Visualization of the Distance-Dependent Synergistic Interaction in Heterogeneous Dual-Site Catalysis.

Understanding the characteristics of interfacial hydroxyl (OH) at the solid/liquid electrochemical interface is crucial for deciphering synergistic catalysis. However, it remains challenging to elucidate the influences of spatial distance between interfacial OH and neighboring reactants on reaction kinetics at the atomic level. Herein, we visualize the distance-dependent synergistic interaction in heterogeneous dual-site catalysis by using ex-situ infrared nanospectroscopy and in situ infrared spectroscopy techniques. These spectroscopic techniques achieve direct identification of the spatial distribution of synergistic species and reveal that OH facilitates the reactant deprotonation process depending on site distances in dual-site catalysts. Via modulating Ir-Co pair distances, we find that the dynamic equilibrium between generation and consumption of OH accounts for high-efficiency synergism at the optimized distance of 7.9 Å. At farther or shorter distances, spatial inaccessibility and resistance of OH with intermediates lead to OH accumulation, thereby diminishing the synergistic effect. Hence, a volcano-shaped curve has been established between the spatial distance and mass activity using formic acid oxidation as the probe reaction. This notion could also be extended to oxophilic metals, like Ir-Ru pairs, where volcano curves and dynamic equilibrium further evidence the universal significance of spatial distances.

Manipulation of d-Orbital Electron Configurations in Nonplanar Fe-Based Electrocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Reduction.

Manipulation of the spin state holds great promise to improve the electrochemical activity of transition metal-based catalysts. However, the underlying relationship between the nonplanar metal coordination environment and spin states remains to be explored. Herein, we report the precise regulation of nonplanar Fe atomic d-orbital energy level into an irregular tetrahedral crystal field configuration by introducing P atoms. With the increase of P coordination number, the spin magnetic moment decreases linearly from 3.8 µB to 0.2 µB, and the high spin content decreases linearly from 31% to 5%. Significantly, a volcanic curve between the spin states of Fe-based catalysts (Fe-NxPy) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity has been unequivocally established based on the thermodynamic results. Thus, the Fe-N3P1 catalyst with a 19% medium spin state experimentally exhibits the optimal reaction activity with a high half-wave potential of 0.92 V. These findings indicate that regulating electron spin moments through coordination engineering is a promising catalyst design strategy, providing important insights into spin catalysis.

The dual-functional role of carboxylate in a nickel-iron catalyst towards efficient oxygen evolution.

The efficiency of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is severely limited by the sluggish proton-coupled electron transfer processes and inadequate long-term stability. Herein, we introduce a carboxylate group (TPA) to modify NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH@TPA), resulting in notable improvements in both activity and stability. A combination of spectroscopic and theoretical investigations reveals the dual-functional role of incorporated TPA. It facilitates the deprotonation of OER intermediates while strengthening the Fe-O bond and acting as a molecular fence, ensuring superior OER kinetics and anti-dissolution properties. NiFe LDH@TPA delivers a low overpotential of 200 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and an impressive long-term stability of 500 h at 150 mA cm-2, significantly outperforming its unmodified counterpart. Furthermore, operating in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer, it affords prolonged stability at an industrial-scale current density of 1 A cm-2, sustaining performance for over 120 hours. This strategy offers a promising avenue for the development of durable and efficient OER catalysts.

Diversification and conservation of DNA binding specificities of SPL family of transcription factors.

SQUAMOSA Promoter-Binding Protein-Like (SPL) transcription factors play vital roles in plant development and stress responses. In this study, we report a comprehensive DNA Affinity Purification sequencing (DAP-seq) analysis for 14 of the 16 SPL transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana, providing valuable insights into their DNA-binding specificities. We performed Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the target genes to reveal their convergent and diverse biological functions among SPL family proteins. Comparative analysis between the paralogs AtSPL9 and AtSPL15 revealed differences in their binding motifs, suggesting divergent regulatory functions. Additionally, we expanded our investigation to homologs of AtSPL9/15 in Zea mays (ZmSBP8/30) and Triticum aestivum (TaSPL7/13), identifying conserved and unique DNA-binding patterns across species. These findings provide key resources for understanding the molecular mechanisms of SPL transcription factors in regulating plant development and evolution across different species.

