Synthesis and Flame Retardant Behavior of Phosphorous- and Nitrogen-Containing Copolymer and Its Application in Polypropylene.

In this study, a 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide (PEPA)-functionalized acrylate monomer, PEPAA, is designed and utilized for the synthesis of macromolecular flame retardants poly(PEPAA-co-AM) with varying PEPAA/AM ratio through copolymerization with acrylamide (AM). The poly(PEPAA-co-AM) is then incorporated into polypropylene (PP) to prepare PP/poly(PEPAA-co-AM) composites. The flame retardant effect of poly(PEPAA-co-AM) on PP is investigated using cone calorimetric test (CCT), and compared with that of PEPAA homopolymer (P-PEPAA), AM homopolymer (PAM), and blends of P-PEPAA/PAM. The results demonstrate that, in comparison with P-PEPAA, PAM, and blends of P-PEPAA/PAM, the incorporation of poly(PEPAA-co-AM) significantly enhances the flame retardancy of PP. Notably, the best flame retardancy is achieved when the ratio of PEPAA/AM copolymerization in poly(PEPAA-co-AM) is 2/8. The morphology and composition of residual chars from combustion are analyzed using SEM-EDS while the residual graphitization degree is examined through Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, TG-FTIR-MS is utilized to investigate the pyrolysis products in gas phase during thermal decomposition of poly(PEPAA-co-AM). Based on these experimental results, a flame retardant mechanism for poly(PEPAA-co-AM) is proposed. The PP/poly(PEPAA-co-AM) composites not only retain the excellent processing properties of pure PP but also exhibit enhanced mechanical properties.

The genome of Aechmea fasciata provides insights into the evolution of tank epiphytic habits and ethylene-induced flowering.

Aechmea fasciata is one of the most popular bromeliads and bears a water-impounding tank with a vase-like rosette. The tank habit is a key innovation that has promoted diversity among bromeliads. To reveal the genomic basis of tank habit formation and ethylene-induced flowering, we sequenced the genome of A. fasciata and assembled 352 Mb of sequences into 24 chromosomes. Comparative genomic analysis showed that the chromosomes experienced at least two fissions and two fusions from the ancestral genome of A. fasciata and Ananas comosus. The gibberellin receptor gene GID1C-like was duplicated by a segmental duplication event. This duplication may affect GA signalling and promote rosette expansion, which may permit water-impounding tank formation. During ethylene-induced flowering, AfFTL2 expression is induced and targets the EIN3 binding site 'ATGTAC' by AfEIL1-like. The data provided here will serve as an important resource for studying the evolution and mechanisms underlying flowering time regulation in bromeliads.

The Musa troglodytarum L. genome provides insights into the mechanism of non-climacteric behaviour and enrichment of carotenoids.

BACKGROUND: Karat (Musa troglodytarum L.) is an autotriploid Fe'i banana of the Australimusa section. Karat was domesticated independently in the Pacific region, and karat fruit are characterized by a pink sap, a deep yellow-orange flesh colour, and an abundance of ß-carotene. Karat fruit showed non-climacteric behaviour, with an approximately 215-day bunch filling time. These features make karat a valuable genetic resource for studying the mechanisms underlying fruit development and ripening and carotenoid biosynthesis. RESULTS: Here, we report the genome of M. troglodytarum, which has a total length of 603 Mb and contains 37,577 predicted protein-coding genes. After divergence from the most recent common ancestors, M. troglodytarum (T genome) has experienced fusion of ancestral chromosomes 8 and 9 and multiple translocations and inversions, unlike the high synteny with few rearrangements found among M. schizocarpa (S genome), M. acuminata (A genome) and M. balbisiana (B genome). Genome microsynteny analysis showed that the triplication of MtSSUIIs due to chromosome rearrangement may lead to the accumulation of carotenoids and ABA in the fruit. The expression of duplicated MtCCD4s is repressed during ripening, leading to the accumulation of α-carotene, ß-carotene and phytoene. Due to a long terminal repeat (LTR)-like fragment insertion upstream of MtERF11, karat cannot produce large amounts of ethylene but can produce ABA during ripening. These lead to non-climacteric behaviour and prolonged shelf-life, which contributes to an enrichment of carotenoids and riboflavin. CONCLUSIONS: The high-quality genome of M. troglodytarum revealed the genomic basis of non-climacteric behaviour and enrichment of carotenoids, riboflavin, flavonoids and free galactose and provides valuable resources for further research on banana domestication and breeding and the improvement of nutritional and bioactive qualities.

