The small heat shock protein Hsp20.8 imparts tolerance to high temperatures in the leafminer fly, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agtomyzidae).

As an environmental factor, temperature impacts the distribution of species and influences interspecific competition. The molecular chaperones encoded by small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are essential for rapid, appropriate responses to environmental stress. This study focuses on Hsp20.8, which encodes a temperature-responsive sHsp in Liriomyza trifolii, an insect pest that infests both agricultural and ornamental crops. Hsp20.8 expression was highest at 39℃ in L. trifolii pupae and adults, and expression levels were greater in pupae than in adults. Recombinant Hsp20.8 was expressed in Escherichia coli and conferred a higher survival rate than the empty vector to bacterial cells exposed to heat stress. RNA interference experiments were conducted using L. trifolii adults and prepupae and the knockdown of Hsp20.8 expression increased mortality in L. trifolii during heat stress. The results expand our understanding of sHsp function in Liriomyza spp. and the ongoing adaptation of this pest to climate change. In addition, this study is also important for predicting the distribution of invasive species and proposing new prevention and control strategies based on temperature adaptation.

Recent Advances of CeO2-Based Composite Materials for Photocatalytic Applications.

Photocatalysis has the advantages of practical, sustainable and environmental protection, so it plays a significant role in energy transformation and environmental utilization. CeO2 has attracted widespread attention for its unique 4 f electrons, rich defect structures, high oxygen storage capacity and great chemical stability. In this paper, we review the structure of CeO2 and the common methods for the preparation of CeO2-based composites in the first part. In particular, we highlight the co-precipitation method, template method, and sol-gel method methods. Then, in the second part, we introduce the application of CeO2-based composites in photocatalysis, including photocatalytic CO2 reduction, hydrogen production, degradation, selective organic reaction, and photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. In addition, we discuss several modification techniques to improve the photocatalytic performance of CeO2-based composites, such as elemental doping, defect engineering, constructing heterojunction and morphology regulation. Finally, the challenges faced by CeO2-based composites are analyzed and their development prospects are prospected. This review provides a systematic summary of the recent advance of CeO2-based composites in the field of photocatalysis, which can provide useful references for the rational design of efficient CeO2-based composite photocatalysts for sustainable development.

Characterization of genes encoding heat shock proteins reveals a differential response to temperature in two geographic populations of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae).

Liriomyza trifolii is a significant, invasive pest that damages horticultural crops and vegetables. The distribution of L. trifolii is influenced by temperature, and prior research has demonstrated that variations in thermal adaptability differ among geographic populations of the insect. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in adaptation to temperatures; however, the underlying molecular mechanism for thermal adaption in different L. trifolii populations remains unclear. This study examines the temperature adaptability of two L. trifolii populations from Hainan (HN) and Jiangsu (JS) provinces. The results indicate that the HN population has a higher survival rate and a higher critical thermal maximum (CTmax) than the JS population under high temperature stress. Transcriptome data at 42 °C revealed that the JS population has more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than the HN population, while the HN population has more upregulated DEGs. The two populations were similar in functional annotation of DEGs, and a large number of Hsps were upregulated. However, the HN population had larger numbers and higher expression levels of Hsps during heat stress as compared to the JS population. Additionally, the expression patterns of differentially expressed Hsps varied between the HN and JS populations in response to different elevated temperatures. Notably, the transcription levels of Hsp70s were higher in the HN population as compared to the JS population, while the expression level of genes encoding small heat shock proteins was higher in the JS population. These findings have significant scientific value in understanding the underlying mechanism of temperature adaption in L. trifolii and provide a fresh perspective on the distribution of this invasive pest.

Mechanistic effects of microwave radiation on pupal emergence in the leafminer fly, Liriomyza trifolii.

