Effect of Evogliptin on the Progression of Aortic Valvular Calcification.

BACKGROUND: Medical therapy for aortic stenosis (AS) remains an elusive goal. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to establish whether evogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, could reduce AS progression. METHODS: A total of 228 patients (age 67 ± 11 years; 33% women) with AS were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 75), evogliptin 5 mg (n = 77), or evogliptin 10 mg (n = 76). The primary endpoint was the 96-week change in aortic valve calcium volume (AVCV) on computed tomography. Secondary endpoints included the 48-week change in active calcification volume measured using 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography (18F-NaF PET). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the 96-week changes in AVCV between evogliptin 5 mg and placebo (-5.27; 95% CI: -55.36 to 44.82; P = 0.84) or evogliptin 10 mg and placebo (-18.83; 95% CI: -32.43 to 70.10; P = 0.47). In the placebo group, the increase in AVCV between 48 weeks and 96 weeks was higher than that between baseline and 48 weeks (136 mm3; 95% CI: 108-163 vs 102 mm3; 95% CI: 75-129; P = 0.0485). This increasing trend in the second half of the study was suppressed in both evogliptin groups. The 48-week change in active calcification volume on 18F-NaF PET was significantly lower in both the evogliptin 5 mg (-1,325.6; 95% CI: -2,285.9 to -365.4; P = 0.008) and 10-mg groups (-1,582.2; 95% CI: -2,610.8 to -553.5; P = 0.0038) compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study did not demonstrate the protective effect of evogliptin on AV calcification. Favorable 18F-NaF PET results and possible suppression of aortic valve calcification with longer medication use in the evogliptin groups suggest the need for larger confirmatory trials. (A Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Stratified-randomized, Parallel, Therapeutic Exploratory Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of DA-1229 in Patients With Calcific Aortic Valve Disease; NCT04055883).

Long-term clinical outcomes of image-guided percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry.

Imaging modalities for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) or optical coherence tomography (OCT), have increased in the current PCI era. However, their clinical benefits in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the long-term outcomes of image-guided PCI in patients with AMI using data from the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. A total of 9,271 patients with AMI, who underwent PCI with second-generation drug-eluting stents between November 2011 and December 2015, were retrospectively examined, and target lesion failure (TLF) at 3 years (defined as the composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization) was evaluated. From the registry, 2,134 patients (23.0%) underwent image-guided PCI (IVUS-guided: n = 1,919 [20.6%]; OCT-guided: n = 215 patients [2.3%]). Based on propensity score matching, image-guided PCI was associated with a significant reduction in TLF (hazard ratio: 0.76; 95% confidence interval: 0.59-0.98, p = 0.035). In addition, the TLF incidence in the OCT-guided PCI group was comparable to that in the IVUS-guided PCI group (5.3% vs 4.7%, p = 0.903). Image-guided PCI, including IVUS and OCT, is associated with favorable clinical outcomes in patients with AMI at 3 years post-intervention. Additionally, OCT-guided PCI is not inferior to IVUS-guided PCI in patients with AMI.

The Third Nationwide Korean Heart Failure III Registry (KorHF III): The Study Design Paper.

With advancements in both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments, significant changes have occurred in heart failure (HF) management. The previous Korean HF registries, namely the Korea Heart Failure Registry (KorHF-registry) and Korean Acute Heart Failure Registry (KorAHF-registry), no longer accurately reflect contemporary acute heart failure (AHF) patients. Our objective is to assess contemporary AHF patients through a nationwide registry encompassing various aspects, such as clinical characteristics, management approaches, hospital course, and long-term outcomes of individuals hospitalized for AHF in Korea. This prospective observational multicenter cohort study (KorHF III) is organized by the Korean Society of Heart Failure. We aim to prospectively enroll 7,000 or more patients hospitalized for AHF at 47 tertiary hospitals in Korea starting from March 2018. Eligible patients exhibit signs and symptoms of HF and demonstrate either lung congestion or objective evidence of structural or functional cardiac abnormalities in echocardiography, or isolated right-sided HF. Patients will be followed up for up to 5 years after enrollment in the registry to evaluate long-term clinical outcomes. KorHF III represents the nationwide AHF registry that will elucidate the clinical characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes of contemporary AHF patients in Korea. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04329234.

Impact of Positron Emission Tomography Viability Imaging: Guided Revascularizations on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Myocardial Scar on Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Scans.

