Simulation of climate change effect on the global distribution of Rosa multiflora.

Rosa multiflora, originated from East Asia, is one of the original ancestors of modern roses. It is also an important genetic resource and rootstock for rose cultivation. Due to its high resistance and vigorous growth, R. multiflora has become an invasive species in some introduction sites, such as North America. To explore the correlation between the suitable habitat of R. multiflora and climate change, we predicted its potential geographic distribution with an optimized MaxEnt model based on 1246 distribution records and nine bioclimatic variables. The results showed that the mean temperature of the coldest quarter, minimum temperature of the coldest month, precipitation of the warmest quarter, and isothermality were significant bioclimatic variables affecting the potential geographic distribution of R. multiflora. Under current climate conditions, R. multiflora naturally distributed in the plains and hilly areas to the east and south of the Loess Plateau. The distribution pattern in the mid-holocene was similar to its current distribution, but the highly suitable distribution area was in the south of North China Plain, the Sichuan Basin, and parts of the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain. During the last interglacial, the suitable areas generally contrac-ted southward, while the highly suitable areas significantly expanded and mainly located in the Sichuan Basin, the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plains, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and the Southeast Hills. Beyond its natural distribution in East Asia, R. multiflora had been introduced and spread to most parts of Europe and the central and eastern United States. The distribution area of R. multiflora would expand under three warming scenarios of different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) during 2041-2060 and 2081-2100. Its average distribution center (centroid) would shift towards higher latitude, indicating that the distribution of R. multiflora was closely related to climate change and that global warming might lead to an expansion of its distribution area. These results would improve our understanding of the ecological adaptability of R. multiflora, facilitate the predicting of its future distribution, and provide a theoretical basis for monitoring and early warning measures following its introduction.

The Complexity of Volatile Terpene Biosynthesis in Roses: Particular Insights into ß-Citronellol Production.

The fascinating scent of rose (Rosa genus) flowers has captivated human senses for centuries, making them one of the most popular and widely used floral fragrances. Despite much progress over the last decade, many biochemical pathways responsible for rose scents remain unclear. We analyzed the floral scent compositions from various rose varieties and selected the modern cultivar Rosa hybrida 'Double Delight' as a model system to unravel the formation of rose dominant volatile terpenes, which contribute substantially to the rose fragrance. Key genes involved in rose terpene biosynthesis were functionally characterized. Cytosolic geranyl diphosphate (GPP) generated by geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase (G/FPPS1) catalysis, played a pivotal role in rose scent production, and terpene synthases (TPSs) in roses play an important role in the formation of most volatile terpenes, but not for geraniol, citral or ß-citronellol. Subsequently, a series of enzymes, including geraniol dehydrogenase (GeDH), geranial reductase (GER), 12-oxophytodienoate reductase (OPR) and citronellal reductase (CAR), were characterized as involved in the transformation of geraniol to ß-citronellol in roses through three successive steps. Interestingly, the ß-citronellol biosynthesis pathway appears to be conserved in other horticultural plants like Lagerstroemia caudata and Paeonia lactiflora. Our findings provide valuable insights into the biosynthesis of rose volatile terpenoid compounds and offer essential gene resources for future breeding and molecular modification efforts.

Evolution of the biosynthetic pathways of terpene scent compounds in roses.

It is unknown why roses are terpene-rich, what the terpene biosynthetic pathways in roses are, and why only a few rose species produce the major components of rose essential oil. Here, we assembled two high-quality chromosome-level genomes for Rosa rugosa and Rosa multiflora. We also re-sequenced 132 individuals from the F1 progeny of Rosa chinensis and Rosa wichuraiana and 36 of their related species. Comparative genomics revealed that expansions of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and terpene synthases (TPSs) gene families led to the enrichment of terpenes in rose scent components. We constructed a terpene biosynthesis network and discovered a TPS-independent citronellol biosynthetic pathway in roses through gene functional identification, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and multi-omic analysis. Heterologous co-expression of rose citronellol biosynthetic genes in Nicotiana benthamiana led to citronellol production. Our genomic and metabolomic analyses suggested that the copy number of NUDX1-1a determines the citronellol content in different rose species. Our findings not only provide additional genome and gene resources and reveal the evolution of the terpene biosynthetic pathways but also present a nearly complete scenario for terpenoid metabolism that will facilitate the breeding of fragrant roses and the production of rose oil.