Liriomyza trifolii is a significant pest of vegetable and ornamental crops across the globe. Microwave radiation has been used for controlling pests in stored products; however, there are few reports on the use of microwaves for eradicating agricultural pests such as L. trifolii, and its effects on pests at the molecular level is unclear. In this study, we show that microwave radiation inhibited the emergence of L. trifolii pupae. Transcriptomic studies of L. trifolii indicated significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 'post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperones', 'sensory perception of pain/transcription repressor complex/zinc ion binding' and 'insulin signaling pathway' when analyzed with the Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, respectively. The top DEGs were related to reproduction, immunity and development and were significantly expressed after microwave radiation. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the expression of genes encoding heat shock proteins or antioxidant enzymes in L. trifolii treated with microwave radiation as compared to the untreated control. The expression of DEGs encoding cuticular protein and protein takeout were silenced by RNA interference, and the results showed that knockdown of these two DEGs reduced the survival of L. trifolii exposed to microwave radiation. The results of this study help elucidate the molecular response of L. trifolii exposed to microwave radiation and provide novel ideas for control.

Insect hormones affect the toxicity of the insecticidal growth regulator cyromazine in Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae).

The leafminer Liriomyza trifolii is an important insect pest of ornamental and vegetable crops worldwide. Cyromazine is an effective, commonly-used insecticide that functions as a growth regulator, but its effect on L. trifolii has not been previously reported. In this study, transcriptome analysis was undertaken in L. trifolii exposed to cyromazine. Clusters of orthologous groups analysis indicated that a large number of differentially expressed genes responding to cyromazine were categorized as "lipid transport and metabolism", "post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperones", and "cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis". Gene ontology analysis indicated that pathways associated with insect hormones, growth and development, and cuticle synthesis were significantly enriched. In general, the transcriptome results showed that the genes related to insect hormones were significantly expressed after treatment with cyromazine. Furthermore, the combined exposure of L. trifolii to cyromazine and the hormone analogues 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) or juvenile hormone (JH) indicated that hormone analogues can change the expression pattern of hormone-related genes (20EP and JHEH) and pupal length. The combined application of cyromazine with 20E improved the survival rate of L. trifolii, whereas the combination of JH and cyromazine reduced survival. The results of this study help elucidate the mechanistic basis for cyromazine toxicity and provide a foundation for understanding cyromazine resistance.

RNA Interference of Chitin Synthase 2 Gene in Liriomyza trifolii through Immersion in Double-Stranded RNA.

Liriomyza trifolii is an important invasive pest that infects horticultural vegetables, displaying a strong competitive advantage and showing great potential for inflicting harm. Chitin synthase is one of the key enzymes in insect chitin metabolism and plays an important role in insect growth and development. In this study, a chitin synthase (CHS) transcript of L. trifolii was cloned, and the results showed that LtCHS belongs to the CHS2 family. The expression analysis indicated the presence of the highest abundance of LtCHS2 in the pupae at different developmental stages but showed no significant difference among different tissues in the adult. Furthermore, a dsRNA immersion method was developed for RNA interference (RNAi) in L. trifolii using LtCHS2 transcript. RNAi can significantly reduce the expression of LtCHS2 in pupae, and the emergence rate of the pupae was significantly lower than that of the control. The results provide a theoretical basis for exploring the role of chitin synthase gene in L. trifolii and proposing new pest control strategies.

Microbe-based management for colorectal cancer.

ABSTRACT: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent, most lethal cancers in the world. Increasing evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota is closely related to the pathogenesis and prognosis of CRC. The normal microbiota plays an essential role in maintaining gut barrier function and the immune microenvironment. Recent studies have identified carcinogenic bacteria such as enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) and Streptococcus gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus), as well as protective bacterial such as Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), as potential targets of CRC treatment. Gut microbiota modulation aims to restore gut dysbiosis, regulate the intestinal immune system and prevent from pathogen invasion, all of which are beneficial for CRC prevention and prognosis. The utility of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and dietary inventions to treat CRC makes them novel microbe-based management tools. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in bacteria-derived colorectal carcinogenesis and summarized novel bacteria-related therapies for CRC. In summary, we hope to facilitate clinical applications of intestinal bacteria for preventing and treating CRC.

Goose parvovirus and the protein NS1 induce apoptosis through the AIF-mitochondrial pathway in goose embryo fibroblasts.

