COVID-19 Disease Incidence and Severity in Previously Infected Unvaccinated Compared with Previously Uninfected Vaccinated Persons.

Using the VA COVID-19 National Database, we created matched pairs of previously uninfected vaccinated (≥2 doses of an mRNA vaccine) and previously infected unvaccinated individuals. The incidence rate (per 1000 person-days) of breakthrough infection among vaccinated individuals (0.30, 95% CI 0.29-0.32) was similar to reinfection rate among unvaccinated individuals (0.31, 95% CI 0.30-0.32; p=0.5). The incidence rate of hospitalization/death was higher after reinfection (7.31, 95% CI 6.66-8.03) compared with rate after breakthrough infection (4.69, 95% CI 4.06-5.42; P<0.0001). Conclusion: The incidence of hospitalization/death is significantly higher after reinfection among unvaccinated individuals compared with breakthrough infection after vaccination.

Hepatitis Delta Coinfection Rates and All-Cause Mortality Among Hepatitis B-Infected Veterans in the USA.

Screening for hepatitis D virus (HDV) is recommended for all individuals with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Coinfected individuals experience more severe liver-related outcomes. We determined the HDV testing and coinfection rates and all-cause mortality among those infected with HBV. We used the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system's national databases to identify individuals with HBV infection. We determined the proportion of individuals referred to gastroenterologists/hepatologists, or infectious diseases providers, and the proportion screened and tested positive for HDV. We calculated the HBV treatment rates, defined as ≥ 3 months of continuous prescription with an approved drug. Finally, we calculated all-cause mortality stratified by HDV coinfection and HBV treatment status. Among 44,951 individuals with at least one positive HBsAg, HBeAg or HBV DNA test, 5964 (13.3%) were screened for HDV (180 [3.0%] tested positive), and 28,291 (62.9%) were referred to gastroenterology/hepatology or infectious diseases. Treatment for HBV was prescribed for 73 (40.5%) of HDV-coinfected and 2425 (41.9%) HDV-uninfected individuals. All-cause mortality rate per 100 person-years was lower among those without HDV coinfection (2.98 for untreated HBV, 2.53 for treated HBV; p < 0.001) compared with those with HDV coinfection (5.14 for untreated HBV, 3.0 for treated HBV; p = 0.02). Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated a significantly higher mortality among HDV-coinfected individuals who were not treated for HBV (log-rank p < 0.0001). Screening rates for HDV among HBV-infected individuals are suboptimal. While HDV coinfection is associated with higher all-cause mortality, HBV treatment may confer a survival benefit.

Advances in nanoparticle-based therapeutics for ischemic stroke: Enhancing drug delivery and efficacy.

Ischemic stroke, characterized by vascular occlusion, has recently emerged as one of the primary causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Conventional treatment modalities, such as thrombolytic and neuroprotective therapies, face numerous challenges, including limited bioavailability, significant neurotoxicity, suboptimal targeting, short half-life, and poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems present distinct advantages, such as small size, enhanced lipophilicity, and modifiability, which can potentially address these limitations. Utilizing nanoparticles for drug delivery in ischemic stroke therapy offers improved drug bioavailability, reduced neurotoxicity, enhanced targeted delivery, prolonged drug half-life, and better dissolution kinetics. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current strategies in preclinical studies for managing or preventing ischemic stroke from a nanomaterial perspective, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each approach.

JAML overexpressed in colorectal cancer promotes tumour proliferation by activating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway.

The expression and biological function of junctional adhesion molecule-like protein (JAML) in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Paraffin tissue samples from 50 cases of CRC were collected to determine the expression of JAML. JAML was overexpressed or knock-down in CRC cells to evaluated the proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Western-blot and others were applied to explore the mechanisms. The study showed that JAML was highly expressed within cancer tissues in 50% (25/50) of patients with CRC, and was correlated with higher TNM stage (p < 0.05). Patients of JAML-high group had poorer overall survival compared to JAML-low group (p = 0.0362, HR = 0.4295, 95% CI of 0.1908-0.9667). The tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was lower in the JAML-high group than in the JAML-low group (p < 0.05). Overexpression of JAML promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC by activating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. TILs were reduced in JAML-high tumour tissues by decreasing chemokines such as CCL20 and CXCL9/10/11. Our study identified JAML, a potentially ideal target that is specifically highly expressed in CRC tissues, which promoted tumour proliferation, impaired T-lymphocytes infiltration, provided a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with CRC.