Causal association between mitochondrial function and psychiatric disorders: Insights from a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Previous observational studies have suggested that there appears to be a close association between mitochondrial function and psychiatric disorders, but whether a causal role exists remains unclear. METHODS: We extracted genetic instruments for 67 mitochondrial-related proteins and 10 psychiatric disorders from publicly available genome-wide association studies, and employed five distinct MR methods and false discovery rate correction to detect causal associations between them. Additionally, we conducted a series of sensitivity tests and additional model analysis to ensure the robustness of the results. For potential causal associations, we further performed reverse MR analyses to assess the impact of reverse causality. RESULTS: We identified a total of 2 significant causal associations and 24 suggestive causal associations. Specifically, Phenylalanine-tRNA ligase was found to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease, while Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 2 decreased the risk of autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, there was no evidence of significant pleiotropy, heterogeneity, or reverse causality. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited to individuals of European ancestry, and the conclusions drawn are merely revelatory. CONCLUSION: This study provides novel insights into the relationship between mitochondria and psychiatric disorders, as well as the pathogenesis and treatment strategies for psychiatric disorders.

Structure-Agnostic Bioactivity-Driven Combinatorial Biosynthesis Reveals New Antidiabetic and Anticancer Triterpenoids.

Although combinatorial biosynthesis can dramatically expand the chemical structures of bioactive natural products to identify molecules with improved characteristics, progress in this direction has been hampered by the difficulty in isolating and characterizing the numerous produced compounds. This challenge could be overcome with improved designs that enable the analysis of the bioactivity of the produced metabolites ahead of the time-consuming isolation procedures. Herein, we showcase a structure-agnostic bioactivity-driven combinatorial biosynthesis workflow that introduces bioactivity assessment as a selection-driving force to guide iterative combinatorial biosynthesis rounds towards enzyme combinations with increasing bioactivity. We apply this approach to produce triterpenoids with potent bioactivity against PTP1B, a promising molecular target for diabetes and cancer treatment. We demonstrate that the bioactivity-guided workflow can expedite the combinatorial process by enabling the narrowing down of more than 1000 possible combinations to only five highly potent candidates. By focusing the isolation and structural elucidation effort on only these five strains, we reveal 20 structurally diverse triterpenoids, including four new compounds and a novel triterpenoid-anthranilic acid hybrid, as potent PTP1B inhibitors. This workflow expedites hit identification by combinatorial biosynthesis and is applicable to many other types of bioactive natural products, therefore providing a strategy for accelerated drug discovery.

Regulating interaction with surface ligands on Au25 nanoclusters by multivariate metal-organic framework hosts for boosting catalysis.

While atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) with unique structures and reactivity are very promising in catalysis, the spatial resistance caused by the surface ligands and structural instability poses significant challenges. In this work, Au25(Cys)18 NCs are encapsulated in multivariate metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to afford Au25@M-MOF-74 (M = Zn, Ni, Co, Mg). By the MOF confinement, the Au25 NCs showcase highly enhanced activity and stability in the intramolecular cascade reaction of 2-nitrobenzonitrile. Notably, the interaction between the metal nodes in M-MOF-74 and Au25(Cys)18 is able to suppress the free vibration of the surface ligands on the Au25 NCs and thereby improve the accessibility of Au sites; meanwhile, the stronger interactions lead to higher electron density and core expansion within Au25(Cys)18. As a result, the activity exhibits the trend of Au25@Ni-MOF-74 > Au25@Co-MOF-74 > Au25@Zn-MOF-74 > Au25@Mg-MOF-74, highlighting the crucial roles of microenvironment modulation around the Au25 NCs by interaction between the surface ligands and MOF hosts.

Total glucosides of paeony inhibit NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated inflammation and pyroptosis in C3H/HeJ alopecia areata mice.

