Ring Rearrangement Reactions of 4-Alkenylisocoumarins and Photophysical Evaluation of Multi-Substituted Anthracene Products.

Herein we report that readily available 4-alkenylisocouma-rins can be regarded as potent dienolate equivalents. For example, lactol silyl ethers derived from 4-alkenylisocoumarins were selectively converted to the corresponding benzo-homophthalates through a flu-oride-induced ring opening step that was followed by a ring closure through a vinylogous intramolecular aldol condensation. Likewise, nu-cleophilic activation of 4-alkenylisocoumarins directly yields diversely poly-substituted naphthalenes and anthracenes without formation of any regioisomer. Photophysical evaluation of a set of thus obtained 1,3-di- and 1,3,4-trisubstituted anthracenes reveals their distinct intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT) character during light absorption in polar solutions and excimer emission from the solid state when a face to face π-stacked molecular assembly is present in the crystal packing.

Synthesis of 6H-Chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin-7-ylphosphonates through Three Component Phosphonylation of Coumarin Carbaldehyde and Their Antimicrobial and Photophysical Properties.

Organophosphorylated coumarin derivatives were synthesized by a three-component reaction of 4-chloro-3-formylcoumarin, aromatic amines, and dialkyl phosphite in the presence of ZnCl2. This process includes the formation of C(sp3)-P and C(sp2)-N bonds in one pot. The modular scope of the reaction allowed rapid access to a variety of 6H-chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin-7-ylphosphonate derivatives in good yields. Furthermore, photophysical studies of the products revealed their stimulating fluorescence properties.

HFIP-Mediated Desulfinative Friedel-Crafts Cyclobutenylation Reaction.

In 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol (HFIP), gem-bis(triflyl)cyclobutenes, which can be prepared by the (2+2) cycloaddition reaction of Tf2C=CH2 with alkynes, underwent desulfination to generate the corresponding cyclobutenyl cation. This unique reactivity was successfully applied to the Friedel-Crafts type cyclobutenylation reaction of several (hetero)aromatic compounds.

Phosphite-imidazole catalyzed N-formylation and N-acylation of amines.

A novel and convenient method for the N-formylation reaction of amines with DMF as a formylating agent has been developed, utilizing a catalytic amount of diethyl phosphite/imidazole. Diethyl phosphite, as a nucleophilic catalyst, plays a significant role in this conversion. The presented method has a broad substrate scope, and various N-formyl products were obtained in good to excellent yields. Moreover, by using DMA instead of DMF, the N-acetylation reaction was also successful. The reaction of o-phenylenediamines with DMF afforded the corresponding benzimidazoles. Furthermore, N-sulfonyl amidines were obtained in good to excellent yields by the reaction of sulfonamides with DMF under similar conditions.

Diverse Synthesis of 2H-Isoindole-Based Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds.

1,3-Disubstituted N-aryl-2H-isoindoles have been synthesized by a cascade reaction of divinyl ethers, which are derived from easily available 4-bromoisocoumarins, with substituted anilines in HFIP. This cascade reaction consists of a ring-opening step through addition-elimination mechanism and the following 5-exo-tet type ring-closing step via the intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. Thus obtained 2H-isoindoles have been derivatized to high-order nitrogen-containing polycycles including less accessible benzo[a]ullazines.

Stereoselective synthesis of vinylphosphonates through aromatic aza-Claisen rearrangement of α-aminophosphonates.

A novel and convenient approach for the synthesis of vinyl phosphonates has been developed, utilizing an aromatic aza-Claisen rearrangement of ß,γ-unsaturated α-aminophosphonates. The synthetic utility of this method was further examined in a gram-scale synthesis. The DFT calculations have provided insights into the basis of the reaction mechanism.

Development of Stable Carbanionic Substituents.

During the past decade, carbon (C-H) acids depicted as 'Tf2 CHR' (Tf=CF3 SO2 ) have attracted considerable attention as a new class of superacidic molecules, which show stronger acidity than sulfuric acid molecules. In recent years, the author has developed a synthetic methodology for such strong acids and has opened the door to chemistry of highly stabilised carbanions [Tf2 CR]- , which are the conjugate bases of the carbon acids. These carbanion-containing salts are stable and easy-to-handle species. Our efforts have revealed that the ionic but lipophilic characters of this type of carbanion can be used as a unique 'substituent' for increasing both the water solubility and the lipophilicity of organic compounds. This Personal Account provides an overview of our [Tf2 CR]- chemistry, including its synthesis, structure, reactivity, and applications.