Molecular Markers and Mechanisms of Influenza A Virus Cross-Species Transmission and New Host Adaptation.

Influenza A viruses continue to be a serious health risk to people and result in a large-scale socio-economic loss. Avian influenza viruses typically do not replicate efficiently in mammals, but through the accumulation of mutations or genetic reassortment, they can overcome interspecies barriers, adapt to new hosts, and spread among them. Zoonotic influenza A viruses sporadically infect humans and exhibit limited human-to-human transmission. However, further adaptation of these viruses to humans may result in airborne transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. Therefore, we are beginning to understand genetic changes and mechanisms that may influence interspecific adaptation, cross-species transmission, and the pandemic potential of influenza A viruses. We also discuss the genetic and phenotypic traits associated with the airborne transmission of influenza A viruses in order to provide theoretical guidance for the surveillance of new strains with pandemic potential and the prevention of pandemics.

Novel transcription and replication-competent virus-like particles system modelling the Nipah virus life cycle.

Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic Henipavirus in humans, has been responsible for annual outbreaks in recent years. Experiments involving live NiV are highly restricted to biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, which impedes NiV research. In this study, we developed transcription and replication-competent NiV-like particles (trVLP-NiV) lacking N, P, and L genes. This trVLP-NiV exhibited the ability to infect and continuously passage in cells ectopically expressing N, P, and L proteins while maintaining stable genetic characteristics. Moreover, the trVLP-NiV displayed a favourable safety profile in hamsters. Using the system, we found the NiV nucleoprotein residues interacting with viral RNA backbone affected viral replication in opposite patterns. This engineered system was sensitive to well-established antiviral drugs, innate host antiviral factors, and neutralizing antibodies. We then established a high-throughput screening platform utilizing the trVLP-NiV, leading to the identification of tunicamycin as a potential anti-NiV compound. Evidence showed that tunicamycin inhibited NiV replication by decreasing the infectivity of progeny virions. In conclusion, this trVLP-NiV system provided a convenient and versatile molecular tool for investigating NiV molecular biology and conducting antiviral drug screening under BSL-2 conditions. Its application will contribute to the development of medical countermeasures against NiV infections.

Applying improved ddPCR to reliable quantification of MPXV in clinical settings.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) poses a global health threat. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) holds potential as an accurate diagnostic tool for clinical microbiology. However, there is limited literature on the applicability of ddPCR in clinical settings. In this study, the clinical features of patients with MPXV during the initial outbreak in China in June 2023 were reviewed, and an optimized ddPCR method with dilution and/or inhibitor removal was developed to enhance MPXV detection efficiency. Eighty-two MPXV samples were tested from nine different clinical specimen types, including feces, urine, pharyngeal swabs, anal swabs, saliva, herpes fluid, crust, and semen, and the viral load of each specimen was quantified. A comparative analysis was performed with qPCR to assess sensitivity and specificity and to investigate the characteristics of MPXV infection by analyzing viral loads in different clinical specimens. Consequently, common pharyngeal and gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in patients with MPXV. The optimized ddPCR method demonstrated relatively high sensitivity for MPXV quantification in the clinical materials, with a limit of detection of 0.1 copies/µL. This was particularly evident in low-concentration samples like whole blood, semen, and urine. The optimized ddPCR demonstrated greater detection accuracy compared with normal ddPCR and qPCR, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.939. Except for crust samples, viral loads in the specimens gradually decreased as the disease progressed. Virus levels in feces and anal swabs kept a high detection rate at each stage of post-symptom onset, and feces and anal swabs samples may be suitable for clinical diagnosis and continuous monitoring of MPXV. IMPORTANCE: The ddPCR technique proved to be a sensitive and valuable tool for accurately quantifying MPXV viral loads in various clinical specimen types. The findings provided valuable insights into the necessary pre-treatment protocols for MPXV diagnosis in ddPCR detection and the potentially suitable sample types for collection. Therefore, such results can aid in comprehending the potential characteristics of MPXV infection and the usage of ddPCR in clinical settings.

Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis of Petal-Color-Related Genes in Rosa praelucens.

The flower's color is regarded as one of the most outstanding features of the rose. Rosa praelucens Byhouwer, an endemic and critically endangered decaploid wild rose species, is abundant in phenotypic diversity, especially in flower color variation, from white to different degrees of pink. The mechanism underlying this variation, e.g., the level of petal-color-related genes, is worth probing. Seven candidate reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis, including tubulin α chain (TUBA), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), histone H2B (Histone2A), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1-α (EEF1A), 60S ribosomal protein (RPL37), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1-α (EIF1A), and aquaporins (AQP), were detected from the transcriptome datasets of full blooming flowers of white-petaled and pink-petaled individuals, and their expression stabilities were evaluated through qRT-PCR analysis. According to stability rankings analysis, EEF1A showed the highest stability and could be chosen as the most suitable reference gene. Moreover, the reliability of EEF1A was demonstrated via qRT-PCR analysis of six petal-color-related target genes, the expression patterns of which, through EEF1A normalization, were found to be consistent with the findings of transcriptome analysis. The result provides an optimal reference gene for exploring the expression level of petal-color-related genes in R. praelucens, which will accelerate the dissection of petal-color-variation mechanisms in R. praelucens.

RNA binding motif 4 inhibits the replication of ebolavirus by directly targeting 3'-leader region of genomic RNA.

Ebola virus (EBOV) belongs to Filoviridae family possessing single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome, which is a serious threat to human health. Nowadays, no therapeutics have been proven to be successful in efficiently decreasing the mortality rate. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are reported to participate in maintaining cell integrity and regulation of viral replication. However, little is known about whether and how RBPs participate in regulating the life cycle of EBOV. In our study, we found that RNA binding motif protein 4 (RBM4) inhibited the replication of EBOV in HEK293T and Huh-7 cells by suppressing viral mRNA production. Such inhibition resulted from the direct interaction between the RRM1 domain of RBM4 and the "CU" enrichment elements located in the PE1 and TSS of the 3'-leader region within the viral genome. Simultaneously, RBM4 could upregulate the expression of some cytokines involved in the host innate immune responses to synergistically exert its antiviral function. The findings therefore suggest that RBM4 might serve as a novel target of anti-EBOV strategy.

Effects of Intestinal Microorganisms on Influenza-Infected Mice with Antibiotic-Induced Intestinal Dysbiosis, through the TLR7 Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Stability of intestinal flora is not only important for maintaining stable immune functions; it is also a key immune channel communicating the interaction between lung and intestine. In this study, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were used to regulate influenza-infected mice with antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis and the effects of intestinal microorganisms on these mice were subsequently observed and evaluated. METHODS: Mice are housed in a normal environment with intranasal infection with influenza virus (FM1). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine messenger RNA expression and lung viral replication of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), myeloid differentiation primary reaction 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor κB (ss) p65 in the TLR7 signaling pathway. Western blotting is used to measure the expression levels of TLR7, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 proteins. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of Th17/T regulated cells. RESULTS: Results showed that compared with the simple virus group, both diversity and species of intestinal flora in influenza-infected mice with antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis were lower, in vivo viral replication was significantly increased, lung and intestinal tissues were seriously damaged, degree of inflammation increased, expression of the TLR7 signaling pathway increased, and the Th1/Th2:Th17/Treg ratio decreased. Probiotics and FMT effectively regulated intestinal flora, improved pathological lung changes and inflammation caused by influenza infection, and adjusted the TLR7 signaling pathway and the Th1/Th2:Th17/Treg ratio. This effect was not obvious in TLR7-⁣/- mice.In summary, by affecting the TLR7 signaling pathway, intestinal microorganisms reduced the inflammatory response in the lungs of influenza-infected mice with imbalances in antibiotic flora. CONCLUSIONS: By affecting the TLR7 signaling pathway, intestinal microorganisms reduced the inflammatory response in the lungs of influenza-infected mice with imbalances in antibiotic flora. In summary, damage to lung tissue and intestinal mucosa in influenza-infected mice with antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis is more serious compared to simple virus-infected mice. Improving intestinal flora using probiotics or FMT can alleviate intestinal inflammation and improve pulmonary inflammation through the TLR7 signaling pathway.

