Characteristics of patients with schizophrenia switching from oral antipsychotics to once-monthly paliperidone palmitate (PP1M): a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The utilization of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate (PP1M) in schizophrenia treatment has increased due to its enhanced adherence and convenience. However, there is limited evidence on patient characteristics that may influence treatment outcomes when switching from oral antipsychotics (OAPs) to PP1M therapy. This systematic review aims to identify such patient characteristics and explore potential beneficial factors to aid healthcare professionals in clinical practice. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to July 19, 2022. Studies related to patients with schizophrenia who had been previously treated with OAPs and switched to PP1M were identified and included. Outcomes included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score, the clinical Global Impressions - Severity (CGI-S) score, the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) total score, and hospitalisation rate. Data were independently extracted and analysed. The results were presented through a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: Eleven studies with a total of 4150 patients were included, identifying nine potential characteristics. The most commonly reported characteristics was patient's prior treatment with OAPs, followed by the stage of disease, duration of illness (DI), ethnicity, reason for switching to PP1M, history of hospitalisation, time of start injection of PP1M, the PANSS and PSP total score at baseline. Patients in the acute stage, with a shorter DI, a less than 1-week time interval to PP1M injection, and a lower PANSS total score at baseline may have a trend on providing better improvements on PANSS total score. Acute stage and shorter DI also showed potential trends in reducing CGI-S score. Early initiation of PP1M, switching for reasons other than lack of efficacy, and a higher PSP score at baseline exhibited potential trends towards better PSP total score improvements. CONCLUSION: Our findings may suggest that patients in acute stage, with a shorter duration of illness, with early initiation of PP1M injection, and lower PANSS or PSP scores may trend towards better clinical results when transitioning to PP1M from OAPs. Further research is necessary to validate these potential associations and identify any unexplored characteristics. Such investigations are crucial for providing comprehensive clinical recommendations and informing treatment strategies in this context.

Factors Associated with Symptom Stabilization that Allow for Successful Transition from Once-Monthly Paliperidone Palmitate to Three-Monthly Paliperidone Palmitate: A Post Hoc Analysis Examined Clinical Characteristics in Chinese Patients with Schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Identifying key factors for a successful transition from once-monthly paliperidone palmitate (PP1M) to three-monthly paliperidone palmitate (PP3M) is crucial for improving treatment outcomes, enhancing patient adherence, and reducing relapse risk in patients with schizophrenia. Providing region-specific insights for evidence-based clinical decisions can aid clinicians in optimizing transition strategies for Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, the objective of this post hoc analysis of a double-blind parallel-group multicenter phase 3 study (NCT01515423) was to identify factors related to the disease stabilization that may allow for a successful transition from PP1M to PP3M in the treatment of Chinese patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Adults (18-70 years) diagnosed with schizophrenia using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition text revision, for over 1 year and with a baseline Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score between 70 and 120 were entered into an open-label (OL) phase receiving PP1M for 17 weeks. After the 17-week OL phase, patients who met the criteria necessary for stabilization were randomized (1:1) to PP1M (fixed-dose, 50, 75, 100, or 150 mg eq.) or PP3M (fixed-dose, 175, 263, 350, or 525 mg eq.) in a 48-week double-blind phase. Stabilization was defined as a PANSS total score < 70, PANSS item (P1, P2, P3, P6, P7, G8, G14) scores ≤ 4, and a reduction in Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) score of ≥ 1 from OL baseline. This post hoc analysis evaluated changes and trends in symptom severity using PANSS, changes in mental states using CGI-S, and changes in personal and social functioning using Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scores from baseline to the endpoint of the OL phase in patients who either met or did not meet the stabilization criteria (stabilized versus non-stabilized group). Comparison of changes and trends in the clinical scores between the stabilized group and non-stabilized group were conducted using linear mixed model and Mann-Kendall trend analysis, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore factors associated with stabilization status for transition. RESULTS: Of 296 patients enrolled, 210 achieved disease stabilization (106 patients and 104 patients were randomized to PP1M and PP3M, respectively). Significant downward trends in the PANSS and CGI-S scores were detected in the stabilized patients (n = 210, ZPANSS = -2.21, p = 0.028; ZCGI-S = -2.21, p = 0.028) but not in the non-stabilized patients (n = 86). No significant trends in the PSP scores were observed in either group. The factors significantly associated with disease stabilization were the CGI-S score at baseline [odds ratio (OR) = 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09, 0.5), reduction of the PANSS score at week 13 (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.17), and reduction of CGI-S score at week 13 (OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.03, 5.02). CONCLUSION: A lower CGI-S total score at baseline and greater reductions in PANSS and CGI-S scores at week 13 were associated with patients achieving disease stabilization, that may allow for a successful transition. Evidence from this study indicates that better disease condition at baseline, early functional improvement and symptomatic relief were the key factors associated with disease stabilization. The findings may guide clinicians to identify suitable patients for transition from PP1M to PP3M and further optimize the use of PP3M in China. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: EudraCT number: 2011-004889-15 and ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT01515423) for the original double-blind randomized study.