Reversing the Bond Length Alternation Order in Conjugated Polyenes by Substituent Effects.

We have synthesised several push-pull substituted conjugated polyenes and determined their accurate C-C bond lengths and charge-density distributions by utilising quantum crystallographic techniques. In a series of alkene, dienes, and triene bearing two (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl (triflyl) groups on the terminal carbon atom, unique reversal of the bond-length alternation (BLA) order has been observed. This is a pronounced aberration from the molecular structure predicted by the Lewis-structure-based neutral resonance structure. Such reversal of BLA order has not been observed in push-pull compounds bearing conventional electron-withdrawing groups such as carbonyl and cyano groups instead of triflyl groups. Bonding behaviour of both normal and reversed bond length alternating systems has been revealed by complementary bonding analysis using several bond descriptors based on the experimentally fitted wavefunctions.

Synthesis of Spirocyclic Cyclobutenes through Desulfinative Spirocyclisation of gem-Bis(triflyl)cyclobutenes.

A two-step synthesis of less accessible spiro[cyclobutene-1,9'-fluorene] compounds from biaryl-alkynes and 2-(2-fluoropyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-1,1-bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)ethan-1-ide, which serves as a potent precursor for outstandingly electrophilic Tf2 C=CH2 , has been developed. This synthetic methodology includes selective formation of gem-bis(triflyl)cyclobutenes from biaryl-alkynes and Tf2 C=CH2 followed by desulfinative spirocyclisation mediated by 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol (HFIP). Besides, on the basis of the chameleonic reactivity of sulfone functionality, several derivatisations of triflylated spiro[cyclobutene-1,9'-fluorene] products have been successfully achieved.

ZnCl2-mediated stereo- and chemoselective synthesis of vinylphosphonates.

A highly chemo- and stereoselective synthesis of diethyl (E)-2-(alkylidene)-2-phosphonoacetonitriles via the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of carbonyl compounds with diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate in the presence of zinc chloride has been achieved. By the presented method, various E-isomers of arylmethylidene phosphonates rather than Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination products were obtained in good to excellent yields. Their E configurations were determined by X-ray diffraction and NMR analyses. In addition, DFT calculations provided insights into the chemo- and stereoselectivity of the reaction.

Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Decorated by Fluorinated Carbon Acids/Carbanions.

The carboarylation reaction of biphenyl-alkynes was successfully triggered by electrophilic attack of 1,1-bis(triflyl)ethylene on the alkyne moiety to give polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) decorated by superacidic carbon acid functionality. Neutralisation of thus obtained acids with NaHCO3 yielded the corresponding sodium salts, which showed improved solubility in both aqueous and organic solvents.

Diaminomethylenemalononitrile as a Chiral Single Hydrogen Bond Catalyst: Application to Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of α-Branched Aldehydes.

An improved diaminomethylenemalononitrile organocatalyst, bearing a N,N-disubstituted structure, promoted enantioselective conjugate addition reaction of α-branched aldehydes with vinyl sulfone, affording adducts with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 96% ee). Mechanistic studies revealed that the diaminomethylenemalononitrile motif holds the vinyl sulfone substrate using a single hydrogen bond accompanied by multiple weak interactions, including electrostatic C-H⋅⋅⋅O interactions.

Regioselective Synthesis of 4-Aryl-1,3-dihydroxy-2-naphthoates through 1,2-Aryl-Migrative Ring Rearrangement Reaction and their Photoluminescence Properties.

4-Aryl-1,3-dihydroxy-2-naphthoates having the less accessible 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted naphthalene scaffold and that show photoluminescence emission from solid state as well as in solutions, were selectively synthesized from brominated lactol silyl ethers through the 1,2-aryl-migrative ring rearrangement reaction.

Metal-Free C-C/C-N/C-C Bond Formation Cascade for the Synthesis of (Trifluoromethyl)sulfonylated Cyclopenta[b]indolines.

A bis(triflyl)ethylation [triflyl = (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] inserted into a sequential cyclization cascade resulted in the direct formation of gem-bis(triflyl)ated cyclopenta[b]indolines from anilide-derived allenols and alkenols. This catalyst- and irradiation-free sequence facilitated the efficient preparation of functionalized tricyclic indoline cores bearing two contiguous stereocenters. The formed cyclopenta[b]indolines can be easily transformed into a wide variety of triflylated indolines, including the tetracycle ring system found in polyveoline.