Uptake of TiO2 Nanoparticles was Linked to Variation in net Cation flux in Wheat Seedlings.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and enter the terrestrial food chain via plant uptake. However, plant uptake behaviors of TiO2 NPs remain elusive. Here, the uptake kinetics of TiO2 NPs by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings and the effects on cation flux in roots were examined in a hydroponic system. Uptake rate of TiO2 NPs ranged from 119.0 to 604.2 mg kg- 1 h- 1 within 8 h exposure. NP uptake decreased by 83% and 47%, respectively, in the presence of sodium azide (NaN3) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), indicating an energy-dependent uptake of TiO2 NPs. Moreover, accompanied with TiO2 NP uptake, net influx of Cd2+ decreased by 81%, while Na+ flux shifted from inflow to outflow at the meristematic zone of root. These findings provide valuable information for understanding plant uptake of TiO2 NPs.

Loss of Rose Fragrance under Chilling Stress Is Associated with Changes in DNA Methylation and Volatile Biosynthesis.

Rose plants are widely cultivated as cut flowers worldwide and have economic value as sources of natural fragrance and flavoring. Rosa 'Crimson Glory', whose petals have a pleasant fragrance, is one of the most important cultivars of edible rose plants. Flower storage at low-temperature is widely applied in production to maintain quality; however, chilling results in a decrease in aromatic volatiles. To determine the molecular basis underlying the changes in aromatic volatile emissions, we investigated the changes in volatile compounds, DNA methylation patterns, and patterns of the transcriptome in response to chilling temperature. The results demonstrated that chilling roses substantially reduced aromatic volatile emissions. We found that these reductions were correlated with the changes in the methylation status of the promoters and genic regions of the genes involved in volatile biosynthesis. These changes mainly occurred for CHH (H = A, T, or C) which accounted for 51% of the total methylation. Furthermore, transcript levels of scent-related gene Germacrene D synthase (RhGDS), Nudix hydrolase 1 (RhNUDX1), and Phenylacetaldehyde reductase (RhPAR) of roses were strikingly depressed after 24 h at low-temperature and remained low-level after 24 h of recovery at 20 °C. Overall, our findings indicated that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the chilling tolerance of roses and lays a foundation for practical significance in the production of edible roses.

Functional exercise evaluation on athletes' cervicalgia management / Avaliação do exercício funcional no tratamento de cervicalgia em esportistas / Evaluación del ejercicio funcional en el tratamiento de la cervicalgia en deportistas