Coexistence of ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity in 2D van der Waals multiferroic.

Multiferroic materials have been intensively pursued to achieve the mutual control of electric and magnetic properties. The breakthrough progress in 2D magnets and ferroelectrics encourages the exploration of low-dimensional multiferroics, which holds the promise of understanding inscrutable magnetoelectric coupling and inventing advanced spintronic devices. However, confirming ferroelectricity with optical techniques is challenging in 2D materials, particularly in conjunction with antiferromagnetic orders in single- and few-layer multiferroics. Here, we report the discovery of 2D vdW multiferroic with out-of-plane ferroelectric polarization in trilayer NiI2 device, as revealed by scanning reflective magnetic circular dichroism microscopy and ferroelectric hysteresis loops. The evolution between ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases has been unambiguously observed. Moreover, the magnetoelectric interaction is directly probed by magnetic control of the multiferroic domain switching. This work opens up opportunities for exploring multiferroic orders and multiferroic physics at the limit of single or few atomic layers, and for creating advanced magnetoelectronic devices.

Ccl2-Induced Regulatory T Cells Balance Inflammation Through Macrophage Polarization During Liver Reconstitution.

Inflammation is highlighted as an initial factor that helps orchestrate liver reconstitution. However, the precise mechanisms controlling inflammation during liver reconstitution have not been fully elucidated. In this study, a clear immune response is demonstrated during hepatic reconstitution. Inhibition of the hepatic inflammatory response retards liver regeneration. During this process, Ccl2 is primarily produced by type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s), and ILC1-derived Ccl2 recruits peripheral ILC1s and regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the liver. Deletion of Ccl2 or Tregs exacerbates hepatic injury and inflammatory cytokine release, accelerating liver proliferation and regeneration. The adoption of Tregs and IL-10 injection reversed these effects on hepatocyte regenerative proliferation. Additionally, Treg-derived IL-10 can directly induce macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, which alleviated macrophage-secreted IL-6 and TNF-α and balanced the intrahepatic inflammatory milieu during liver reconstitution. This study reveals the capacity of Tregs to modulate the intrahepatic inflammatory milieu and liver reconstitution through IL-10-mediated macrophage polarization, providing a potential opportunity to improve hepatic inflammation and maintain homeostasis.

Improving agreement in assessing subtrochanteric fracture healing among orthopedic surgeons using the Radiographic Union Score for Hip (RUSH).

BACKGROUND: Prompt identification of fracture healing is crucial for medical decision-making and clinical research. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Radiographic Union Score for Hip (RUSH) in subtrochanteric fractures and determine the optimal scoring threshold for fracture healing. METHODS: We obtained 94 sets of X-ray films from the postoperative follow-up of 35 patients who underwent intramedullary nail fixation for subtrochanteric fractures. Six orthopedic trauma surgeons evaluated the imaging data and determined fracture healing based on subjective judgment. They then scored the X-ray images using the RUSH form. After four weeks, the same observers re-evaluated 47 randomly selected sets of radiographs. Subsequently, the observers and study designer conducted a consensus meeting where they agreed on whether the fractures had healed. We used Fleiss kappa to evaluate agreement among observers based on subjective impressions, and the intraclass correlation coefficient assessed RUSH score consistency. Regression analysis examined the relationship between scores and fracture healing consensus using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Based on overall impressions, the agreement level among orthopedic trauma surgeons for determining the healing status of subtrochanteric fractures was moderate (Kappa = 0.564, 95% CI: 0.511-0.616). However, utilizing the RUSH scoring system can improve the consistency to a substantial level of agreement (ICC = 0.748, 95% CI: 0.663-0.817). Regarding intraobserver reliability, there were significant differences among orthopedic trauma surgeons in judging fracture healing based on overall impressions. However, using the RUSH scoring form, the attending group achieved better intraobserver consistency than the resident group. Regression analysis and ROC curve analysis revealed a strong correlation between the RUSH total score, cortical bone score, cancellous bone score, and consensus on fracture healing. The AUC values are 0.769 (95% CI: 0.670-0.868), 0.779 (95% CI: 0.681-0.876), and 0.771 (95% CI: 0.674-0.867), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the effectiveness of the RUSH scoring system in enhancing interobserver agreement and intraobserver consistency when evaluating subtrochanteric fracture healing in orthopedic trauma surgeons. We propose setting 21 points as the threshold for the simplified RUSH scoring system to determine fracture healing. This system includes only eight items related to cortical bone, with a total score of 24 points.

