Co-localization and co-expression of Olfml3 with Iba1 in brain of mice.

Olfml3 is a microglia-specific protein whose role in neuroinflammation is elusive. In silico analysis was conducted to characterize the Olfml3 protein, followed by molecular docking and MD simulation to check possible interaction with Iba1. Further, expression and co-localization analysis was performed in the LPS-induced neuroinflammatory mice brains. Results suggest that Olfml3 physically interacts with Iba1. Olfml3 and Iba1 expression increases during neuroinflammation in mice brains. Olfml3 was observed to co-localize with Iba1, and the number of Olfml3 and Iba1 dual-positive cells increased in the brain of the neuroinflammatory mice model. Thus, Olfml3 could potentially participate in microglia functions by interacting with Iba1.

Unveiling the role of gut-brain axis in regulating neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review.

Emerging evidence have shown the importance of gut microbiota in regulating brain functions. The diverse molecular mechanisms involved in cross-talk between gut and brain provide insight into importance of this communication in maintenance of brain homeostasis. It has also been observed that disturbed gut microbiota contributes to neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and aging. Recently, gut microbiome-derived exosomes have also been reported to play an essential role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and could thereby act as a therapeutic target. Further, pharmacological interventions including antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics can influence gut microbiome-mediated management of neurological diseases. However, extensive research is warranted to better comprehend this interconnection in maintenance of brain homeostasis and its implication in neurological diseases. Thus, the present review is aimed to provide a detailed understanding of gut-brain axis followed by possibilities to target the gut microbiome for improving neurological health.

Immunomodulatory role of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in human leukemia monocytic cell line.

In daily life, people are usually exposed to radiofrequency radiations (RFR). The effects of RFR on human physiology have been a major source of controversy since the WHO declared that these radiations are a type of environmental energy that interacts with the physiological functioning of the human body. The immune system provides internal protection and promotes long-term health and survival. However, the relevant research on the innate immune system and radiofrequency radiation is scant. In this connection, we hypothesized that innate immune responses would be influenced by exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones in a cell-specific and time-dependent manner. To test this hypothesis, human leukemia monocytic cell lines were exposed to 2318 MHz (MHz) RFR emitted by mobile phones at a power density of 0.224 W/m2 in a controlled manner for various time durations (15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min). Systematic studies on cell viability, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (SO), pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and phagocytic assays were performed after the irradiation. The duration of exposure seems to have a substantial influence on the RFR-induced effects. It was noticed that after 30 min of exposure, the RFR dramatically enhanced the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1α level as well as reactive species such as NO and SO generation as compared to the control. In contrast, the RFR dramatically reduced the phagocytic activity of monocytes during 60 min of treatment when compared to the control. Interestingly, the irradiated cells restored their normal functioning until the final 120-min of exposure. Furthermore, mobile phone exposure had no influence on cell viability or TNF-α level. The results showed that RFR exhibits a time-dependent immune-modulatory role in the human leukemia monocytic cell line. Nevertheless, more research is needed to further determine the long-term effects and precise mechanism of action of RFR.

Immunotoxicity of radiofrequency radiation.

Growing evidence recommends that radiofrequency radiations might be a new type of environmental pollutant. The consequences of RFR on the human immune system have gained considerable interest in recent years, not only to examine probable negative effects on health but also to understand if RFR can modulate the immune response positively. Although several studies have been published on the immune effects of RFR but no satisfactory agreement has been reached. Hence this review aims to evaluate the RFR modulating impacts on particular immune cells contributing to various innate or adaptive immune responses. In view of existing pieces of evidence, we have suggested an intracellular signaling cascade responsible for RFR action. The bio-effects of RFR on immune cell morphology, viability, proliferation, genome integrity, and immune functions such as ROS, cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, apoptosis, etc. are discussed. The majority of existing evidence point toward the possible shifts in the activity, number, and/or function of immunocompetent cells, but the outcome of several studies is still contradictory and needs further studies to reach a conclusion. Also, the direct association of experimental studies to human risks might not be helpful as exposure parameters vary in real life. On the basis of recent available literature, we suggest that special experiments should be designed to test each particular signal utilized in communication technologies to rule out the hypothesis that longer exposure to RFR emitting devices would affect the immunity by inducing genotoxic effects in human immune cells.

