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Gnetum formosum Markgr., a member of the Gnetaceae family, is distributed in Vietnam. This plant remains a botanical enigma with an unexplored diversity of chemical constituents and pharmacological effects. In this study, two new steroidal saponins, namely gnetumosides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of G. formosum. Their chemical structures were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques, including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and NMR, along with chemical hydrolysis and comparison with the reported literature. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of the isolated compounds were evaluated by measuring lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in murine macrophage cells. Notably, compound 1 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 14.10 ± 0.75 µM), comparable to dexamethasone. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the observed anti-inflammatory effects were investigated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins. This study is the first to investigate the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of G. formosum.
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Acanthoic acid, a diterpene isolated from the root bark of Acanthopanax koreanum Nakai, possesses diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, gastrointestinal protection, and cardiovascular protection. This study is the first to investigate the egg-hatching rates of Drosophila melanogaster affected by acanthoic acid. Notably, male flies supplemented with 10 µM acanthoic acid exhibited a strong increase in hatching rates compared with controls under adverse temperature conditions, suggesting a potential protective effect against environmental stressors. Molecular docking simulations revealed the binding affinities and specific interactions between acanthoic acid and proteins related to male infertility, including SHBG, ADAM17, and DNase I, with binding affinity values of -10.2, -6.8, and -5.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Following the docking studies, molecular dynamic simulations were conducted for a duration of 100 ns to examine the stability of these interactions. Additionally, a total binding energy analysis and decomposition analysis offered insights into the underlying energetic components and identified key contributing residues.
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Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. is a perennial herbaceous plant found mainly in tropical areas, particularly in Southeast Asia, South America, and India. Various parts of V. cinerea have traditionally been used in folk medicine to treat several diseases, such as malaria, fever, and liver diseases. V. cinerea has so far yielded about 92 secondary metabolites. The majority of these are sesquiterpene lactones, but triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, phenolics, and other compounds are present as well. V. cinerea crude extracts reportedly exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and renoprotective activities. This study aims to provide the latest up-to-date information on the botanical characterization, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activity of V. cinerea. Information on V. cinerea was thoroughly reviewed. The literature published between 1950 and 2024 was compiled through online bibliographic databases, including SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Wiley, and the MDPI online library. The keywords used for the literature search included Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. and the synonyms Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob., Conyza cinerea L., and various others.
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Medicina Tradicional , Fitoquímicos , Extractos Vegetales , Vernonia , Vernonia/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Humanos , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Animales , América del Sur , Asia SudorientalRESUMEN
Historically, Astragalus membranaceus Bunge has been used as a beneficial medicinal plant, particularly in the Asian traditional medical systems, for the treatment of various human diseases such as stomach ulcers, diarrhea, and respiratory issues associated with phlegm. In this study, a phytochemical characterization of the aerial parts of A. membranaceusled to the isolation of 29 oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, including 11 new compounds named astraoleanosides E-P (6-9, 13, 14, 18-22), as well as 18 known ones. The structures of these compounds were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Among them, astraoleanoside H (9) and cloversaponin III (15) demonstrated the most potent ß-glucuronidase inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 21.20 ± 0.75 and 9.05 ± 0.47 µM, respectively, compared to the positive control d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 20.62 ± 1.61 µM). Enzyme kinetics studies were then conducted to investigate the type of inhibition exhibited by these active compounds. In addition, the binding mechanism, key interactions, binding stability, and dynamic behavior of protein-ligand complexes were investigated through in silico approaches, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. These findings highlight the promising potential of triterpenoid saponins from A. membranaceus as lead compounds for ß-glucuronidase inhibitors, offering new possibilities for the development of therapeutic agents targeting various diseases where ß-glucuronidase plays a crucial role.