Comparison of the Photoreceptor Mosaic Before and After Macular Hole Surgery with High Resolution Adaptive Optics Imaging.

PURPOSE: To assess the photoreceptor mosaic in patients with idiopathic full thickness macular hole (MH) before and after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with adaptive optics enhanced retinal imaging (AO). DESIGN: Prospective case series. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of patients who presented at the Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, Canada with a diagnosis of macular hole treated with PPV. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: secondary MH, high myopia (axial length >26.5 mm), media opacity precluding OCT or AO imaging, previous intraocular surgery except for cataract extraction. Imaging using an AO fundus camera (Imagine Eyes, RTX1) was performed preoperatively and 3-months following successful MH repair in both eyes. Cone density (CD), regularity, dispersion, regularity, dispersion, and spacing were measured at 2° and 4° of eccentricity in 4 quadrants (superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal) with pre- and postoperative values compared. RESULTS: We included 18 eyes of 9 patients. At 2° there was significant reduction in CD and increase in spacing and dispersion and a non-significant change in regularity post-operatively. Comparison between preoperative and postoperative measurements at 2° mean (Standard Error= SE) were: CD: 14612 ± 3003 and 12280 ± 4632 photoreceptors/mm2 [95%CIs= -2413 to -702] p=0.0004, regularity: 88 ± 7% and 84 ± 12% [95%CIs= -4.67 to 0.04] p=0.054, dispersion: 19 ± 6% and 23 ± 10% [95%CIs= 0.5 to 4.24] p=0.013, spacing: 9 ± 1 microns and 10 ± 2microns [95%CIs= 0.40 to 1.27] p=0.0002; at 4° was: CD: 13377 ± 4339 and 12770 ± 4391 photoreceptors/mm2 [95%CIs= -1368 to 252] p=0.176, regularity:87 ± 9% and 86 ± 12% [95%CIs= -4.65 to 0.08] p=0.74, dispersion: 20 ± 8% and 20 ±9 % [95%CIs= -2.11 to 1.5] p=0.74, spacing:10 ± 2 microns and 10 ± 3 microns [95%CIs= -0.23 to 0.58] p=0.39. CONCLUSION: Adaptive optics imaging allows quantitative assessment of the photoreceptor mosaic pre- and post-PPV in patients with MH. There was a significant change to the photoreceptor mosaic related to the MH at 2° pre- and post-operatively. AO imaging enables high-resolution investigation of the photoreceptor remodeling process following surgery, which may allow for a more thorough assessment of surgical outcomes.

Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided Single-Injection Erector Spinae Plane Block, Retrolaminar Block and Paravertebral Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Single-Incision Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Three-Arm, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Effective postoperative analgesia is critical for thoracic surgery. This study compares the analgesic efficacy of the erector spinae plane block (ESPB), retrolaminar block (RLB), and paravertebral block (TPVB) in single-incision video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (SITS). METHODS: Seventy-six patients underwent general anesthesia followed by ultrasound-guided nerve blocks with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine. Primary outcomes included the area under the curve (AUC) of Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) scores during rest and coughing over 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included perioperative opioid use, plasma biomarkers, and postoperative recovery measures. RESULTS: The AUC for NRS was 107.8±10.53 in the ESPB group, 104.8±8.05 in the RLB group, and 103.6±10.42 in the TPVB group, demonstrating non-inferiority for ESPB (difference: 4.2±3.0, 95% CI -1.82 to 10.22) and RLB (difference: 1.2±2.6, 95% CI -3.97 to 6.37) compared to TPVB. No significant differences were observed in opioid use, plasma biomarkers, QoR-15 scores, or adverse events. DISCUSSION: ESPB and RLB provide non-inferior analgesia compared to TPVB in SITS patients and are effective alternatives that enhance safety.

[Research progress on femoral attachment positioning during medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction].