One of the most prominent causes of alopecia areata (AA) is chronic inflammation of the hair follicles. Inhibiting cellular pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory programmed cell death, is crucial for reducing follicular inflammation in the skin. Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) possess anti-inflammatory properties across a broad range of illnesses. However, the role of TGP in AA and its relationship to pyroptosis remains unclear. A chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) approach was used to create an AA mouse model. TGP suspension and MCC950 were administered to AA mice via gavage. HE staining, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting were performed to detect pathological changes in the skin and to investigate the levels of inflammatory factors and pyroptosis-related proteins, as well as the potential mechanisms of TGP's effects. TGP reduced hair loss, increased the number of hair follicles in skin tissues, and decreased inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-18, and IL-1ß) in AA mice. MCC950 significantly reduced the levels of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 p10, and GSDMD-N), as well as inflammatory factors. TGP markedly inhibited NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated cellular pyroptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. TGP suppresses the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling cascade in the skin tissues of AA mice, thereby reducing cellular pyroptosis and inflammation. TGP may be a potential therapeutic agent for AA.

Identification of K+-determined reaction pathway for facilitated kinetics of CO2 electroreduction.

Cations such as K+ play a key part in the CO2 electroreduction reaction, but their role in the reaction mechanism is still in debate. Here, we use a highly symmetric Ni-N4 structure to selectively probe the mechanistic influence of K+ and identify its interaction with chemisorbed CO2-. Our electrochemical kinetics study finds a shift in the rate-determining step in the presence of K+. Spectral evidence of chemisorbed CO2- from in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in-situ Raman spectroscopy pinpoints the origin of this rate-determining step shift. Grand canonical potential kinetics simulations - consistent with experimental results - further complement these findings. We thereby identify a long proposed non-covalent interaction between K+ and chemisorbed CO2-. This interaction stabilizes chemisorbed CO2- and thus switches the rate-determining step from concerted proton electron transfer to independent proton transfer. Consequently, this rate-determining step shift lowers the reaction barrier by eliminating the contribution of the electron transfer step. This K+-determined reaction pathway enables a lower energy barrier for CO2 electroreduction reaction than the competing hydrogen evolution reaction, leading to an exclusive selectivity for CO2 electroreduction reaction.

Dynamically Precise Constructing Dual-Atom Pd2 Catalyst:A Monodisperse Catalyst With High Stability for Semi-Hydrogenation of Alkyne.

Dual-atom catalysts (DACs) originate unprecedented reactivity and maximize resource efficiency. The fundamental difficulty lies in the high complexity and instability of DACs, making the rational design and targeted performance optimization a grand challenge. Here, an atomically dispersed Pd2 DAC with an in situ generated Pd─Pd bond is constructed by a dynamic strategy, which achieves high activity and selectivity for semi-hydrogenation of alkynes and functional internal acetylene, twice higher than commercial Lindlar catalyst. Density functional theory calculations and systematic experiments confirms the ultrahigh properties of Pd2 DAC originates from the synergistic effect of the dynamically generated Pd─Pd bonds. This discovery highlights the potential for dynamic strategies and opens unprecedented possibilities for the preparation of robust DACs on an industrial scale.

Highly Selective Electrocatalytic CO2 Conversion to Tailored Products through Precise Regulation of Hydrogenation and C-C Coupling.

The electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) into valuable products offers notable economic benefits and contributes to environmental sustainability. However, precisely controlling the reaction pathways and selectively converting key intermediates pose considerable challenges. In this study, our theoretical calculations reveal that the active sites with different states of copper atoms (1-3-5-7-9) play a pivotal role in the adsorption behavior of the *CHO critical intermediate. This behavior dictates the subsequent hydrogenation and coupling steps, ultimately influencing the formation of the desired products. Consequently, we designed two model electrocatalysts comprising Cu single atoms and particles supported on CeO2. This design enables controlled *CHO intermediate transformation through either hydrogenation with *H or coupling with *CO, leading to a highly selective CO2RR. Notably, our selective control strategy tunes the Faradaic efficiency from 61.1% for ethylene (C2H4) to 61.2% for methane (CH4). Additionally, the catalyst demonstrated a high current density and remarkable stability, exceeding 500 h of operation. This work not only provides efficient catalysts for selective CO2RR but also offers valuable insights into tailoring surface chemistry and designing catalysts for precise control over catalytic processes to achieve targeted product generation in CO2RR technology.