ABSTRACT Introduction Cervicalgia generally refers to the pain syndrome caused by the cervical spine, joints, muscles, ligaments, fascia, soft tissues around the shoulder joint, and visceral diseases. Evidence suggests that resistance exercises are beneficial in solving this dysfunction in various groups, but there is no consensus in athletes. Objective This paper examines functional exercises' effect on athletes' cervicalgia. Methods Using mathematical statistics, the article randomizes equally the intensity of cervicalgia in the control and experimental groups, involving 60 individuals aged 18 to 20 years (31 males). While the control group received conventional rehabilitation treatment, the experimental group had a functional exercise training protocol three times a week, of 10 weeks. The pain was assessed by visual analog scale and self-assessment of functional limitation. Results Differences in shoulder and neck pain were found between the two groups of volunteers before and after the training rehabilitation. A complete improvement was seen in 15 subjects in the experimental group versus 8 in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Functional exercise effectively treats cervicalgia in athletes. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução A cervicalgia geralmente refere-se à síndrome de dor causada pela coluna cervical, articulações, músculos, ligamentos, fáscia, tecidos moles ao redor da articulação do ombro e doenças viscerais. Há evidências de que exercícios de resistência são benéficos para a resolução dessa disfunção em vários grupos, mas não há consenso da eficácia dos exercícios de resistência no combate à cervicalgia em esportistas. Objetivo Este artigo analisa o efeito dos exercícios funcionais na cervicalgia em esportistas. Métodos O artigo usa estatísticas matemáticas para controle randomizado equalitário na intensidade da cervicalgia nos grupos controle e experimental, envolvendo 60 indivíduos com idade entre 18 a 20 anos (31 homens). Enquanto o grupo controle passa por um tratamento de reabilitação convencional, o grupo experimental passa por um protocolo de treinamento em exercícios funcionais, na frequência de 3 vezes semanais por 2 meses e meio. A dor foi avaliada pela escala visual analógica e auto-avaliação de limitação funcional. Resultados Houve diferenças nas dores no ombro e pescoço entre os dois grupos de voluntários, antes e depois do treinamento de reabilitação. Houve melhora completa do quadro em 15 indivíduos no grupo experimental contra 8 no grupo controle (P<0,05). Conclusão O exercício funcional trata efetivamente cervicalgia nos esportistas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción La cervicalgia se refiere generalmente al síndrome de dolor causado por la columna cervical, las articulaciones, los músculos, los ligamentos, la fascia, los tejidos blandos alrededor de la articulación del hombro y los trastornos viscerales. Existen pruebas de que los ejercicios de resistencia son beneficiosos para la resolución de esta disfunción en varios grupos, pero no hay consenso sobre la eficacia de los ejercicios de resistencia para combatir la cervicalgia en los deportistas. Objetivo Este artículo analiza el efecto de los ejercicios funcionales sobre la cervicalgia en los deportistas. Métodos El artículo utiliza estadísticas matemáticas para el control aleatorio de la intensidad del dolor de cuello en los grupos de control y experimental, en el que participaron 60 individuos de entre 18 y 20 años (31 hombres). Mientras que el grupo de control se somete a un tratamiento de rehabilitación convencional, el grupo experimental se somete a un protocolo de entrenamiento de ejercicios funcionales, con una frecuencia de 3 veces por semana durante 2 meses y medio. El dolor se evaluó mediante una escala analógica visual y la autoevaluación de la limitación funcional. Resultados Hubo diferencias en el dolor de hombro y cuello entre los dos grupos de voluntarios antes y después del entrenamiento de rehabilitación. Hubo una mejora completa en 15 individuos del grupo experimental frente a 8 del grupo de control (P<0,05). Conclusión El ejercicio funcional trata eficazmente la cervicalgia en los deportistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Phylogeography and Population Genetics of Rosa chinensis var. spontanea and R. lucidissima Complex, the Important Ancestor of Modern Roses.

