreased Bcl-2 expression while activating the expression of p53, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 apoptotic members. Furthermore, atractylodin blocked the P13K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, increased the conversion of LC3I to its lipidated form of LC3II, and increased beclin-1 expression, whereas downregulated the p62 expression in MCF-7 cells. As a result, altering apoptotic and autophagy-related biomarkers, atractylodin triggered apoptosis and autophagy in MCF-7 cells. As a result, atractylodin could be utilized to treat human breast cancer after the proper clinical trial.

Intrinsically Breathable and Flexible NO2 Gas Sensors Produced by Laser Direct Writing of Self-Assembled Block Copolymers.

The surge in air pollution and respiratory diseases across the globe has spurred significant interest in the development of flexible gas sensors prepared by low-cost and scalable fabrication methods. However, the limited breathability in the commonly used substrate materials reduces the exchange of air and moisture to result in irritation and a low level of comfort. This study presents the design and demonstration of a breathable, flexible, and highly sensitive NO2 gas sensor based on the silver (Ag)-decorated laser-induced graphene (LIG) foam. The scalable laser direct writing transforms the self-assembled block copolymer and resin mixture with different mass ratios into highly porous LIG with varying pore sizes. Decoration of Ag nanoparticles on the porous LIG further increases the specific surface area and conductivity to result in a highly sensitive and selective composite to detect nitrogen oxides. The as-fabricated Ag/LIG gas sensor on a flexible polyethylene substrate exhibits a large response of -12‰, a fast response/recovery of 40/291 s, and a low detection limit of a few parts per billion at room temperature. Integrating the Ag/LIG composite on diverse fabric substrates further results in breathable gas sensors and intelligent clothing, which allows permeation of air and moisture to provide long-term practical use with an improved level of comfort.

Network pharmacology analysis and experimental study strategy reveals the potential mechanism of puerarin against rotavirus.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of puerarin against rotavirus (RV), based on network pharmacology analysis and experimental study in vitro. METHODS: The cytopathic effect inhibition assay with different concentrations of puerarin at different times of infection in vitro was applied to evaluate the effect of puerarin against human RV G1P[8] Wa strain (HRV Wa). Subsequently, the potential targets of puerarin and RV-related genes were obtained from online databases. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of the major target genes were also performed. Furthermore, the major targets and signaling pathway related to RV infection were verified at the molecular level via Western blot, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. RESULTS: Our results suggest that puerarin had a certain inhibitory effect on viral replication and proliferation. The network pharmacology analysis showed that a total of 436 puerarin corresponding target and 497 RV-related targets were acquired from the online databases. The core targets of puerarin against RV, such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and caspase 3 (CASP3), were identified from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The KEGG analysis indicated that the TLR signaling pathway was one of the crucial mechanisms of puerarin against RV. In particular, puerarin could inhibit the expression of key factors of the TLR4/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in HRV-infected Caco-2 cells and regulate the levels of cellular inflammatory factors. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the network pharmacology analysis and experimental study, the study showed that puerarin not only had an anti-RV effect, but could also modulate the inflammatory response induced by RV infection via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study reveals the potential of puerarin in the treatment of RV infection, suggesting that it might be a promising therapeutic agent.

In situ polydopamine functionalized poly-L-lactic acid nanofibers with near-infrared-triggered antibacterial and reactive oxygen species scavenging capability.

The development of a new multi-functional poly(L)-lactide (PLLA) nanofibrous scaffold with excellent antibacterial and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capability is quite important in tissue engineering. In this study, polydopamine (PDA)/PLLA nanofibers were prepared by combining electrospinning and post in-situ polymerization. The post in-situ polymerization of PDA on the PLLA nanofiber enable PDA uniformly distribute on PLLA nanofiber surface. PDA/PLLA nanofibrous composites also achieved stronger mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, good oxidation resistance and enhanced near-infrared photothermal effect. The near-infrared photothermal effect from PDA made the PDA/PLLA a good antibacterial material. The in vitro ROS scavenging ability of the PDA made PDA/PLLA be beneficial to damaged tissue repair. These results indicate that PDA/PLLA nanofibrous scaffold can be used as a tissue engineering scaffold material with versatile biomedical applications.

18ß-Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits the apoptosis of cells infected with rotavirus SA11 via the Fas/FasL pathway.

CONTEXT: 18ß-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18ß-GA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin metabolite of glycyrrhizin, exhibits several biological activities. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of 18ß-GA on MA104 cells infected with rotavirus (RV) and its potential mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to assess tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) and 50% cellular cytotoxicity (CC50) concentration. MA104 cells infected with RV SA11 were treated with 18ß-GA (1, 2, 4, and 8 µg/mL, respectively). Cytopathic effects were observed. The virus inhibition rate, concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50), and selection index (SI) were calculated. Cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and mRNA and protein expression related to the Fas/FasL pathway were detected. RESULTS: TCID50 of RV SA11 was 10-4.47/100 µL; the CC50 of 18ß-GA on MA104 cells was 86.92 µg/mL. 18ß-GA showed significant antiviral activity; EC50 was 3.14 µg/mL, and SI was 27.68. The ratio of MA104 cells infected with RV SA11 in the G0/G1 phase and the G2/M phase decreased and increased, respectively, after 18ß-GA treatment. 18ß-GA significantly induced apoptosis in the infected cells. Furthermore, after 18ß-GA treatment, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Fas, FasL, caspase 3, and Bcl-2 decreased, whereas the expression levels of Bax increased. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that 18ß-GA may be a promising candidate for the treatment of RV SA11 infection and provides theoretical support for the clinical development of glycyrrhizic acid compounds for the treatment of RV infection.