BACKGROUND: Positron emission tomography (PET) viability scan is used to determine whether patients with a myocardial scar on single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may need revascularization. However, the clinical utility of revascularization decision-making guided by PET viability imaging has not been proven yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of PET to determine revascularization on clinical outcomes. METHODS: Between September 2012 and May 2021, 53 patients (37 males; mean age = 64 ± 11 years) with a myocardial scar on MIBI SPECT who underwent PET viability test were analyzed in this study. The primary outcome was a temporal change in echocardiographic findings. The secondary outcome was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Viable myocardium was presented by PET imaging in 29 (54.7%) patients. Revascularization was performed in 26 (49.1%) patients, including 18 (34.0%) with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 8 (15.1%) with coronary artery bypass grafting. There were significant improvements in echocardiographic findings in the revascularization group and the viable myocardium group. All-cause mortality was significantly lower in the revascularization group than in the medical therapy-alone group (19.2% vs. 44.4%, log-rank P = 0.002) irrespective of viable (21.4% vs. 46.7%, log-rank P = 0.025) or non-viable myocardium (16.7% vs. 41.7%, log-rank P = 0.046). All-cause mortality was significantly lower in the PCI group than in the medical therapy-alone group (11.1% vs. 44.4%, log-rank P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Revascularization improved left ventricular systolic function and survival of patients with a myocardial scar on SPECT scans, irrespective of myocardial viability on PET scans.

Long-term impact of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor based on short-term treatment response in heart failure.

AIMS: The long-term effect of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) remains uncertain in patients who have experienced improvements in left ventricular (LV) systolic function or significant LV reverse remodelling following a certain period of treatment. It is also unclear how ARNI performs in patients who have not shown these improvements. This study aimed to assess the impact of prolonged ARNI use compared with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with and without significant treatment response after 1 year of heart failure (HF) treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present study enrolled patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) who were treated with either ARNI or ACEIs/ARBs within 1 year of undergoing index echocardiography. After 1 year of treatment, patients were reclassified into the following groups: (i) patients with HF with improved ejection fraction and persistent HFrEF and (ii) patients with and without LV reverse remodelling based on the follow-up echocardiography. The effect of ARNI versus that of ACEIs/ARBs in each group was assessed from the time of categorizing into new groups using the composite event of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization. A total of 671 patients with HFrEF (age, 66.4 ± 14.1 years; males, 66.8%) were included, and 133 (19.8%) composite events of death and rehospitalization for HF were observed during the follow-up (median follow-up, 44 [interquartile range, 34-51] months). ARNI had a significantly lower event rate than ACEIs/ARBs in patients with HF with improved ejection fraction (7.0% vs. 30.4%, P = 0.020) and those with persistent HFrEF (17.6% vs. 49.7%, P < 0.001). Irrespective of whether patients exhibited LV reverse remodelling (15.8% vs. 31.1%, P = 0.001) or not (15.0% vs. 54.9%, P < 0.001), ARNIs were associated with a significantly lower event rate than ACEIs/ARBs. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of significant treatment response measured by either LVEF or LV reverse remodelling after 1 year of treatment, the extended utilization of ARNI demonstrated a more favourable prognosis than that of ACEIs/ARBs in patients with HFrEF.

Randomized, multicenter, parallel, open, phase 4 study to compare the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin/amlodipine polypill versus atorvastatin/amlodipine polypill in hypertension patient with dyslipidemia.

The authors performed this study to investigate the efficacy and safety of a rosuvastatin (RSV)/amlodipine (AML) polypill compared with those of atorvastatin (ATV)/AML polypill. We included 259 patients from 21 institutions in Korea. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: RSV 10 mg/AML 5 mg, RSV 20 mg/AML 5 mg, or ATV 20 mg /AML 5 mg. The primary endpoint was the efficacy of the RSV 10.20 mg/AML 5 mg via percentage changes in LDL-C after 8 weeks of treatment, compared with the ATV 20 mg /AML 5 mg. There was a significant difference in the mean percentage change of LDL-C at 8 weeks between the RSV 10 mg/AML 5 mg and the ATV 20 mg/AML 5 mg (full analysis set [FAS]: -7.08%, 95% CI: -11.79 to -2.38, p = .0034, per-protocol analysis set [PPS]: -6.97%, 95% CI: -11.76 to -2.19, p = .0046). Also, there was a significant difference in the mean percentage change of LDL-C at 8 weeks between the RSV 20 mg/AML 5 mg and the ATV 20 mg/AML 5 mg (FAS: -10.13%, 95% CI: -15.41 to -4.84, p = .0002, PPS: -10.96%, 95% CI: -15.98 to -5.93, p < .0001). There was no significant difference in the adverse events rates between RSV 10 mg/AML 5 mg, RSV 20 mg/AML 5 mg, and ATV 20 mg/AML 5 mg. In conclusion, while maintaining safety, RSV 10 mg/AML 5 mg and the RSV 20 mg/AML 5 mg more effectively reduced LDL-C compared with the ATV 20 mg /AML 5 mg (Clinical trial: NCT03951207).

