Changes in Metabolite Profiles of Chinese Soy Sauce at Different Time Durations of Fermentation Studied by 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics.

Fermentation parameters, especially the duration, are important in imparting a peculiar taste and flavor to soy sauce. The main purpose of this research was to monitor metabolic changes occurring during the various time intervals of the fermentation process. NMR-based metabolomics was used to monitor the compositional changes in soy sauce during fermentation. The 1H-NMR spectra of the soy sauce samples taken from the fermentation tanks at 0 to 8 months were analyzed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and the obtained spectra were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Discriminate analysis (PLSDA) revealed the separation of samples fermented for various time durations under identical conditions. Key metabolites shown by corresponding loading plots exhibited variations in amino acids (lysine, threonine, isoleucine, etc.), acetate, glucose, fructose, sucrose, ethanol, glycerol, and others. The levels of ethanol in soy sauce increased with longer fermentation durations, which can be influenced by both natural fermentation and the intentional addition of ethanol as a preservative. The study shows that the variation in metabolite can be very efficiently monitored using 1H-NMR-based metabolomics, thus suggestion to optimize the time duration to get the soy sauce product with the desired taste and flavor.

Angiographic patterns of coronary artery disease in young patients presenting at a tertiary cardiac center.

Objective: To compare the patterns of coronary artery disease (CAD) between young adults ≤35 years of age and patients >35 years of age. Methods: The observational retrospective study was carried out in angiography department of emergency at Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore between January 2020 and October 2020. Patients ≤35 years old were in Group-I whereas patients >35 years who served as controls were in Group-II. Patients with unstable angina, non-ST and ST elevation MI all were included. The patients with previous history of CAD (CABG/PCI) and angiography done for other purposes i.e., before valvular surgery or PPM implantation were excluded. Results: Out of 1268 patients, 552 were in Group-I and 716 were in Group-II. The prevalence of normal coronaries/ mild CAD was higher in Group-I i.e., 224(40.6%) than in Group-II i.e., 64 (8.9%). Single vessel disease (SVD) was comparable in both the groups 185 (33.5%) vs. 216 (30.2%). Double vessel disease and triple vessel disease (TVD) was common in Group-II and left main stem (LMS) involvement was also significantly higher in Group-II i.e., 32 (4.5%) vs. 8 (1.4%). Clot in coronary arteries with or without underlying CAD was seen more frequently in Group-I, 61(11.1%) vs. 34 (4.7%). Presence of clot was seen mostly in those patients who had moderate coronary artery disease. Conclusion: Young patients have different coronary artery disease patterns, so the management strategy must be different in this population. Majority of the young patients have non severe disease. Clot formation is commonly seen in young adults with moderate CAD.

Streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in the elderly, however clinical data reveals a disproportionately lower use of thrombolytics because of fear of complications especially intracranial haemorrhage. Our objective was to evaluate the safety of most commonly used thrombolytic streptokinase in elderly patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: This descriptive case series was conducted at Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore from September to December 2012 (4 months). One hundred elderly patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction were randomly selected for the study keeping in view the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patients were thrombolysed with streptokinase within 12 hours of onset of symptoms and were monitored and investigated for electrical, mechanical and biochemical complications. RESULTS: Out of one hundred patients 77 (77%) were males gnd 23 (23%) were females. Mean age was 73.39±5.29 years. The two most common complications of streptokinase were hypotension (33%) and bleeding (19%). Major bleed occurred only in 3 (3%) patients. No patient developed intracranial haemorrhage. Other complications included arrhythmias (6%), allergic reactions (4%), raised LFTs (6%) and raised RFTs (7%). No patient died of streptokinase related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Use of streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction should not be discouraged in the elderly.

Metabolic syndrome in patients with ischemic heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Cardiology Department of Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, from June 2006 to June 2007. METHODOLOGY: A total of 100 subjects with ischemic heart disease, fulfilling the inclusion criteria, were enrolled in the study. Demographic data (age and gender) and the 5 component conditions of the metabolic syndrome were noted. Subjects were physically assessed for the abdominal obesity, based on waist circumference. Fasting blood samples for glucose and lipid profile in first 24 hours after acute coronary insult were drawn and tested in central laboratory. Variables were processed for descriptive statistics. RESULTS: In this study population, 68% were male and 32% were female with mean age of 52 +/-13.6 years in men and 56 +/- 12.5 years in women. Frequency of metabolic syndrome was 32% in men and 28% in women. It increased with age. The highest rate of metabolic syndrome was in men diagnosed as STEMI (odds ratio: 3.39, 95% CI=1.36-8.41). CONCLUSION: Frequency of metabolic syndrome was high among the patients with IHD. It supports the potential for preventive efforts in persons with high-risk of IHD.