Radiofrequency radiation: A possible threat to male fertility.

Radiofrequency exposure from man-made sources has increased drastically with the era of advanced technology. People could not escape from such RF radiations as they have become the essential part of our routine life such as Wi-Fi, microwave ovens, TV, mobile phones, etc. Although non-ionizing radiations are less damaging than ionizing radiations but its long term exposure effect cannot be avoided. For fertility to be affected, either there is an alteration in germ cell, or its nourishing environment, and RF affects both the parameters subsequently, leading to infertility. This review with the help of in vitro and in vivo studies shows that RF could change the morphology and physiology of germ cells with affected spermatogenesis, motility and reduced concentration of male gametes. RF also results in genetic and hormonal changes. In addition, the contribution of oxidative stress and protein kinase complex after RFR exposure is also summarized which could also be the possible mechanism for reduction in sperm parameters. Further, some preventative measures are described which could help in reverting the radiofrequency effects on germ cells.

Comparative evaluation of biting force and chewing efficiency of all-on-four treatment concept with other treatment modalities in completely edentulous individuals.

AIM: To compare and evaluate biting force and chewing efficiency of all-on-four treatment concept, implant-supported overdenture, and conventional complete denture. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Invivo - comparative study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 edentulous patients were included in the study and conventional complete dentures were fabricated. Patients were divided into two groups. In Group 1, complete dentures were replaced with implant-supported overdenture, and in Group 2, complete dentures were replaced with hybrid denture supported by all-on-four treatment concept. The biting force was assessed using a bite force sensor and electromyographic recordings were made by electromyogram for masticatory muscles when chewing three different consistencies of foods. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The data was statistically analyzed using software SPSS version 22.0. Paired t-test was used for intra-group comparison and unpaired t-test was used for intergroup comparison. RESULTS: The difference in biting force and chewing efficiency for all-on-four treatment concept was statistically significant for overdenture and complete denture. The highest biting force and chewing efficiency were observed for all-on-four treatment concept, followed by implant-supported overdenture and complete denture. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the completely edentulous individuals with atrophic posterior alveolar ridges can be rehabilitated successfully with improved biting force and chewing efficiency by All-on-four treatment concept.

Andrew's bridge system: A boon for huge ridge defect in aesthetic zone.

Tooth loss may pose a challenge for prosthetics when several missing teeth are associated with huge vertical and horizontal bone defects due to cleft palate, road traffic accidents, congenital defects etc. This case report presents prosthetic rehabilitation of a 22 year old male patient of cleft lip and palate with missing upper front teeth along with severe ridge defect since 1 year due to surgical intervention in premaxillary region. The extensive soft and hard tissue defect in aesthetic region was evident and it made the prosthetic rehabilitation more challenging. Among treatment options, fixed partial denture (FPD) was not feasible due to long edentulous span and extensive soft and hard tissue loss. Psychologically, patient was not ready for removable prosthesis. Patient was also not ready for next implant or bone augmentation surgery procedure. The patient presented with Kennedy class IV edentulous area with Seibert's class III ridge defect, so fixed-removable prosthesis was planned to compensate soft and hard tissue defect. The patient with several missing teeth and extensive visible bony defect in the anterior region was successfully rehabilitated using fixed-removable Andrew's bridge system. Although it is not commonly used by dentist so this present case report shows effective management of huge defect case by very simple and conservative technique.

Bone augmentation with sticky bone and platelet-rich fibrin by ridge-split technique and nasal floor engagement for immediate loading of dental implant after extracting impacted canine.

Nowadays, dental implants are the best treatment option for tooth loss, but implant placement requires sufficient bone volume. In defect area of alveolar ridge, augmentation is done by various available methods. Utilizing the growth factors such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) derived from patient's blood platelets improve treatment outcome. PRF accelerates the wound healing, enhances osteogenic activity as well as regulates the inflammation. Bone grafting, guided bone regeneration, and ridge-split technique promote new bone formation. The aim of this case report is to demonstrate an efficient method of bone augmentation using sticky bone along with PRF membrane, followed by ridge-split technique and engagement of nasal floor to place implant.