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Ácido Oleanólico , Ácido Oleanólico/análogos & derivados , Saponinas , Triterpenos , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Astragalus propinquus/química , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Saponinas/química , Ácido Oleanólico/química , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Triterpenos/farmacología , Triterpenos/químicaRESUMEN
The electrochemical synthesis of syngas (CO and H2) has garnered considerable attention in the context of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis employing thermal catalysts. Nonetheless, the need for a novel, cost-effective technique persists. In this investigation, we introduce a direct electrochemical (dEC) approach for FT synthesis that functions under ambient conditions by utilizing a p-block element (Sn and In) overlaid Cu electrode. Surface *CO and H* species were obtained in an electrolytic medium through the CO2 + H+ + e- â HOOCad â *CO (or direct CO adsorption) and H+ + e- â H* reactions, respectively. We have observed C2-7 long-chain hydrocarbons with a CnH2n+2/CnH2n ratio of 1-3, and this observation can be explained through the process of C-C coupling chain growth of the conventional FT synthesis, based on the linearity of the Anderson-Schulz-Flory equation plots. Thick Sn and In overlayers resulted in the dominant production of formate, while CO and C2H4 production were found to be proportional and inversely correlated to H2, C2H6, and C3-7 hydrocarbon production. The EC CO2/CO reduction used in dEC FT synthesis offers valuable insights into the mechanism of C2+ production and holds promise as an eco-friendly approach to producing long-chain hydrocarbons for energy and environmental purposes.
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Vascular wall aging has been strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of USCP-GVH-014, a mixed extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Paeonia lactiflora Pall., in inhibiting vascular wall aging through in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results revealed that USCP-GVH-014 inhibited abnormal cell proliferation, collagen overproduction, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 overexpression caused by various stimuli and recovered the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase on human aortic smooth muscle cells. In addition, it inhibited the increase in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha on human aortic endothelial cells and prevented the aging of the vascular wall by regulating related proteins such as epidermal growth factor and interleukin-1ß. Furthermore, it reduced vascular aging in in vivo studies. These results demonstrate that USCP-GVH-014 effectively reduces vascular aging, thereby rendering it a potential therapeutic candidate for cardiovascular diseases.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Paeonia , Salvia miltiorrhiza , Humanos , Células Endoteliales , EnvejecimientoRESUMEN
Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli), a member of the cabbage family, is abundant with many nutrients, including vitamins, potassium, fiber, minerals, and phytochemicals. Consequently, it has been used as a functional food additive to reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. In the current study, the effects of sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extract (BSE) on the inflammatory response were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Comparative high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of sulforaphane content from different extracts revealed that 70% ethanolic BSE contained more sulforaphane than the other extracts. qPCR and enzyme immunoassay analyses revealed that BSE markedly reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, including cyclooxygenase 2, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Pretreatment with BSE improved the survival rate and suppressed alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase expression in LPS-induced endotoxemic mice, while proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and iNOS decreased dramatically in the LPS-induced liver injury model via BSE treatment. Additionally, F4/80 immunostaining showed that BSE suppressed hepatic macrophage infiltration in the liver after lipopolysaccharide injection. In conclusion, BSE may be a potential nutraceutical for preventing and regulating excessive immune responses in inflammatory disease.
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Alkaloids are among the most important and best-known secondary metabolites as sources of new drugs from medicinal plants and marine organisms. A phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum resulted in the isolation of seven alkaloids (1-7), including one new dimeric compound, bis-(-)-8-demethylmaritidine (1). Their structures were elucidated using NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The absolute configuration of new compound 1 was established by circular dichroism spectroscopy. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in vitro. Among them, compound 1 exhibited the most potent AChE inhibition. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for the most active compound to investigate their binding interactions and dynamics behavior of the AChE protein-ligand complex. Therefore, compound 1 may be a potential candidate for effectively treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Two new neolignans, myrifralignans F-G (14 and 18), four new diarylnonanoid derivatives, myrifragranones A-D (21-24), and 18 known compounds were isolated and structurally elucidated from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seeds. The absolute configurations of these secondary metabolites were determined using the electronic circular dichroism technique. The inhibitory potential of these isolated compounds on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) was investigated for the first time. Among them, malabaricones B and C (19 and 20) and four new compounds 21-24 displayed inhibitory activities against sEH, with IC50 values ranging from 14.24 to 46.35 µM. Additionally, the binding mechanism, key binding interactions, stability, and dynamic behaviour of the active compounds with the sEH enzyme were analysed using in silico molecular docking and dynamics simulations. Our findings suggest that nutmeg could become a promising natural source for discovering and developing new sEH inhibitors.