Objective: To review research progress on femoral attachment positioning during medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, so as to provide a reference for accurate positioning in clinic. Methods: The literature at home and abroad on femoral attachment positioning during MPFL reconstruction was extensively reviewed and summarized. Results: MPFL is the main ligament that restricts patellar outward migration, so MPFL reconstruction is the main treatment for patellar dislocation, but the accuracy of intraoperative femoral attachment positioning will significantly affect the effectiveness. At present, there are three main methods for femoral attachment positioning in MPFL reconstruction, including imaging positioning, bony landmark positioning, and new technology. Among them, the main imaging positioning method is the "Schöttle point" method, but it has high requirements for fluoroscopic positioning, and can only be accurately positioned under standard lateral fluoroscopy of the femur. The bony landmark positioning method mainly locates the femoral attachment by touching or dissecting the bony landmarks such as adductor tubercles and medial epicondyle of femur, but its disadvantages are that the positioning is not accurate enough, the intraoperative visual field exposure requirements are high, and a large incision is required. In order to avoid the problem that the simple bony landmark positioning method, in recent years, the combination of bony landmarks combined with arthroscopy, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, and robot-assisted positioning methods have begun to be used in clinical practice. New technology localization methods have shown good results by preparing guides before operation, planning positioning paths in advance, or directly using robots to assist positioning during operation. Conclusion: The accurate positioning of the femoral attachment in MPFL reconstruction is crucial, and the method of accurate and rapid intraoperative determination needs to be further improved and optimized. In the future, it is expected that the combination of computer image recognition correction technology and intraoperative position assistance will solve this problem.

Roller Coasters and Retinal Detachment: Case Series and Review of Acceleration-Deceleration Retinal Injury.

Introduction: Anecdotal reports and limited reports suggest a possible link between activities involving rapid acceleration and retinal detachment. We present two novel such cases and review existing literature to investigate the plausibility of this association and delineate in what populations such an association may be more likely. Case Presentation: We report 2 cases of retinal detachment following roller coaster riding. The first, a 24-year-old woman with a family history of retinal detachment, presented with floaters after consecutive rides and was found to have an inferior temporal macula-sparing retinal detachment with associated retinal breaks. The second case, a 25-year-old female with a history of high myopia, presented with visual field defect and was found to have a macula-on retinal detachment with an accompanying tear at the edge of an area of lattice degeneration. Both were successfully treated with pneumatic retinopexy followed by laser retinopexy. Conclusion: Rapid acceleration/deceleration forces, such as those experienced on roller coasters, could potentially lead to retinal detachment. Structural predisposition is likely necessary for acceleration/deceleration injury to lead to retinal detachment, with all known cases having risk factors, including high myopia and positive family history. These same forces in eyes without structural predisposition have resulted in hemorrhage, but not detachment.

Study of the mass balance, biotransformation, and safety of [ 14C]IBI351 in healthy Chinese subjects.

IBI351, a synthetic compound, exerts its anti-tumor effects by specifically, covalently, and irreversibly modifying the 12th cysteine residue of KRAS G12C. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of IBI351 in the human body have not been reported. The current study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of IBI351 in healthy Chinese male subjects. A single oral dose of 600 mg/150 µCi [ 14C]IBI351 was administered to six healthy male subjects. Blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected at continuous time points to analyze the levels of IBI351 parent drug and its metabolites. We found that IBI351 showed favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics, and was well tolerated in all the six participants. In addition, 17 major metabolites of IBI351 were analyzed and identified in the blood, urine, and feces. The main metabolic pathways included oxidation, hydrogenation, sulfonate conjugation, glucuronide conjugation, and cysteine conjugation. IBI351 and its metabolites were primarily excreted through feces. Taken together, this is the first study on the metabolism and safety of IBI351 in Chinese subjects, and these findings may guide future clinical development of IBI351 as a novel anti-tumor drug.