In this study, the effects of Goose parvovirus (GPV) infection as well as the possible role of NS1 protein on apoptosis induction in goose embryo fibroblast (GEF) cells were examined. Flow cytometry analysis and TUNEL assays revealed that GPV infection and NS1 transfection induced significant apoptosis in GEF cells compared to what was observed in mock-infected cells. Interestingly, the increase in the rate of apoptosis detected in GPV-infected GEFs was accompanied by an increased viral load in the cells. In addition, the apoptotic pathway was mediated by apoptosis-inducing factors (AIFs) and internal factors that influence the release of AIFs. The results indicated that the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased, and AIF expression was increased in the nucleus (P < 0.01). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased gradually within 48 h (P < 0.001). Cathepsin D activities were also increased (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the AIF-mediated pathway is a new mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and that mitochondrial depolarization, ROS content, and cathepsin D activities are the key factors influencing apoptosis in GEF cells.

Astrocytes: a double-edged sword in neurodegenerative diseases.

Astrocytes play multifaceted and vital roles in maintaining neurophysiological function of the central nervous system by regulating homeostasis, increasing synaptic plasticity, and sustaining neuroprotective effects. Astrocytes become activated as a result of inflammatory responses during the progression of pathological changes associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Reactive astrocytes (neurotoxic A1 and neuroprotective A2) are triggered during disease progression and pathogenesis due to neuroinflammation and ischemia. However, only a limited body of literature describes morphological and functional changes of astrocytes during the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review investigated the detrimental and beneficial roles of astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases reported in recent studies, as these cells have promising therapeutic potential and offer new approaches for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Molecular Characterization and Comparative Pathogenicity of Goose Parvovirus Isolated from Jilin Province, Northeast China.

Goose parvovirus (GPV) is a highly contagious disease caused by GPV in goslings and young Muscovy ducklings. In recent years, frequent GPV outbreaks have occurred in many regions of Jilin Province, China. In this study, to understand the immune-related characteristics of the currently prevailing GPV strains in some regions of Jilin Province, six GPV strains were isolated from six different regions of Jilin Province in 2016-2018. The results of phylogenetic analysis, clinical signs, and histopathologic analysis showed that four strains were virulent and two strains were attenuated. Specifically, we found that the two attenuated strains have the same amino acid mutation at the same position in the virus protein 3 (VP3) gene, and the virulent strains have more mutation sites than the attenuated strains. This finding suggests that changes in these sites may result in GPV replication or reduction in the immune response in goslings, thereby producing strong pathogenicity, and that attenuated strains are more conservative than virulent strains.

Caracterización molecular y patogenicidad comparativa de parvovirus de ganso aislados en la provincia de Jilin, noreste de China. El parvovirus del ganso (GPV, por sus siglas en inglés) es una enfermedad altamente contagiosa causada por el parvovirus de ganso en gansitos y patitos reales jóvenes. En los últimos años, se han presentado brotes frecuentes por el parvovirus del ganso en muchas regiones de la provincia de Jilin, en China. En este estudio, para comprender las características relacionadas con el sistema inmunológico de las cepas del parvovirus del ganso prevalentes actualmente en algunas regiones de la provincia de Jilin, se aislaron seis cepas de parvovirus del ganso de seis regiones diferentes de la provincia de Jilin entre los años 2016 al 2018. Los resultados del análisis filogenético, los signos clínicos y el análisis histopatológico mostraron que las cuatro cepas fueron virulentas y dos fueron atenuadas. Específicamente, se encontró que las dos cepas atenuadas tienen la misma mutación de aminoácidos en la misma posición en el gene de la proteína viral 3 (VP3) y las cepas virulentas tienen más sitios de mutación que las cepas atenuadas. Este hallazgo sugiere que los cambios en estos sitios pueden resultar en la replicación o reducción de la respuesta inmune en los gansitos, lo que induce una fuerte patogenicidad y que las cepas atenuadas son más conservadas que las virulentas.