Association between primary biliary cholangitis with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: A bidirectional multivariable Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease often accompanied by multisystem damage. This study aimed to explore the causal association between genetically predicted PBC and diabetes, as well as multiple cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). METHODS: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary data of PBC in 24,510 individuals of European ancestry from the European Association for the Study of the Liver was used to identify genetically predicted PBC. We conducted 2-sample single-variable Mendelian randomization (SVMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) to estimate the impacts of PBC on diabetes (N = 17,685 to 318,014) and 20 CVDs from the genetic consortium (N = 171,875 to 1,030,836). RESULTS: SVMR provided evidence that genetically predicted PBC is associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), hypertension, atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, ischemic stroke, and small-vessel ischemic stroke. Additionally, there was no evidence of a causal association between PBC and coronary atherosclerosis. In the MVMR analysis, PBC maintained independent effects on T1D, HF, MI, and small-vessel ischemic stroke in most models. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed the causal effects of PBC on diabetes and 7 CVDs, and no causal relationship was detected between PBC and coronary atherosclerosis.

Hydrogen Peroxide Spillover on Platinum-Iron Hybrid Electrocatalyst for Stable Oxygen Reduction.

Iron-nitrogen-carbon (Fe-N-C) catalysts, although the most active platinum-free option for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), suffer from poor durability due to the Fe leaching and consequent Fenton effect, limiting their practical application in low-temperature fuel cells. This work demonstrates an integrated catalyst of a platinum-iron (PtFe) alloy planted in an Fe-N-C matrix (PtFe/Fe-N-C) to address this challenge. This novel catalyst exhibits both high-efficiency activity and stability, as evidenced by its impressive half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.93 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs RHE) and minimal 7 mV decay even after 50,000 potential cycles. Remarkably, it exhibits a very low hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) yield (0.07%) at 0.6 V and maintains this performance with negligible change after 10,000 potential cycles. Fuel cells assembled with this cathode PtFe/Fe-N-C catalyst show exceptional durability, with only 8 mV voltage loss at 0.8 A cm-2 after 30,000 cycles and ignorable current degradation at a voltage of 0.6 V over 85 h. Comprehensive in situ experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that oxygen species spillover from Fe-N-C to PtFe alloy not only inhibits H2O2 production but also eliminates harmful oxygenated radicals. This work paves the way for the design of highly efficient and stable ORR catalysts and has significant implications for the development of next-generation fuel cells.

Identifying therapeutic targets for breast cancer: insights from systematic Mendelian randomization analysis.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) exhibits a high incidence rate, imposing a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Novel drug targets are urgently needed for BC. Mendelian randomization (MR) has gained widespread application for identifying fresh therapeutic targets. Our endeavor was to pinpoint circulatory proteins causally linked to BC risk and proffer potential treatment targets for BC. Methods: Through amalgamating protein quantitative trait loci from 2,004 circulating proteins and comprehensive genome-wide association study data from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium, we conducted MR analyses. Employing Steiger filtering, bidirectional MR, Bayesian colocalization, phenotype scanning, and replication analyses, we further solidified MR study outcomes. Additionally, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was harnessed to unveil latent associations between proteins and prevailing breast cancer medications. The phenome-wide MR (Phe-MR) was employed to assess potential side effects and indications for the druggable proteins of BC. Finally, we further affirmed the drugability of potential drug targets through mRNA expression analysis and molecular docking. Results: Through comprehensive analysis, we identified five potential drug targets, comprising four (TLR1, A4GALT, SNUPN, and CTSF) for BC and one (TLR1) for BC_estrogen receptor positive. None of these five potential drug targets displayed reverse causation. Bayesian colocalization suggested that these five latent drug targets shared variability with breast cancer. All drug targets were replicated within the deCODE cohort. TLR1 exhibited PPI with current breast cancer therapeutic targets. Furthermore, Phe-MR unveiled certain adverse effects solely for TLR1 and SNUPN. Conclusion: Our study uncovers five prospective drug targets for BC and its subtypes, warranting further clinical exploration.