Fed and fasted bioequivalence assessment of two formulations of extended-release fixed-dose combination dapagliflozin/metformin (10/1,000 mg) tablets in healthy subjects.

Two open-label, randomized, two-period crossover studies were conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, safety, and bioequivalence of the test formulation (KD4004), a new fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulation of dapagliflozin and metformin extended release (XR) tablets, relative to the reference formulation (10 mg dapagliflozin/1,000 mg metformin XR FDC tablet) in healthy subjects under fasting (Part A) and fed (Part B) conditions. After giving the dose, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 48 hours. Primary PK parameters (AUC0-t and Cmax) were used to assess bioequivalence between two dapagliflozin/metformin XR (10/1,000 mg) FDC formulations under fed and fasting conditions. Safety and tolerability were also evaluated. Part A and Part B were completed by 32 and 37 subjects, respectively. Bioequivalence of the two FDC formulations of dapagliflozin and metformin XR tablets was established in both the fasted and the fed conditions as the 90% confidence interval of the ratios of adjusted geometric means for AUC0-t and Cmax were contained within the predefined range of 0.800-1.250 bioequivalence criteria. Single-dose administration of dapagliflozin and metformin XR was safe and well tolerated as the two FDC formulations. In conclusion, both FDC formulations of dapagliflozin and metformin XR tablets were bioequivalent in fed and fasted subjects. All treatments were well tolerated. Trial Registration: Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0004026.

Acute decompensated heart failure after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A case report.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TVAI) is a widely used treatment modality for severe aortic stenosis. The complication rates of the procedure have gradually decreased over time, owing to the improvements in procedural skills and development of TVAI devices. However, several rare but serious complications can still occur after TAVI. We recently encountered acute decompensated heart failure as a rare and fatal complication of TAVI and would like to share our experience.

Predictors of stroke or systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation with CHA2 DS2 -VASc score of 0.

BACKGROUND: Anticoagulant therapy has been important for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it was not recommended due to its relatively higher risk of bleeding than its lower risk of stroke in patients with a CHA2 DS2 -VASc score of 0. HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to evaluate the predictors of stroke in AF patients with very low risk of stroke. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2020, 542 patients with non-valvular AF (NVAF) with a CHA2 DS2 -VASc score of 0 followed up for at least 6 months were enrolled. Patients with only being woman as a risk factor were included as a CHA2 DS2 -VASc score of 0 in this study. The primary outcome was stroke or systemic embolism. RESULTS: The primary outcome rate was 0.78%/year. In Cox hazard model, age of ≥50 years at diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR] 6.710, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.811-24.860, p = .004), LVEDD of ≥46 mm (HR 4.513, 95% CI 1.038-19.626, p = .045), and non-paroxysmal AF (HR 5.575, 95% CI 1.621-19.175, p = .006) were identified as independent predictors of stroke or systemic embolism. Patients with all three independent predictors had a higher risk of stroke or systemic embolism (4.21%/year), whereas those without did not have a stroke or systemic embolism. CONCLUSION: The annual stroke or systemic embolism rate in NVAF patients with CHA2 DS2 -VASc score of 0 was 0.78%/year, and age at AF diagnosis, LVEDD, and non-paroxysmal AF were independent predictors of stroke or systemic embolism in patients considered to have a very low risk of stroke.