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Lignanos , Myristica , Epóxido Hidrolasas , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Semillas , Lignanos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis is recognized for its ability to produce long-chain hydrocarbons. In this study, we aimed to replicate F-T synthesis using electrochemical CO2 reduction and CO reduction reactions on a stainless steel (SS) support with a gold (Au) overlayer. Under CO2-saturated conditions, the presence of Au on the SS surface led to the formation of CH4 and a range of hydrocarbons (CnH2n and CnH2n+2, n = 2-7), while bare SS primarily produced hydrogen. The Au(10 nm)/SS exhibited the highest hydrocarbon production in CO2-saturated phosphate, indicating a synergistic effect at the Au-SS interface. In CO-saturated conditions, bare SS also produced long-chain hydrocarbons, but increasing Au thickness resulted in decreased production due to poor CO adsorption. Hydrocarbons were formed through both direct and indirect CO adsorption pathways. Anderson-Schulz-Flory analysis confirmed surface CO hydrogenation and C-C coupling polymerization following conventional F-T synthesis. The C2 hydrocarbons exhibited distinct behavior compared to C3-5 hydrocarbons, suggesting different reaction pathways. Despite low reduction product levels, our EC method successfully replicated F-T synthesis using the Au/SS electrode, providing valuable insights into C-C coupling mechanisms and electrochemical production of long-chain hydrocarbons. Depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed significant changes in surface elemental compositions before and after EC reduction.
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Dióxido de Carbono , Acero Inoxidable , Acero Inoxidable/química , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Hidrocarburos , Hidrogenación , Hidrógeno/químicaRESUMEN
The objective of this work was to develop methods to assess the influence of the ingredients of an acidified elderberry syrup on product pH. A measure of total ingredient buffering (tBeta) was defined as the area under the buffer capacity curve of a food mixture or ingredient for pH 2-12. Citric acid (1% w/v), elderberry juice (75% v/v), and malic acid (0.75% w/v) had greater buffering (tBeta values of 15.33, 12.00, and 10.95, respectively) than ascorbic acid (0.75%) or lemon juice (3% v/v) (tBeta of 5.74 and 3.30, respectively). All other ingredients, including added spices (≤1% each) and honey (25% w/v), had tBeta values <2. The observed pH for the syrup mixture (pH 2.67) was within 0.11 pH units of the predicted pH based on combined buffer models of the acid and low acid ingredients (pH 2.78) using Matlab software. A total of 16 model syrup formulations containing elderberry juice with mixed acids (malic, acetic, and ascorbic) and having pH values between 3 and 4 were prepared. The pH values of the formulations were compared to predicted values from combined buffer models of the individual ingredients. Regression analysis indicated an excellent fit of the observed and predicted pH data, with a root mean square error of 0.076 pH units. The results indicated that buffer models may be useful for in silico estimates of how the ingredients in acid and acidified foods may influence pH, thus aiding in product development and safety assessments. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Buffer models using recently developed titration methods for individual acid and low-acid food ingredients can be used to estimate the pH of formulations of these ingredients in silico. The total buffering (tBeta) for ingredients or mixtures, along with ingredient concentrations, may be a useful metric for helping to determine which ingredients will have the greatest impact on pH. Such models can aid product development efforts and safety assessments.
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Ingredientes Alimentarios , Sambucus , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ácidos , Ácido Ascórbico , Ingredientes Alimentarios/análisisRESUMEN
Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai is a plant with significant medicinal properties, such as anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it an attractive research target. Our study describes the isolation of major metabolites from D. crassirhizoma, and their inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase were evaluated for the first time. The results revealed that nortrisflavaspidic acid ABB (2) is the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 34.0 ± 0.14 µM. In addition, artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used in this study to optimize the extraction conditions and evaluate the independent and interactive effects of ultrasonic-assisted extraction parameters. The optimal extraction conditions are extraction time of 103.03 min, sonication power of 342.69 W, and solvent-to-material ratio of 94.00 mL/g. The agreement between the predicted models of ANN and RSM and the experimental values was notably high, with a percentage of 97.51% and 97.15%, respectively, indicating that both models have the potential to be utilized for optimizing the industrial extraction process of active metabolites from D. crassirhizoma. Our results could provide relevant information for producing high-quality extracts from D. crassirhizoma for functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical industries.