Landmark-based spherical quasi-conformal mapping for hippocampal surface registration.

Background: The cognitive decline induced by Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely related to changes in hippocampal structure captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To accurately analyze the morphological changes of the hippocampus induced by AD, it is necessary to establish a one-to-one surface correspondence to compare the morphological measurements across different hippocampal surfaces. However, most existing landmark-based registration methods cannot satisfy both landmark matching and diffeomorphism under large deformations. To address these challenges, we propose a landmark-based spherical registration method via quasi-conformal mapping to establish a one-to-one correspondence between different hippocampal surfaces. Methods: In our approach, we use the eigen-graph of the hippocampal surface to extract the intrinsic and unified landmarks of all the hippocampal surfaces and then realize the parameterization process from the hippocampal surface to a unit sphere according to the barycentric coordinate theory and the triangular mesh optimization algorithm. Finally, through the local stereographic projection, the alignment of the landmarks is achieved based on the quasi-conformal mapping on a two-dimensional (2D) plane under the constraints of Beltrami coefficients which can effectively control the topology distortion. Results: We verified the proposed registration method on real hippocampus data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database and created AD and normal control (NC) groups. Our registration algorithm achieved an area distortion index (ADI) of 0.4362e-4±0.7800e-5 in the AD group and 0.5671e-4±0.602e-5 in the NC group, and it achieved an angle distortion index (Eangle) of 0.6407±0.0258 in the AD group and 0.6271±0.0194 in the NC group. The accuracy of support vector machine (SVM) classification for the AD vs. NC groups based on the morphological features extracted from the registered hippocampal surfaces reached 94.2%. Conclusions: This landmark-based spherical quasi-conformal mapping for hippocampal surface registration algorithm can maintain precise alignment of the landmarks and bijectivity in the presence of large deformation.

Edge-Rich Pt-O-Ce Sites in CeO2 Supported Patchy Atomic-Layer Pt Enable a Non-CO Pathway for Efficient Methanol Oxidation.

Rational design of efficient methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) catalyst that undergo non-CO pathway is essential to resolve the long-standing poisoning issue. However, it remains a huge challenge due to the rather difficulty in maximizing the non-CO pathway by the selective coupling between the key *CHO and *OH intermediates. Here, we report a high-performance electrocatalyst of patchy atomic-layer Pt epitaxial growth on CeO2 nanocube (Pt ALs/CeO2) with maximum electronic metal-support interaction for enhancing the coupling selectively. The small-size monolayer material achieves an optimal geometrical distance between edge Pt-O-Ce sites and *OH absorbed on CeO2, which well restrains the dehydrogenation of *CHO, resulting in the non-CO pathway. Meanwhile, the *CHO/*CO intermediate generated at inner Pt-O-Ce sites can migrate to edge, inducing the subsequent coupling reaction, thus avoiding poisoning while promoting reaction efficiency. Consequently, Pt ALs/CeO2 exhibits exceptionally catalytic stability with negligible degradation even under 1000 s pure CO poisoning operation and high mass activity (14.87 A/mgPt), enabling it one of the best-performing alkali-stable MOR catalysts.

Resveratrol attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease via the AKT/TMEM175 pathway.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents a significant complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that lacks effective treatment options. This study aimed to investigate the intrinsic mechanism by which resveratrol attenuates rheumatoid arthritis complicated with interstitial lung disease through the AKT/TMEM175 pathway. METHODS: We established an arthritis model by combining chicken type II collagen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Resveratrol treatment was administered via tube feeding for 10 days. Pathological changes in both the joints and lungs were evaluated using HE and Masson staining techniques. Protein expression of TGF-ß1, AKT, and TMEM175 was examined in lung tissue. MRC-5 cells were stimulated using IL-1ß in combination with TGF-ß1 as an in vitro model of RA-ILD, and agonists of AKT, metabolic inhibitors, and SiRNA of TMEM175 were used to explore the regulation and mechanism of action of resveratrol RA-ILD. RESULTS: Resveratrol mitigates fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease and reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in RA-ILD. Furthermore, resveratrol restored cellular autophagy. When combined with the in vitro model, it was further demonstrated that resveratrol could suppress TGF-ß1 expression, and reduce AKT metamorphic activation, consequently inhibiting the opening of AKT/MEM175 ion channels. This, in turn, lowers lysosomal pH and enhances the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, ultimately ameliorating the progression of RA-ILD. CONCLUSION: In this study, we demonstrated that resveratrol restores autophagic flux through the AKT/MEM175 pathway to attenuate inflammation as well as fibrosis in RA-ILD by combining in vivo and in vitro experiments. It further provides a theoretical basis for the selection of therapeutic targets for RA-ILD.