Yttrium(iii) coordination polymer micro/nanospheres with single ligand and dual ligands.

In this work, yttrium(iii) coordination polymer (Y-CP) ball-flower-shaped microparticles with diameters ranging from 5 µm to 10 µm were synthesized using vanillin and asparagine as ligands under solvothermal conditions at 150 °C for 24 h. Then, we investigated the reaction influencing factors such as the concentration of reactants (involving vanillin, asparagine, and rare earth), reaction temperature, and reaction time. Both uniform and sphere-like nanoparticles with an average size of ∼50 nm were obtained using vanillin as a ligand at 120 °C for 12 h. Furthermore, the products were characterized and the results of cytotoxicity research demonstrated that the nanoparticles had low cytotoxicity and the coordination polymer nanospheres were perfectly biocompatible.

PEGylated mesoporous Bi2S3 nanostars loaded with chlorin e6 and doxorubicin for fluorescence/CT imaging-guided multimodal therapy of cancer.

Taking advantage of the mesoporous structure of bismuth sulfide nanostars (Bi2S3 NSs), a chemotherapeutic drug of doxorubicin (DOX) and a photosensitizer of chlorin e6 (Ce6) were concurrently loaded in the PEGylated Bi2S3 NSs to formulate a multifunctional nanocomplex (BPDC NSs) for tumor theranostics. BPDC NSs have excellent photothermal conversion efficiency and a capacity of yielding reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon laser irradiation, and can realize on-demand drug release by either pH-activation or thermal induction. Accumulation of the nanodrug could be monitored in real-time by infrared thermal imaging, fluorescence imaging and computed tomography (CT). More importantly, the combination effects of photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy were demonstrated to dramatically suppress solid tumors without recurrence in vivo. Featuring low systemic toxicity and high biocompatibility, this nanoplatform could be a promising derivative of Bi2S3 NSs for imaging-guided theranostics of cancer.

Speed tracking and synchronization of multiple motors using ring coupling control and adaptive sliding mode control.

A new control approach for speed tracking and synchronization of multiple motors is developed, by incorporating an adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) technique into a ring coupling synchronization control structure. This control approach can stabilize speed tracking of each motor and synchronize its motion with other motors' motion so that speed tracking errors and synchronization errors converge to zero. Moreover, an adaptive law is exploited to estimate the unknown bound of uncertainty, which is obtained in the sense of Lyapunov stability theorem to minimize the control effort and attenuate chattering. Performance comparisons with parallel control, relative coupling control and conventional PI control are investigated on a four-motor synchronization control system. Extensive simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

CD105 promotes hepatocarcinoma cell invasion and metastasis through VEGF.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Tumor neovascularization is necessarily required for tumor progression and metastasis. CD105 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have separately been identified as important contributors to angiogenesis; however, it is unclear if these factors interact to promote the progression of HCC. The goal of this study was to determine the interaction between CD105 and VEGF in HCC, using HCC tissue samples and the human HCC cell line SMMC-7721. In a survey of 89 HCC tumor samples, we determined that CD105 and VEGF expressions were positively correlated with each other and expressed at a higher level in tumor cells. Furthermore, the expression of CD105 was closely related to the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging of HCC, degree of tumor differentiation, portal vein invasion, and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Next, we used a lentiviral system to stably overexpress CD105 in SMMC-7721 cells, which was confirmed at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level. We observed that VEGF expression was increased in these cells, as was cell motility and migration, as assessed using a wound healing assay and Transwell chamber system, respectively. Using VEGF small interfering RNA (siRNA), we also demonstrated that elevated VEGF expression is required to promote increased cell motility and migration in CD105-overexpressing cells. In conclusion, we interpret our data to prove that CD105 promotes the invasion and metastases of liver cancer cells by increasing VEGF expression. These results provide a new theoretical and experimental basis for the treatment of liver cancer.

[Effect of comprehensive control project on schistosomiasis in Nanjian county].

The comprehensive control project for schistosomiasis was implemented in Nanjian County from 2004 to 2008. After the implementation of the control project, the infection rates of population and livestock decreased by 94.39% and 83.29% in 2008, respectively, with both infection rates less than 1%, no acute schistosomiasis cases had been found since 2005. Snail areas decreased by 70.01%, no infected snails had been found since 2007. Through the implementation of the comprehensive control project, schistosomiasis had been effectively controlled in Nanjian County.