A Fluorinated Carbanionic Substituent for Improving Water Solubility and Lipophilicity of Fluorescent Dyes.

Installation of a carbanionic substituent, that is strongly stabilized by two (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl (Tf=SO2 CF3 ) groups, into several fluorescence dyes including boron-dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs), fluoresceins, and aminocoumarins has been achieved by the 2,2-bis(triflyl)ethylation reaction of the dye frameworks with highly electrophilic Tf2 C=CH2 , followed by neutralization with NaHCO3 . Despite the contradiction between water solubility and lipophilicity, the carbanion-decorated dyes thus obtained showed significant enhancement of not only water solubility but also lipophilicity. This work clearly demonstrates that the fluorinated, highly stabilized carbanionic substituent is a new option for controlling the macroscopic property of chemical materials.

Trifluorosulfonylation Cascade in Allenols: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Bis(triflyl)enones.

Herein, we report investigations embodying the first example of reversal of the native regioselectivity in the reaction of allenols with electrophiles. The effortlessness of C-C bond formation, mild reaction conditions, neither catalysts nor light irradiation, and exquisite selectivity, both in terms of functional-group tolerance and chemo-, site-, and stereo-selectivity, converts this trifluorosulfonylation-rearrangement sequence into an appealing protocol for the preparation of novel functionalized enones. The synthetic utility of this method has been validated by the conversion of the initially prepared bis(triflyl)enones into a variety of bis(triflyl)-functionalized molecules such as 1,3-dienes, allylic alcohols, pyrroles, pyrazoles, and chromenes. Besides, DFT calculations have provided a reliable understanding of observed selectivity.

A catalyst-free bis(triflyl)ethylation/benzannulation reaction: rapid access to carbazole-based superacidic carbon acids from alkynols.

Carbazoles possessing Tf2CHCH2 groups were obtained by the reaction of 1-(indol-2-yl)but-3-yn-1-ols with in situ-generated Tf2C[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2 through vicinal difunctionalisation of the alkyne moiety, where the vinyl-type carbocation intermediate was selectively attacked by the indole moiety and not by the carbanion moiety.

Chemical Bonding in Polarised Push-Pull Ethylenes.

1,1-Diamino-2,2-bis(triflyl)ethylenes with both twisted and planar structures around the partial "C=C" bond were synthesised. Bonding properties in these compounds were analysed by an experimental approach using high-resolution X-ray diffraction data treated with X-ray wavefunction refinement (XWR). In the twisted compound, a dominant contribution of the charge-separated resonance structure was revealed. On the contrary, the nearly planar compound still showed π-bonding character, however, with a considerable contribution of the charge-separated resonance structure.

Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Phosphorus Carbabetaines.

Phosphorus 1,3- and 1,4-carbabetaines with 'P(+)-C-C(-)' and 'P(+)-C-C-C(-)' structures, respectively, in which the carbanion moiety was significantly stabilized by two trifluoromethylsulfonyl groups, have been synthesized and characterized. Analysis of their X-ray crystal structures revealed that any attractive interactions between the anionic and cationic moieties were negligibly weak. This result was corroborated by using natural bond orbital (NBO) and Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) models. In contrast, performing the same analysis of a known 1,3-carbabetaine equivalent, which can be drawn as a 'P(+)-C-C=C-O(-)' resonance structure, revealed pronounced charge-transfer interactions between the anionic and cationic moieties.

2-(Pyridinium-1-yl)-1,1-bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)ethan-1-ide: A Practical Reagent for Synthesis of Strongly Acidic 1,1-Bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)alkanes.

On mixing (Rf SO2 )2 CH2 (Rf =perfluoroalkyl), paraformaldehyde, and substituted pyridines, a three-component reaction proceeded smoothly to give unusual zwitterions bearing both pyridinium and stabilized carbanion moieties in good to excellent yields. Of these, 2-fluoropyridinium derivatives rapidly dissociated in acetonitrile to give equilibrium mixtures of the zwitterions and (Rf SO2 )2 C=CH2 /2-fluoropyridine, as confirmed by detailed variable-temperature NMR studies. The dynamic behavior of such 2-fluoropyridinium compounds allows them to be used as shelf-stable, easy-to-handle sources of (Rf SO2 )2 C=CH2 . With these reagents, strongly acidic carbon acids (Rf SO2 )2 CHR were synthesized, which served as a new type of acid catalysts. Moreover, C-C bond-forming reactions with a ketene silyl acetal proceeded efficiently with Tf2 C=CH2 generated in situ.