Preoperative cardiac troponin I as a predictor of postoperative cardiac events in patients with end stage renal disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

We investigated if elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) serum levels before non-cardiac surgery were predictors of postoperative cardiac events in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing dialysis. In total, 703 consecutive patients with ESRD undergoing dialysis who underwent non-cardiac surgery were enrolled. Preoperative cTnI serum levels were measured at least once in all patients. The primary endpoint was defined as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), and pulmonary edema during hospitalization or within 30 days after surgery in patients with a hospitalization longer than 30 days after surgery. Postoperative cardiac events occurred in 48 (6.8%) out of 703 patients (cardiac death 1, MI 18, and pulmonary edema 33). Diabetes mellitus (DM), previous ischemic heart disease, and congestive heart failure were more common in patients with postoperative cardiac events. Peak cTnI serum levels were higher in patients with postoperative cardiac event (180 ± 420 ng/L vs. 80 ± 190 ng/L, p = 0.008), and also elevated peak cTnI levels > 45 ng/L were more common in patients with postoperative cardiac events (66.8% vs. 30.5%, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that DM (odds ratio [OR] 2.509, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.178-5.345, p = 0.017) and serum peak cTnI levels ≥ 45 ng/L (OR 3.167, 95% CI 1.557-6.444, p = 0.001) were independent predictors for the primary outcome of cardiac death/MI/pulmonary edema. Moreover, cTnI levels ≥ 45 ng/L had an incremental prognostic value to the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) (Chi-square = 23, p < 0.001), and to the combined RCRI and left ventricular ejection fraction (Chi-square = 12, p = 0.001). Elevated preoperative cTnI levels are predictors of postoperative cardiac events including cardiac death, MI, and pulmonary edema in patients with ESRD undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

The novel bio-SYNTAX scoring system for predicting the prognosis of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with left main coronary artery disease.

Background: Simple and effective risk models incorporating biomarkers associated with left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis are limited. This study aimed to validate the novel Bio-Clinical SYNTAX score (Bio-CSS) incorporating N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with LMCA stenosis. Methods: Patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for LMCA stenosis using a drug-eluting stent (n = 275) were included in the study. We developed the Bio-CSS incorporating NT-proBNP and validated the ability of the Bio-CSS to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and compared its performance to that of the SYNTAX score (SS) and SS II. The MACEs were defined as death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and repeat revascularizations. Results: The Bio-CSS (34.7 ± 18.3 vs. 51.9 ± 28.4, p < 0.001), as well as SS (23.6 ± 7.3 vs. 26.7 ± 8.1, p = 0.003) and SS II (29.4 ± 9.9 vs. 36.1 ± 12.8, p < 0.001), was significantly higher in patients with MACEs. In the Cox proportional hazards model, the log Bio-CSS (hazard ratio 8.31, 95% CI 1.84-37.55) was an independent prognostic factor for MACEs after adjusting for confounding variables. In the receiver operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve of the Bio-CSS was significantly higher compared to those of SS (0.608 vs. 0.706, p = 0.001) and SS II (0.655 vs. 0.706, p = 0.026). Patients were categorized into the three groups based on the tertiles of the Bio-CSS. Patients in the highest tertile of the Bio-CSS had significantly higher MACEs compared to those in the lower two tertiles (log-rank p < 0.001). Conclusion: In patients who underwent PCI for LMCA stenosis, the novel Bio-CSS improved the discrimination accuracy of established combined scores, such as SS and SS II. The addition of NT-proBNP to the clinical and angiographic findings in the Bio-CSS could potentially provide useful long-term prognostic information in these patients.

Prognostic Value of Short-Term Follow-up of Multiple Biomarkers After Discharge in Hospitalized Patients With Acute Heart Failure (POSTBIO-HF): Rationale and Study Design.

Several surrogate biomarkers possess prognostic significance for heart failure (HF), and a decline in their respective values may predict clinical improvement. However, data on the prognostic value of these biomarkers during short-term follow-up after discharge in acute decompensated HF are scarce. We aim to evaluate the prognostic value of short-term follow-up of surrogate biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of hospitalized patients with acute decompensated HF. This multi-center, prospective study will enroll consecutive hospitalized patients with acute decompensated HF. All patients will undergo sampling and comparison of biomarkers, including plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, growth differentiation factor 15, troponin-T, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio obtained within 1 month and 6 months after discharge from the index admission. The primary endpoint is a composite of cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization during 1 year of follow-up. We will investigate the prognostic value of multiple biomarkers for the primary endpoint. This trial will provide robust evidence for novel multi-biomarker strategies for acute decompensated HF in real-world settings. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04437628.

Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of Renal Insufficiency in Heart Failure.