Prevalence of glaucoma in Canada: results from the 2016-2019 Canadian Health Measures Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of glaucoma in Canada based on self-reports and test data, including Frequency Doubling Technology Perimetry (FDT), optic nerve vertical cup-to-disc ratio (CDR), intraocular pressure (IOP), and use of glaucoma medications. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS: 2,600-4,100 participants aged 40-79 in the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2016-2019 with available information from self-report, CDR, FDT, and IOP. METHODS: Glaucoma was defined by self-reports, CDR ≥ 0.7 only, or failed FDT only. Incorporating results of CDR, FDT, IOP, and use of glaucoma medications, participants were further classified as definite glaucoma (failed FDT and CDR ≥ 0.7) or glaucoma suspects (CDR ≥ 0.7 only, failed FDT only, or IOP > 21 mmHg only, or "normal" values of FDT, CDR, and IOP but used glaucoma medications). Survey weights were used in analyses. RESULTS: The glaucoma prevalence was 2.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7%-3.3%) utilizing self-reports, 3.0% (95% CI 2.1%-3.9%) by CDR ≥ 0.7 only and 10.3% (7.8%-12.8%) with failed FDT only. Merging test data, the prevalence of definite glaucoma was 0.7% (95% CI 0.3%-1.1%) and the prevalence of suspected glaucoma was 16.3% (95% CI 13.2%-19.4%). Among the patients suspected of having glaucoma, 44.4% had ocular hypertension (OHT, mean IOP 22.8 mmHg) and 6.8% used glaucoma medications. IOP ≥28 mmHg was found in 2.4% of OHT individuals, and none used glaucoma medications.37.5% of Canadians with definite glaucoma were unaware they had glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma prevalence in Canadians aged 40-79 varied between 0.7% and 10.3% depending on definition used. 16.3% of Canadians were labeled "glaucoma suspects". Nearly 40% of Canadians with definite glaucoma were unaware of having glaucoma.

Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of agarwood and agarwood tree leaves in periodontitis.

The main bioactive components of agarwood, derived from Aquilaria sinensis, include sesquiterpenes, 2-(2-phenethyl) chromone derivatives, aromatic compounds, and fatty acids, which typically exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune-modulating, hypoglycemic, and antitumor pharmacological effects in the form of essential oils. Agarwood tree leaves, rich in flavonoids, 2-(2-phenethyl) chromone compounds, and flavonoid compounds, also exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects. These properties are particularly relevant to the treatment of periodontitis, given that inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation are key pathological mechanisms of the disease, highlighting the substantial potential of agarwood and agarwood tree leaves in this therapeutic area. However, the low solubility and poor bioavailability of essential oils present challenges that necessitate the development of improved active formulations. In this review, we will introduce the bioactive components, extraction methods, pharmacological actions, and clinical applications of agarwood and agarwood tree leaves, analyzing its prospects for the treatment of periodontitis.

Different preferences for inorganic carbon influence CO2 flux under Cyanobacteria or Chlorophyta dominance days.

Algae play critical roles in the carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between the water bodies and the atmosphere. However, the effects of prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae on carbon utilization, CO2 flux, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the differences in carbon preferences and CO2 fluxes under different algal dominance days. Our research revealed that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration fluctuations had a limited effect on the relative abundance of algae. However, shifts in dominant algal phyla induced changes in DIC, with Cyanobacteria preferring HCO3- and Chlorophyta preferring CO2. Analysis of the water chemistry balance indicated that the growth of Chlorophyta had a 15.59 times greater effect on CO2 sinks compared with that of Cyanobacteria. During the Cyanobacteria dominance days, the lower DIC concentration did not result in a reduction in CO2 emissions. However, increases in the dissolved organic carbon concentration provided a favorable environment for Cyanobacteria, which promoted CO2 emissions. The CCM model indicated that the growth of Chlorophyta resulted in CO2 uptake rates at least 3.57 times higher and CO2 leakage rates up to 0.97 times lower compared to Cyanobacteria, accelerating CO2 transport into the cell. Overall, CO2 sink was stronger on Chlorophyta dominance days than on Cyanobacteria dominance days. This study emphasized the influence of algal phyla on CO2 fluxes, revealing the significant CO2 sink associated with Chlorophyta. Further research should investigate how to manipulate environmental factors to favor Chlorophyta growth and effectively reduce CO2 emissions.

Discovery of metabolite from the insect-derived endophytic Penicillium chrysogenum and their COX-2 inhibitory activity.