Robust Micro-Sized and Defect-Rich Carbon-Carbon Composites as Advanced Anodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Pitch-derived carbon (PC) anode features the merits of low-cost, rich edge-defect sites, and tunable crystallization degree for potassium ion batteries (PIBs). However, gaining the PC anode with both rich edge-defect sites and robust structure remains challenging. Herein, micro-sized and robust PC/expanded-graphite (EG) composites (EGC) with rich edge-defect sites are massively synthesized via melting impregnation and confined pyrolysis. The PC is in situ encapsulated in micro-sized EG skeleton with robust chemical bonds between PC and EG after thermal treatment, endowing the structural stability as micro-sized carbon-carbon composites. The confinement effect originating from EG skeleton could suppress the crystallization degree of the PC and contribute rich edge-defect sites in EGC composites. Additionally, the EG skeleton inside EGC could form continuous electronic conduction nets and establish low-tortuosity carbonaceous electrodes, facilitating rapid electron/ion migration. While applied in PIBs, the EGC anode delivers a reversible capacity that up to 338.5 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 , superior rate performance of 127.5 mAh g-1 at 5.0 A g-1 , and long-term stability with 204.8 mAh g-1 retain after 700 cycles at 1.0 A g-1 . This novel strategy highlights an interesting category of heterogeneous carbon-carbon composite materials to keep pace with the demand for the future PIBs industry.

Phase-matched locally chiral light for global control of chiral light-matter interaction.

Locally chiral light is an emerging tool for probing and controlling molecular chirality. It can generate large and freely adjustable enantioselectivities in purely electric-dipole effects, offering its major advantages over traditional chiral light. However, the existing types of locally chiral light are phase-mismatched, and thus the global efficiencies are greatly reduced compared with the maximum single-point efficiencies or even vanish. Here, we propose a scheme to generate phase-matched locally chiral light. To confirm this advantage, we numerically show the robust highly efficient global control of enantiospecific electronic state transfer of methyloxirane at nanoseconds. Our work potentially constitutes the starting point for developing more efficient chiroptical techniques for the studies of chiral molecules.

Machine-Learning Enhanced Enantioselective Single-Shot-Single-Molecule ac Stark Spectroscopy.

Enantiodiscrimination with single-molecule and single-shot resolution is fundamental for the understanding of the fate and behavior of two enantiomers in chemical reactions, biological activity, and the function of drugs. However, molecular decoherence gives rise to spectral broadening and random errors, offering major problems for most chiroptical methods in arriving at single-shot-single-molecule resolution. Here, we introduce a machine-learning strategy to solve these problems. Specifically, we focus on the task of single-shot measurement of single-molecule chirality based on enantioselective ac Stark spectroscopy. We find that, in the large-decoherence region, where the ac Stark spectroscopy without machine learning fails to distinguish molecular chirality, in contrast, the machine-learning-assisted strategy still holds a high correct rate of up to about 90%. Beyond this overwhelming superiority, the machine-learning strategy also has considerable robustness against variation of the decoherence rates between the training and testing sets.

Thermal Interface Engineering in a 3D-Structured Carbon Framework for a Phase-Change Composite with High Thermal Conductivity.

Phase-change materials (PCMs) are promising thermal storage medium for thermal management due to their efficient thermal energy harvesting capabilities. However, the low thermal conductivity (TC) and poor shape stability of PCMs have hindered their practical applications. Construction of an interconnected three-dimensional (3D) heat-conductive structure is an effective way to build phonon conduits and provide PCM confinement. Phonon scattering at the interface is an unavoidable effect that undermines the TC improvement in the PCM composite and necessitates careful engineering. This study focuses on creating a highly thermally conductive 3D carbon-bonded graphite fiber (CBGF) network to enhance the TC of the PCM, with attention especially on thermal interface engineering considering both filler-matrix (F-M) and filler-filler (F-F) interfaces. The composite with an optimized proportion of F-M and F-F interface area achieves the highest TC of 45.48 W·m-1·K-1, which is 188.5 times higher than that of the pure PCM, and a high TC enhancement per volume fraction of the filler (TCEF) of 831% per 1 vol % loading. This also results in an enhanced spatial construction for PCM confinement during the phase change. The results emphasize the significance of interface engineering in creating high-TC and form-stable phase-change composites, providing insightful guidance for rational structural design.

Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Treatment for Schizophrenia in Asian Population: A Scoping Review.

Evidence of comparative benefits of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics in Asian patients with schizophrenia has been inconsistent. This scoping review aimed to synthesize the current evidence in the past ten years and provide an overview of efficacy, safety, treatment adherence, patient attitudes, and healthcare resource utilization of LAI in this population. A systematic search was conducted with a pre-defined search strategy in six electronic databases including Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycArticles. A total of 46 studies were included, including 15 cohort studies, 13 single-arm trials, 10 randomized controlled trials, four mirror-image studies, three cross-sectional studies, and one controlled clinical trial. Paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injection (27/46) and risperidone LAI (14/46) were the most frequently investigated LAIs. Compared with oral antipsychotic medications (OAMs), LAIs demonstrated a lower rate of relapse/hospitalization and comparable improvement in efficacy. Adverse events (AEs) were similar between LAIs and OAMs, although types and incidence varied. Significant reduction in the length of hospitalization and number of outpatient visits/inpatient admission was observed after initiation of LAIs. These findings suggest that LAI demonstrated comparable efficacy and safety among Asian populations with schizophrenia in comparison to OAMs. Better adherence and lower relapse were observed in patients receiving LAIs from published evidence. Future research is warranted to better understand the comprehensive performance of LAI in specific population or context.