Rosa chinensis var. spontanea and R. lucidissima complex are the morphologically very similar key ancestors of modern roses with high importance in rose research and breeding. Although widely distributed in subtropical central and southwestern China, these two taxa are highly endangered. We sampled a total of 221 specimens and 330 DNA samples from 25 populations across the two taxa's whole range. Leaf morphological traits were compared. Two chloroplast DNA intergenic spacers (trnG-trnS, petL-psbE) and ITS were used for population genetics and phylogenetic study to delimit the boundary between the two taxa, assess the genetic variation, uncover the possible evolutionary mechanism responsible for the differentiation within the complex, and make the conservation recommendations. The complex exhibited high levels of genetic variation (h TcpDNA = 0.768, h TITS = 0.726) and high population differentiation even over small geographic distance. We suggest R. chinensis var. spontanea and R. lucidissma be treated as independent taxa, and the northern populations around and within the Sichuan Basin being R. chinensis var. spontanea, having broader leaflets and paler full-blooming flowers, while those in the middle and southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the adjacent regions being R. lucidissma, having narrower leaflets and darker full-blooming flowers. Transitional areas between the southeastern Sichuan Basin and northeastern Guizhou are the contact or the hybridization zone of the two taxa. Ancestral haplotypes of the complex (R. lucidissma) evolved at about 1.21-0.86 Mya in southeastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and its adjacent regions and survived there during the Quaternary Oscillation. Ancestral haplotypes of R. chinensis var. spontanea deviated from R. lucidissma at about 0.022-0.031 Mya at the transitional areas (Daloushan and Wulingshan Mountains) between the northeastern edge of Yunnan-Guizhou Plaeteau and the southeastern border of Sichuan Basin, where they survived the LGM. The evolution of the complex included spatial isolation and inter-species hybridization. The complex's endangered status might be the result of over-exploitation for its ornamental and medical value, or due to reforestation of some originally open habitats. We provide specific recommendations for the two taxa's in situ and ex situ conservation.

Forsythiaside A improves Influenza A virus infection through TLR7 signaling pathway in the lungs of mice.

BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus infection due to drug resistance and side effects of the conventional antiviral drugs yet remains a serious public health threat for humans and animals. Forsythiaside A is an effective ingredient isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine forsythia. It has various pharmacological effects and has a good therapeutic effect against a variety of infectious diseases. This study aimed to further explore the immunological mechanism of Forsythiaside A in the treatment of influenza virus-infected mice and its effect on the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling pathway in the lungs of these mice. METHODS: C57/BL6J mice and TLR7-/- mice were infected with the FM1 strains (H1N1 and A/FM/1/4) of the Influenza A virus. Each group of experimental mice were divided into the mock, virus, oseltamivir, and Forsythiaside A groups. Weight change, lung index change, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of key factors in the TLR7 signaling pathway were detected. Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes in the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios. RESULTS: After infection with the Influenza A virus, the weight loss of C57/BL6J mice treated with forsythoside A and oseltamivir decreased, and the pathological tissue sections showed that the inflammatory damage was reduced. The expression levels of the key factors, TLR7, myeloid differentiation factor 88(Myd88), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the TLR7 signaling pathway were significantly reduced. Flow cytometry showed that Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios decreased after Forsythiaside A treatment. In the TLR7-/- mice, there was no significant change after Forsythiaside A treatment in the virus group. CONCLUSIONS: Forsythiaside A affects the TLR7 signaling pathway in mouse lung immune cells and reduces the inflammatory response caused by the Influenza A virus FM1 strain in mouse lungs.

Construction and Application of Virtual Reality-Based Sports Rehabilitation Training Program.

This paper adopts virtual reality technology to conduct in-depth research and analysis on sports rehabilitation training, designs a corresponding sports rehabilitation training program, and applies it to practice. An AR algorithm based on dynamic target tracking under VSLAM is proposed. The algorithm can effectively reject dynamic targets in static scenes while ensuring that the virtual objects registered based on dynamic template target tracking are still in the world coordinate system of VSLAM. To facilitate patients' hand function rehabilitation training, this paper uses OpenPose for 2D gesture pose recognition, combines camera pose information and depth information provided by VSLAM to map key points of the hand into the world coordinate system, and then completes the interaction by collision detection algorithm. The virtual interaction module is implemented in this paper to meet the demand for multiuser off-site interaction in virtual training. This paper uses the Unity3D software and Photon Server server to create a VR virtual scene and design a user interaction mechanism to realize a system that supports multiple users to train together online, which effectively extends the application scope of the VR training system. The module utilizes Unity3D's VR development capabilities to develop VR virtual basketball gym scenes and single-player offline interaction mechanisms such as virtual user single shooter and shooter; then, Photon Server is used to design and implement a multiuser remote login system and a multiuser interpass mechanism, thus achieving the effect of multiplayer remote online interaction in the same VR space. Finally, the proposed module was validated, and the results proved the effectiveness of the sports rehabilitation training program.