Three new N-alkylated amino acid derivatives, penichrysoamides A-C (1-3), along with a new citric acid derivative, penichrysoacid A (4), a new chromanone lactone penichrysoacid B (5), and a new amide derivative, penichrysoamide D (6), as well as seven known benzamide derivatives (7-13), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum derived from the insect Periplaneta americana. The structures of these compounds, including their absolute configurations, were elucidated using spectroscopic and computational techniques. Biological evaluation revealed that compounds 8-13 exhibited significant COX-2 inhibitory activity, with IC50 values ranging from 275 nM to 1350 nM.

Rational design of a DNA-launched live attenuated vaccine against human enterovirus 71.

Human Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as one of the predominant causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) with global impact. Despite the inactivated vaccine being licensed, other vaccine candidates based on advanced technology platforms are under development. In this report, we rationally designed and constructed two DNA-launched live attenuated vaccine candidates (pDL-EV71) under the control of specific promoters. In vitro and in vivo transfection with pDL-EV71 driven by the CMV promoter successfully yielded fully infectious EV71. More importantly, the administration of pDL-EV71 did not cause clinical symptoms following intracranial or intramuscular inoculation in neonatal and IFNα/ßR-/- mice, demonstrating its safety profile. Moreover, a single-dose or two-dose immunization with pDL-EV71 elicited robust neutralizing antibodies against EV71 as well as an antigen-specific cellular response in mice. A single-dose immunization with 10 â€‹µg of pDL-EV71 conferred complete protection against lethal EV71 infection in neonates born to immunized maternal mice. Overall, our present results demonstrate that pDL-EV71 is a safe and effective vaccine candidate against EV71 for further development.

A Roadmap for Ferroelectric-Antiferroelectric Phase Transition.

Antiferroelectric materials have shown great potential in electronic devices benefiting from the reversible phase transition between ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases. Understanding the dipole arrangements and clear phase transition pathways is crucial for design of antiferroelectric materials-based energy storage and conversion devices. However, the specific phase transition details remain largely unclear and even controversial to date. Here, we have grown a series of PbZrO3 on SrTiO3 substrates and elucidated the fine atom structures and phase transition pathways using atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Specifically, a roadmap for ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phase transitions, here with increasing film thickness, is determined as ferroelectric rhombohedral (R3c)-ferroelectric monoclinic (Pc)-ferrielectric orthorhombic (Ima2)-antiferroelectric orthorhombic (Pbam), where Pc and Ima2 phases act as structural bridges. Moreover, the phase transition pathway is strongly related to the synergistic effect of oxygen octahedral tilting and cation displacement. These findings provide an insightful understanding for the theories and related properties of antiferroelectrics.

Estimation of carbon emissions from different industrial categories integrated nighttime light and POI data-A case study in the Yellow River Basin.

Global industrial activities contribute significantly to carbon emissions, impacting climate change and necessitating innovative methods for precise emission monitoring and management at both regional and international levels. Based on nighttime light data, POI data, land use data and energy statistics, this study calculated the carbon emissions of different industrial categories in the Yellow River Basin from 2005 to 2020 and analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of their changes to reveal the carbon emission patterns of different industrial categories in the basin. This study analyzes the carbon emissions of various industrial categories from a spatial perspective, addressing the limitations of traditional industrial carbon emission assessments at the spatial scale. The results showed that although the growth rate of industrial carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin has slowed down significantly, it has not yet reached the peak, with the carbon emissions increasing from 400,0647t in 2005 to 519,216,200t in 2020. The mechanical and electronic manufacturing industry had the largest carbon emissions, which accounting for 37.08% of the total carbon emissions. Medical pharmaceuticals had the fewest, only accounting for 1.16% of the total carbon emissions. The spatial distribution of carbon emissions showed a cluster distribution, and the emissions gradually decrease from the center to the periphery. In addition, the carbon emissions of the construction industry, medical pharmaceutical industry and mechanical and electronic manufacturing industry were concentrated in and around the cites, and were closely related to urban development, infrastructure and technological progress. Furthermore, the study reveals that the relationship between carbon emissions and population structure across different industrial categories is complex. A stable relationship exists between carbon emissions and the population within the mechanical and electronic manufacturing, metallurgy, and chemical industries. However, for the clothing, furniture, and pharmaceutical industries, population is not the sole influencing factor on their carbon emissions. This study provides a new perspective on low-carbon green and sustainable development strategies for industrial carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin, and emphasizes the importance of constructing detailed, diversified and innovative management strategies in the face of climate change challenges.