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A new isoflavane derivative (2), a new natural isoflavane (6), four new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins (23, 25, 28, and 29), and twenty three known secondary metabolites (1, 3-5, 7-22, 24, 26, and 27) were isolated from the aerial parts of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic analysis and compared with those identified in previous studies. Tyrosinase inhibition ability of isolated compounds (1-29) was evaluated. Of these, compounds 3, 4, 6, and 14 exhibited inhibitory effects, with IC50 values ranging from 24.6 to 59.2 µM. According to kinetic analysis, compounds 3 and 4 were non-competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, whereas compounds 6 and 14 inhibited tyrosinase in uncompetitive and competitive modes, respectively. Molecular docking analysis identified that compounds 3, 4, and 6 could bind to allosteric sites and compound 14 could bind to the catalytic site of tyrosinase, which is consistent with the results of kinetic studies. Molecular dynamics behaviors of the active compounds in complex with tyrosinase were investigated via 60 ns simulation which demonstrated their high stability. These findings indicate that the aerial parts of A. membranaceus are a potential source of natural tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Monofenol Monooxigenasa , Estructura Molecular , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Cinética , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
This study reports the utility of solid camphor as a novel diluent in photocurable hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) monomer to manufacture 4 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (4Y-PSZ) components for dental applications by digital light processing (DLP). The use of a 65 wt% HDDA-35 wt% camphor solution allowed 4Y-PSZ suspensions to have reasonably low viscosities (1399 ± 55.8 mPa·s at a shear rate of 75 s-1), measured by a cone/plate viscometer, at a high solid loading of 48 vol%, where 4Y-PSZ particles prepared by calcination of as-received 4Y-PSZ granules, followed by a ball-milling process, were used with assistance of a dispersant. These 4Y-PSZ suspensions could be successfully applied to our custom-made DLP machine for manufacturing 4Y-PSZ components. To this end, several processing parameters, including layer thickness of 4Y-PSZ suspension, UV illumination time for layer-by-layer photocuring process, and initial dimensions of 4Y-PSZ objects, were tightly controlled. As sintering temperature increased from 1300 °C to 1500 °C, relative density and grain size of 4Y-PSZ objects increased, and cubic phase content also increased. Thus, after sintering at the highest temperature of 1500 °C for 3 h, high mechanical properties (biaxial flexural strength = 911 ± 40.7 MPa, hardness = 1371 ± 14.4 Hv) and reasonably high optical transmittance (translucency parameter = 7.77 ± 0.32, contrast ratio = 0.809 ± 0.007), evaluated by a spectrophotometer, were obtained due to a high relative density (97.2 ± 1.38%), which would be useful for dental applications.
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Two new chlorinated guaianane-type sesquiterpenes (named chlosigesolides A and B) together with eight known compounds were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Sigesbeckia orientalis. Their structures were determined by analysis of HR-ESI-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectral data as well as comparison with the literature. Absolute configurations of new compounds were elucidated by NOESY and ECD methods. Chlosigesolide A inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages with IC50 value of 10.9 ± 0.8 µM. Other compounds exhibited inhibitory activity at IC50 in range of 26.5 to 49.7 µM.
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Four new N-phenethylbenzamide derivatives, named piperbetamides A-D (1-4), and six allylbenzene derivatives (5-10) were isolated from the stems of Piper betle L. Their structures were determined by HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-10 were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the growth of nine microorganisms including five Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Extended-spectrum beta-lactam resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae), three Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes, Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis), and one yeast (Candida albicans) strains. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 6 and 10 exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against S. flexneri, L. monocytogenes, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 16-32 µg/mL.