Surface Redox Chemistry Regulates the Reaction Microenvironment for Efficient Hydrogen Peroxide Generation.

Electrosynthesis has emerged as an enticing solution for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. However, efficient H2O2 generation encounters challenges related to the robust gas-liquid-solid interface within electrochemical reactors. In this work, we introduce an effective hydrophobic coating modified by iron (Fe) sites to optimize the reaction microenvironment. This modification aims to mitigate radical corrosion through Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox chemistry, reinforcing the reaction microenvironment at the three-phase interface. Consequently, we achieved a remarkable yield of up to 336.1 mmol h-1 with sustained catalyst operation for an extensive duration of 230 h at 200 mA cm-2 without causing damage to the reaction interface. Additionally, the Faradaic efficiency of H2O2 exceeded 90% across a broad range of test current densities. This surface redox chemistry approach for manipulating the reaction microenvironment not only advances long-term H2O2 electrosynthesis but also holds promise for other gas-starvation electrochemical reactions.

Hepatic IRE1α-XBP1 signaling promotes GDF15-mediated anorexia and body weight loss in chemotherapy.

Platinum-based chemotherapy drugs can lead to the development of anorexia, a detrimental effect on the overall health of cancer patients. However, managing chemotherapy-induced anorexia and subsequent weight loss remains challenging due to limited effective therapeutic strategies. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has recently gained significant attention in the context of chemotherapy-induced anorexia. Here, we report that hepatic GDF15 plays a crucial role in regulating body weight in response to chemo drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin. Cisplatin and doxorubicin treatments induce hepatic Gdf15 expression and elevate circulating GDF15 levels, leading to hunger suppression and subsequent weight loss. Mechanistically, selective activation by chemotherapy of hepatic IRE1α-XBP1 pathway of the unfolded protein response (UPR) upregulates Gdf15 expression. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of IRE1α is sufficient to ameliorate chemotherapy-induced anorexia and body weight loss. These results identify hepatic IRE1α as a molecular driver of GDF15-mediated anorexia and suggest that blocking IRE1α RNase activity offers a therapeutic strategy to alleviate the adverse anorexia effects in chemotherapy.

Symmetry Evolution Induced 2D Pt Single Atom Catalyst with High Density for Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation.

The performance of single-atom catalysts is greatly influenced by the chemical environment surrounding the central atom. Here, a salt-assisted method is employed to transform the tetrahedral coordination structure of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks - 8 (ZIF-8) into a planar square coordination structure without altering the ligands. During the subsequent carbonization process, concurrent with the evaporation of zinc atoms, the structure of the nitrogen and carbon carriers (NC carriers) undergoes a transition from five-membered rings to six-membered rings to preserve the 2D structure. This transition results in the generation of additional defect sites on the 2D-NC substrates. Hence, the Pt single-atom catalysts with planar square coordination symmetries can be precisely prepared via electrodeposition (denoted as 2D-Pt SAC). The Pt loading of 2D-Pt SAC is 0.49 ± 0.03 µg cm-2, higher than that of 3D-Pt SAC (0.37 ± 0.04 µg cm-2). In the context of the hydrogen oxidation reaction electrocatalysis, under an overpotential of 50 mV, these single-atom catalysts with 2D coordination exhibit mass activities of 2396 A gPt -1 (32 times higher than commercial Pt/C catalyst, 2 times higher than 3D-PtNC).