Characteristic and stability changes of peanut oil body emulsion during the process of demulsification using heptanoic acid.

In this paper, the changes in oil body emulsion (OBE) during heptanoic acid demulsification (HD) were investigated from the macro and microscopic points of view. Specifically, the OBE particle size increased from 3.04 to 8.41 µm, while the zeta potential absolute decreased to 2.89 mV. The interfacial tension and apparent viscosity of OBE were reduced significantly. Heptanoic acid could contribute to oil droplets aggregation. The findings indicated that high-molecular proteins, including lipoxygenase (97.58 kDa) and arachin (70.28 kDa), detached from the OBs' interface. HD caused alterations in the secondary structure of protein and the environment around proteins changed. The HD mechanism was speculated that the addition of heptanoic acid resulted in the reduction in pH and changes of environment surrounding OBE, which triggered polymerization and the phase transformation of the oil droplets. Overall, this study is vital for solving the problem of demulsification during aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE).

Demulsification of Emulsion Using Heptanoic Acid during Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction and the Characterization of Peanut Oil and Proteins Extracted.

Peanut oil body emulsion occurs during the process of aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE). The free oil is difficult to release and extract because its structure is stable and not easily destroyed. Demulsification can release free oil in an oil body emulsion, so various fatty acids were selected for the demulsification. Changes in the amount of heptanoic acid added, solid-liquid ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time were adopted to investigate demulsification, and the technological conditions of demulsification were optimized. While the optimal conditions were the addition of 1.26% of heptanoic acid, solid-liquid ratio of 1:3.25, reaction temperature of 72.7 °C, and reaction time of 55 min, the maximum free oil yield was (95.84 ± 0.19)%. The analysis of the fatty acid composition and physicochemical characterization of peanut oils extracted using four methods were studied during the AEE process. Compared with the amount of oil extracted via other methods, the unsaturated fatty acids of oils extracted from demulsification with heptanoic acid contained 78.81%, which was significantly higher than the other three methods. The results of physicochemical characterization indicated that the oil obtained by demulsification with heptanoic acid had a higher quality. According to the analysis of the amino acid composition, the protein obtained using AEE was similar to that of commercial peanut protein powder (CPPP). However, the essential amino acid content of proteins extracted via AEE was significantly higher than that of CPPP. The capacity of water (oil) holding, emulsifying activity, and foaming properties of protein obtained via AEE were better than those for CPPP. Overall, heptanoic acid demulsification is a potential demulsification method, thus, this work provides a new idea for the industrial application of simultaneous separation of oil and proteins via AEE.

A Novel Polyphenol Oxidoreductase OhLac from Ochrobactrum sp. J10 for Lignin Degradation.

Identifying the enzymes involved in lignin degradation by bacteria is important in studying lignin valorization to produce renewable chemical products. In this paper, the catalytic oxidation of lignin by a novel multi-copper polyphenol oxidoreductase (OhLac) from the lignin degrader Ochrobactrum sp. J10 was explored. Following its expression, reconstitution, and purification, a recombinant enzyme OhLac was obtained. The OhLac enzyme was characterized kinetically against a range of substrates, including ABTS, guaiacol, and 2,6-DMP. Moreover, the effects of pH, temperature, and Cu2+ on OhLac activity and stability were determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) results indicated that the ß-aryl ether lignin model compound guaiacylglycerol-ß-guaiacyl ether (GGE) was oxidized by OhLac to generate guaiacol and vanillic acid. Molecular docking analysis of GGE and OhLac was then used to examine the significant amino residues and hydrogen bonding sites in the substrate-enzyme interaction. Altogether, we were able to investigate the mechanisms involved in lignin degradation. The breakdown of the lignocellulose materials wheat straw, corn stalk, and switchgrass by the recombinant OhLac was observed over 3 days, and the degradation results revealed that OhLac plays a key role in lignin degradation.

Biodegradation of lignin by Pseudomonas sp. Q18 and the characterization of a novel bacterial DyP-type peroxidase.

Lignin valorization can be obtained through cleavage of selected bonds by microbial enzymes, in which lignin is segregated from cellulose and hemicellulose and abundant phenolic compounds can be provided. In this study, Pseudomonas sp. Q18, previously isolated from rotten wood in China, was used to degrade alkali lignin and raw lignocellulosic material. Gel-permeation chromatography, field-emission scanning electron microscope, and GC-MS were combined to investigate the degradation process. The GC-MS results revealed that the quantities of aromatic compounds with phenol ring from lignin increased significantly after incubation with Pseudomonas sp. Q18, which indicated the degradation of lignin. According to the lignin-derived metabolite analysis, it was proposed that a DyP-type peroxidase (PmDyP) might exist in strain Q18. Thereafter, the gene of PmDyP was cloned and expressed, after which the recombinant PmDyP was purified and the enzymatic kinetics of PmDyP were assayed. According to results, PmDyP showed promising characteristics for lignocellulosic biodegradation in biorefinery.