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Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina , Piper betle , Antibacterianos/química , Vancomicina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) are important targets of lipid metabolism regulation for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) therapy. In the present study, a set of novel indole ethylamine derivatives (4, 5, 8, 9) were designed and synthesized. The target product (compound 9) can effectively activate PPARα and CPT1a. Consistently, in vitro assays demonstrated its impact on the lipid accumulation of oleic acid (OA)-induced AML12 cells. Compared with AML12 cells treated only with OA, supplementation with 5, 10, and 20 µM of compound 9 reduced the levels of intracellular triglyceride (by 28.07%, 37.55%, and 51.33%) with greater inhibitory activity relative to the commercial PPARα agonist fenofibrate. Moreover, the compound 9 supplementations upregulated the expression of hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and upregulated the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) related to fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis. This dual-target compound with lipid metabolism regulatory efficacy may represent a promising type of drug lead for NAFLD therapy.
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Antipsicóticos , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Humanos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , PPAR alfa , Carnitina O-Palmitoiltransferasa , Etilaminas , Ácido Oléico , Lipasa , Indoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Phloroglucinols-one of the major secondary metabolites in Dryopteris crassirhizoma-exhibit various pharmacological effects, such as antiviral, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. This study evaluated 30 phloroglucinols isolated from the rhizomes of D. crassirhizoma for their inhibitory activity on ß-glucuronidase via in vitro assays. Among them, dimeric phloroglucinols 13-15 moderately inhibited ß-glucuronidase, and trimeric phloroglucinols 26-28 showed strong inhibitory effects, with IC50 values ranging from 5.6 to 8.0 µM. Enzyme kinetic analysis confirmed all six active compounds to be in a competitive mode of inhibition. Molecular docking simulations revealed the key binding interactions with the active site of ß-glucuronidase protein and the binding mechanisms of these active metabolites. Our results suggest that the rhizomes of D. crassirhizoma and trimeric compounds 26-28 may serve as potential candidates for discovering and developing new ß-glucuronidase inhibitors.
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The enzyme tyrosinase plays a key role in the early stages of melanin biosynthesis. This study evaluated the inhibitory activity of anthocyanidin (1) and anthocyanins (2-6) on the catalytic reaction. Of the six derivatives examined, 1-3 showed inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 3.7 ± 0.1, 10.3 ± 1.0, and 41.3 ± 3.2 µM, respectively. Based on enzyme kinetics, 1-3 were confirmed to be competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 2.8, 9.0, and 51.9 µM, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed the formation of a binary encounter complex between 1-3 and the tyrosinase catalytic site. Luteolinidin (1) and petunidin 3-O-glucoside (2) may serve as tyrosinase inhibitors to block melanin production.
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Agaricales , Monofenol Monooxigenasa , Antocianinas/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Glucósidos/farmacología , Cinética , Melaninas , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
V-Zn hybrids have widely been used as catalyst materials in the environment and as energy. Herein, V-Zn hybrid electrodes were prepared by the hydrothermal and sputter-deposition methods using a Zn foil support. Their electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (EC CO2 RR) performances were tested under various applied potentials, different electrolytes, and concentrations before and after thermal treatment of the demonstrated electrode. Gas and liquid products were confirmed by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. For V-Zn electrode by hydrothermal method produced mainly syngas (CO and H2) with tunable ratio by varying applied potential. Minor products include CH4, C2H4, and C2H6. A liquid product of formate showed a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 2%. EC CO2 RR efficiency for CO, CH4, and formate was best in 0.2 M KHCO3 electrolyte condition. CO and formate were further increased by photoirradiation and Nafion-treated electrode. Formate and CH4 productions were significantly increased by thermal treatment of the V-Zn electrode. CO production was diminished for the V-Zn electrode by sputter deposition but was recovered by thermal treatment. Photocatalytic CO2 RR was tested to find that RR products include CH3OH, CO, CH4, C2H4, and C2H6. Interestingly long-chain hydrocarbons (CnH2n and CnH2n+2, where n = 3-6) were first observed under mild conditions. The long-chain formation was understood by Fisher-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis. Alkenes were observed to be more produced than alkanes unlike in the conventional F-T synthesis. The present new findings provide useful clues for the development of hybrid electro-and photo-catalysts tested under various experimental conditions in energy and environment.