[Multi-mode MRI-based intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) reduces hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke patients].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety of intravenous thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in ischemic patients under the guidance of CT and multi-mode MRI. METHODS: The clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data from 113 consecutive hyperacute ischemic patients who received intravenous rtPA therapy from June 2009 to October 2011 was retrospectively reviewed. The rate of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and the clinical outcome between CT and multi-mode MRI was compared. Etiological subgroups were classified according to Chinese ischemic stroke subclassification (CISS). RESULTS: Among 113 patients treated with intravenous rtPA, the mean age was 66 ±12 years, 74(65.5%) were man, the pretreatment National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (NIHSS) was 12.4 ±6.5, and time from symptom onset to therapy was 259.7 ±131.7 min. Postlytic radiological HT was found in 34 patients (30.1%). Symptomatic ICH occurred in 9 patients (8%). Logistic regression analysis suggested that multi-mode MRI was an independent predictor of reduced risk of HT. CONCLUSION: The risk of hemorrhagic complications is lower in patients receiving intravenous thrombolytic therapy with rtPA guided by multi-mode MRI than those guided by CT scan.

The prognostic value of serum tau in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum tau concentrations and 3-month clinical outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum tau concentrations of 176 patients were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The end points were mortality and poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score>2) after 3 months. RESULTS: 110 patients (62.5%) had a poor outcome at 3 months. The 3-month mortality rate was 36.4% (64/176). A forward stepwise logistic regression selected serum tau concentration as an independent predictor for 3-month mortality (P=0.002) and poor outcomes (P=0.009) of patients. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that serum tau concentration predicted 3-month mortality (P=0.001) and poor outcomes (P=0.001) statistically significantly. The area under curve of tau was similar to that of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score for 3-month mortality (P=0.715) and poor outcomes (P=0.315). In a combined logistic-regression model, tau statistically significantly improved the area under curve of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score for the prediction of 3-month poor outcome (P=0.039), but not for the prediction of 3-month mortality (P=0.106). CONCLUSIONS: Serum tau concentration represents a novel biomarker for predicting mortality and poor outcomes at 3 months in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Evaluation of brain iron content based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): comparison among phase value, R2* and magnitude signal intensity.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are being exploited to measure brain iron levels increasingly as iron deposition has been implicated in some neurodegenerative diseases. However, there remains no unified evaluation of these methods as postmortem measurement isn't commonly available as the reference standard. The purpose of this study was to make a comparison among these methods and try to find a new index of brain iron. METHODS: We measured both phase values and R2* in twenty-four adults, and performed correlation analysis among the two methods and the previously published iron concentrations. We also proposed a new method using magnitude signal intensity and compared it with R2* and brain iron. RESULTS: We found phase value correlated with R2* in substantia nigra (r = -0.723, p<0.001) and putamen (r = -0.514, p = 0.010), while no correlations in red nucleus (r = -0.236, p = 0.268) and globus pallidus (r = -0.111, p = 0.605). And the new magnitude method had significant correlations in red nucleus (r = -0.593, p = 0.002), substantia nigra (r = -0.521, p = 0.009), globus pallidus (r = -0.750, p<0.001) and putamen (r = -0.547, p = 0.006) with R2*. A strong inverse correlation was also found between the new magnitude method and previously published iron concentrations in seven brain regions (r = -0.982, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that phase value may not be used for assessing the iron content in some brain regions especially globus pallidus. The new magnitude method is highly consistent with R2* especially in globus pallidus, and we assume that this approach may be acceptable as an index of iron content in iron-rich brain regions.

From phenotype to gene: detecting disease-specific gene functional modules via a text-based human disease phenotype network construction.

Currently, some efforts have been devoted to the text analysis of disease phenotype data, and their results indicated that similar disease phenotypes arise from functionally related genes. These related genes work together, as a functional module, to perform a desired cellular function. We constructed a text-based human disease phenotype network and detected 82 disease-specific gene functional modules, each corresponding to a different phenotype cluster, by means of graph-based clustering and mapping from disease phenotype to gene. Since genes in such gene functional modules are functionally related and cause clinically similar diseases, they may share common genetic origin of their associated disease phenotypes. We believe the investigation may facilitate the ultimate understanding of the common pathophysiologic basis of associated diseases.