3D numerical simulation of hot airflow in the human nasal cavity and trachea.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The primary function of the human respiratory system is gas and moisture exchange, and conditioning inhaled air to prevent damage to the lungs and alveoli. In a fire incident, exposed soft tissues contract and the respiratory system may be severely damaged, possibly leading to respiratory failure and even respiratory arrest. The purpose of this study is to numerically simulate hot airflow in the human upper airway and trachea to investigate heat and moisture transfer and induced thermal injuries. METHODS: For analysis, the airflow is assumed to be laminar and steady, and simulations have been carried out at volume flow rates of 5 and 10 L/min, inlet temperatures of 70-240 °C, and relative humidity up to 40%. The mucous layer and surrounding tissues are incorporated into the conducting zone of the model. The blood perfusion is considered at different rates up to 5(Kg/m3.s) to regulate the temperature, and the vapor concentration is coupled with the energy equation. RESULTS: The temperature and humidity distribution on the airway wall were calculated for all the studied conditions in order to find the mild and severe burn for different inhaled air temperatures. At the inlet temperatures of 70 and 100 °C, there are mild burns in several nasal cavity regions. At the higher temperatures of 160 and 200 °C, these areas suffer from severe burns and mild burns occur at the superior parts and nasopharynx. Rapid evaporation and tissue destruction will be observed if anyone breathes the 240 °C air. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the hot inlet temperatures drop below 44 °C when passing through the upper airway, and the lower airway was not affected. Increasing the inlet temperature from 70 to 240 °C extends the burns from mild to severe and the affected areas from the beginning of the nasal cavity to the pharynx.

Disease Waves of SARS-CoV-2 in Iran Closely Mirror Global Pandemic Trends.

BACKGROUND: Complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing in the early phase of the outbreak in Iran showed two independent viral entries. Subsequently, as part of a genome surveillance project, we aimed to characterize the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in Iran over one year after emerging. METHODS: We provided 319 SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences used to monitor circulating lineages in March 2020-May 2021 time interval. RESULTS: The temporal dynamics of major SARS-CoV-2 clades/lineages circulating in Iran is comparable to the global perspective and represent the 19A clade (B.4) dominating the first disease wave, followed by 20A (B.1.36), 20B (B.1.1.413), 20I (B.1.1.7), leading the second, third and fourth waves, respectively. We observed a mixture of circulating B.1.36, B.1.1.413, B.1.1.7 lineages in winter 2021, paralleled in a fading manner for B.1.36/B.1.1.413 and a growing rise for B.1.1.7, prompting the fourth outbreak. Entry of the Delta variant, leading to the fifth disease wave in summer 2021, was detected in April 2021. This study highlights three lineages as hallmarks of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Iran; B4, dominating early periods of the epidemic, B.1.1.413 (B.1.1 with the combination of [D138Y-S477N-D614G] spike mutations) as a characterizing lineage in Iran, and the co-occurrence of [I100T-L699I] spike mutations in half of B.1.1.7 sequences mediating the fourth peak. It also designates the renowned combination of G and GR clades' mutations as the top recurrent mutations. CONCLUSION: In brief, we provided a real-time and comprehensive picture of the SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity in Iran and shed light on the SARS-CoV-2 transmission and circulation on the regional scale.