The heart and kidneys are closely related vital organs that significantly affect each other. Cardiorenal syndrome is the term depicting the various spectra of cardiorenal interaction mediated by the hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and biochemical cross-talk between these two organs. In patients with heart failure (HF), both the baseline and worsening renal function are closely related to prognosis. However, for both investigational and clinical purposes, the unified definition and classification of renal injury are still necessary. Renal insufficiency is caused by multiple factors, and categorizing them into monogenous subgroups of phenotype is difficult. Various clinical scenarios related to the chronicity of HF, progression of renal dysfunction, and issues related to pharmacologic therapies associated with the prognosis of patients with HF have been reviewed in this study.

Optimal blood pressure target in the elderly: rationale and design of the HOW to Optimize eLDerly systolic Blood Pressure (HOWOLD-BP) trial.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The optimal systolic blood pressure (SBP) goal for elderly patients with hypertension, especially to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and improve outcome, is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of intensive treatment for hypertension on the incidence of CVD in elderly Korean patients. METHODS: The HOW to Optimize eLDerly systolic Blood Pressure (HOWOLD-BP) trial is a multicenter, parallel-design, open-label, randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate whether intensive treatment (SBP ≤ 130 mmHg) will provide more benefits in lowering the incidence and mortality associated with CVD than standard treatment (SBP ≤ 140 mmHg) in elderly patients with hypertension aged ≥ 65 years. For this study, eleven university hospitals in Korea will enroll approximately 3,176 elderly patients with hypertension between 2019 and 2022. Patients will be requested to visit the clinic every 4 months for the first year and every 6 months thereafter for 36 months. Parameters, including clinic and home blood pressure, anthropometric and laboratory findings, and frailty assessments, will be collected according to the standardized protocol. The primary outcome is a composite of CVD (acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and heart failure) incidence and cardiovascular deaths. RESULTS: As of December 2021, 1,655 participants had been enrolled in the study, including 831 patients in the standard group and 824 patients in the intensive group. CONCLUSION: The HOWOLD-BP trial is the first study performed in Korea to evaluate the beneficial effects of intensive blood pressure treatment on CVD in elderly patients with hypertension. The results of this study will help clarify the appropriate target SBP for this population.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patient Delay and Clinical Outcomes for Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: It has been known that the fear of contagion during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) creates time delays with subsequent impact on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, difference of time delay and clinical outcome in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-STEMI between the COVID-19 pandemic and pre-pandemic era has not been fully investigated yet in Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on time delays and clinical outcome in patients with STEMI or non-STEMI compared to the same period years prior. METHODS: A total of 598 patients with STEMI (n = 195) or non-STEMI (n = 403) who underwent coronary angiography during the COVID-19 pandemic (February 1 to April 30, 2020) and pre-pandemic era (February 1 to April 30, 2017, 2018, and 2019) were analyzed in this study. Main outcomes were the incidence of time delay, cardiac arrest, and in-hospital death. RESULTS: There was 13.5% reduction in the number of patients hospitalized with AMI during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic era. In patients with STEMI, door to balloon time tended to be longer during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic era (55.7 ± 12.6 minutes vs. 60.8 ± 13.0 minutes, P = 0.08). There were no significant differences in cardiac arrest (15.6% vs. 10.4%, P = 0.397) and in-hospital mortality (15.6% vs. 10.4%, P = 0.397) between pre-pandemic and the pandemic era. In patients with non-STEMI, symptom to door time was significantly longer (310.0 ± 346.2 minutes vs. 511.5 ± 635.7 minutes, P = 0.038) and the incidence of cardiac arrest (0.9% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.017) and in-hospital mortality (0.3% vs. 2.3%, P = 0.045) was significantly greater during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic era. Among medications, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin type 2 receptor blockers (ACE-I/ARBs) were underused in STEMI (64.6% vs. 45.8%, P = 0.021) and non-STEMI (67.8% vs. 57.0%, P = 0.061) during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a considerable reduction in hospital admissions for AMI, time delay, and underuse of ACE-I/ARBs for the management of AMI, and this might be closely associated with the excess death in Korea.

C-reactive protein and statins in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction.