[Electrocardiogram signal classification algorithm of nested long short-term memory network based on focal loss function].

Electrocardiogram (ECG) can visually reflect the physiological electrical activity of human heart, which is important in the field of arrhythmia detection and classification. To address the negative effect of label imbalance in ECG data on arrhythmia classification, this paper proposes a nested long short-term memory network (NLSTM) model for unbalanced ECG signal classification. The NLSTM is built to learn and memorize the temporal characteristics in complex signals, and the focal loss function is used to reduce the weights of easily identifiable samples. Then the residual attention mechanism is used to modify the assigned weights according to the importance of sample characteristic to solve the sample imbalance problem. Then the synthetic minority over-sampling technique is used to perform a simple manual oversampling process on the Massachusetts institute of technology and Beth Israel hospital arrhythmia (MIT-BIH-AR) database to further increase the classification accuracy of the model. Finally, the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database is applied to experimentally verify the above algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively solve the issues of imbalanced samples and unremarkable features in ECG signals, and the overall accuracy of the model reaches 98.34%. It also significantly improves the recognition and classification of minority samples and has provided a new feasible method for ECG-assisted diagnosis, which has practical application significance.

Greater Bioaccessibility of Silver Nanoparticles in Earthworm than in Soils.

The buildup of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in soil has raised mounting concerns on their impact on human health. Human are exposed to AgNPs in soils via hand-to-mouth activities (direct exposure) and food consumption (indirect exposure). However, the bioaccessibility of AgNPs under these exposure scenarios remains largely unknown. We used a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) to assess Ag bioaccessibility in AgNP-containing soils and in earthworms (Pheretima guillemi) cultured in these soils. Silver bioaccessibility was 1.2 - 8.4% and 8.1 - 78.7% upon direct exposure and indirect exposure, respectively. These results indicated greater Ag bioaccessibility in earthworms than in soils. Moreover, particle size decreased upon direct exposure, but remained constant upon indirect exposure in wetland soil, as revealed by single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) analysis. Our results highlight the importance of indirect exposure to NPs.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic changes triggered by Macrosiphum rosivorum in rose (Rosa longicuspis).

BACKGROUND: Rose is one of the most popular flowers in the wold. Its field growth and quality are negatively affected by aphids. However, the defence mechanisms used by rose plants against aphids are unclear. Therefore, to understand the defence mechanism of rose under aphid stress, transcriptome and metabolome techniques were used to investigate the regulation mechanism in R. longicuspis infected with M. rosivorum. RESULT: In our study, after inoculation with M. rosivorum, M. rosivorum quickly colonized R. longicuspis. A total of 34,202 genes and 758 metabolites were detected in all samples. Under M. rosivorum stress, R. longicuspis responded by MAPK cascades, plant hormone signal transduction pathway activation, RlMYBs and RlERFs transcription factors expression and ROS production. Interestingly, the 'brassinosteroid biosynthesis' pathway was significantly enriched in A3 d-vs.-A5 d. Further analysis showed that M. rosivorum induced the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, tannins and phenolic acids, among others. Importantly, the 'glutathione metabolic' and 'glucosinolate biosynthesis' pathways were significantly enriched, which involved in the rose against aphids. CONCLUSION: Our study provides candidate genes and metabolites for Rosa defence against aphids. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular regulation mechanism of rose aphid resistance and aphid resistance breeding in the future.