Background: High C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with poor outcomes of heart failure (HF), and statins are known to reduce CRP levels. We investigated the prognostic value of CRP and statin in patients with HF with reduced and preserved ejection fraction (EF). Methods: Altogether, 3,831 patients from the Korean Acute Heart Failure registry were included and stratified according to the tertiles of CRP levels (T1: CRP < 0.30 mg/dL, T2: 0.30-1.14 mg/dL, and T3: CRP > 1.14 mg/dL). HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF), and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) were defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40%, 41-49%, ≥50%, respectively. The primary endpoints were all-cause, in-hospital, and post-discharge mortality. Results: No significant correlation was observed between CRP levels and LVEF (r = 0.02, P = 0.131). The prevalence of risk factors increased gradually from T1 to T3 in both the types of HF. Overall, 139 (3.6%) and 1,269 (34.4%) patients died during the index admission and follow-up (median: 995 days), respectively. After adjustment, each increase in the CRP tertiles was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (HFrEF: OR 1.58 and 95% CI 1.09-2.30, HFmrEF: OR 1.51 and 95% CI 0.72-3.52, and HFpEF: OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.46-6.73) and post-discharge mortality (HFrEF: HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08-1.33, HFmrEF: HR 1.38 and 95% CI 1.12-1.70, and HFpEF: HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02-1.85). In only patients with LVEF > 40% with highest CRP tertile, statin-users showed better survival trend than those without statins. Conclusion: CRP is an excellent prognostic marker for HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF, implying that the neurohumoral and inflammatory pathways might be independent pathways. Statins may be beneficial in HF patients with increased CRP levels. Clinical trial registration: [https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [NCT013 89843].

Impact of intravascular ultrasound and final kissing balloon dilatation on long-term clinical outcome in percutaneous revascularization with 1-stent strategy for left main coronary artery stenosis in drug-eluting stent era.

BACKGROUND: It remains uncertain whether intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) use and final kissing balloon (FKB) dilatation would be standard care of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a simple 1-stent technique in unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis. This study sought to investigate the impact of IVUS use and FKB dilatation on long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in PCI with a simple 1-stent technique for unprotected LMCA stenosis. METHODS: Between June 2006 and December 2012, 255 patients who underwent PCI with 1 drug-eluting stent for LMCA stenosis were analyzed. Mean follow-up duration was 1663 ± 946 days. Long-term MACEs were defined as death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) and repeat revascularizations. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 72 (28.2%) MACEs occurred including 38 (14.9%) deaths, 21 (8.2%) nonfatal MIs and 13 (5.1%) revascularizations. The IVUS examination and FKB dilatation were done in 158 (62.0%) and 119 (46.7%), respectively. IVUS use (20.3 versus 41.2%; log-rank P < 0.001), not FKB dilatation (30.3 versus 26.5%; log-rank P = 0.614), significantly reduced MACEs. In multivariate analysis, IVUS use was a negative predictor of MACEs [hazards ratio 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29-0.88; P = 0.017], whereas FKB dilatation (hazard ratio 1.68; 95% CI, 1.01-2.80; P = 0.047) was a positive predictor of MACEs. In bifurcation LMCA stenosis, IVUS use (18.7 versus 48.0%; log-rank P < 0.001) significantly reduced MACEs. In nonbifurcation LMCA stenosis, FKB dilatation showed a trend of increased MACEs (P = 0.076). CONCLUSION: IVUS examination is helpful in reducing clinical events in PCI for LMCA bifurcation lesions, whereas mandatory FKB dilatation after the 1-stent technique might be harmful in nonbifurcation LMCA stenosis.

Complications caused by iatrogenic right-to-left shunt after surgical closure of atrial septal defect: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart disease. For this condition, surgical treatment can be required depending on the size and type of ASD. This study included a case of a patient who complained of persistent dyspnoea after the surgical treatment for ASD. CASE SUMMARY: A 16-year-old girl who underwent a surgical patch closure for ASD at the age of 2 years presented to the emergency department and was diagnosed with acute stroke. Since childhood, she had suffered from exertional dyspnoea due to an unknown cause. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed normal chambers size and function and no signs of right heart strain. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) revealed a misplaced interatrial patch from the previous surgery, which allowed the whole blood to flow from the inferior vena cava (IVC) to the left atrium (LA), creating a large right-to-left shunt that resulted in stroke and heart failure. The patient underwent surgical treatment, and her symptoms improved significantly. Six months later, she was doing well without neurological complications and dyspnoea. DISCUSSION: This patient experienced stroke at the age of 16 years and had been suffering from heart failure since childhood. A large right-to-left shunt flow from the IVC to the LA by misplaced interatrial patch was found using TOE, right-sided heart catheterization, and inferior caval venography. This diagnosis should be considered in patients complaining of persistent dyspnoea with hypoxia after the surgical repair of ASD.