Major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation or behavior in Chinese population: A scoping review of current evidence on disease assessment, burden, treatment and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Identifying and managing major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with suicidal ideation or behavior (MDSI) is critical for reducing the disease burden. This scoping review aims to map the existing evidence related to MDSI in the Chinese population. METHOD: A scoping review was conducted to summarize the published evidence regarding epidemiology or disease burden, evaluation, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of MDSI. The search strategy imposed restriction on English or Chinese publications between 1 January 2011 and 28 February 2022. RESULTS: Of the 14,005 identified records, 133 met the eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. The included studies were characterized as high heterogeneity in evaluation of suicidal ideation or behavior. Compared with MDD patients without suicidal ideation or behavior, MDSI patients were more likely to suffer from psychological and somatic symptoms, social function impairment, and lower quality of life. Younger age, female gender, longer disease course, and comorbid psychological or physical symptoms were consistently found to be risk factors of suicidal ideation or behavior. Relevant research gaps remain regarding comprehensive evaluation of standard clinical diagnosis, disease burden, social-cultural risk factors, and effectiveness of interventions targeting MDSI. Studies with large sample size, representative population are warranted to provide high-quality evidence. CONCLUSIONS: MDD patients with suicidal ideation or behavior should be prioritized in treatment and resource allocation. Heterogeneity exists in the definition and evaluation of MDSI in different studies. To better inform clinical practice, it is imperative to establish a unified standard for evaluation and diagnosis of suicidal ideation or behavior among MDD population.

Effectiveness and Safety of Switching from Oral Antipsychotics to Once-Monthly Paliperidone Palmitate (PP1M) in the Management of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Considering the improvement in adherence and convenience, once-monthly paliperidone palmitate (PP1M) has been increasingly used in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, the outcomes for patients who switch from oral antipsychotics (OAPs) to PP1M have not been reliably assessed. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy and safety of PP1M in the management of patients with schizophrenia with a prior history of OAP use. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library on 19 July 2022 to identify eligible studies. All studies that examined the effectiveness and safety of switching from OAPs to PP1M in patients with schizophrenia were included. The primary outcomes were relapse rate, hospitalisation rate, and the change from baseline in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score. The secondary outcomes included the changed number of inpatient visits, changed length of stay hospitalisation, change from baseline in the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) score and the personal and social performance (PSP) total score, response rate, proportion of treatment discontinuation, and adverse events. We included randomised-controlled trials (RCTs), single-arm studies, and observational studies. Case reports, case series, and reviews were excluded. The quality assessment of included studies was performed using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials (RoB2), the 9-point Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) instrument for non-randomised studies and cohort studies, and the 12-item National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool for before-after (Pre-Post) study without control group. Follow-up times were reported as short- (≤ 13 weeks), medium- (14-26 weeks), and long term (≥ 27 weeks). Data were pooled using meta-analysis. RESULTS: Fifteen studies with a total of 4740 patients were included. The long-term relapse rates and hospitalisation rates were 12% (95% CI 0.07-0.18) and 18% (95% CI 0.15-0.20), respectively. The short-, medium-, and long-term change in PANSS total score was - 21.69 (95% CI - 30.02 to -13.36), - 14.98 (95% CI - 21.45 to - 8.51) and - 17.88 (95% CI - 31.94 to -3.82), respectively. Approximately 50% of patients reported at least a 30% reduction in the PANSS score at the short-term follow-up. Improvements in CGI-S and PSP score were observed during various periods. There was a reduction in the length of stay hospitalisation and the number of inpatient visits at the medium- and long-term follow-ups. Low discontinuation and adverse event rates were reported. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, this study may support the efficacy and safety of switching from OAPs to PP1M for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Future large-scale studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

Single-Shot Nondestructive Quantum Sensing for Gaseous Samples with Hundreds of Chiral Molecules.

Chiral discrimination that is efficient at detecting tiny amounts of chiral substances, especially at the single-molecule level, is in great demand. Here, we propose a single-shot nondestructive quantum sensing method addressing such an issue. Our scheme consists of two steps. In the first step, the two enantiomers are prepared in different rotational states via microwave enantio-specific state transfer. Then, chiral discrimination is transferred to quantum hypothesis testing. In the second step, we for the first time introduce a nondestructive quantum-state detection technique assisted with a microwave resonator for chiral discrimination, through which the molecular chirality is determined by the sign of the output signals. Using a typical chiral molecule, 1,2-propanediol, and an experimentally feasible model based on spherical Fabry-Pérot cavity, we show that the molecular chirality of slowly moving enantiopure gaseous samples with 102-103 molecules can be highly credibly distinguished in a single-shot detection. By further trapping chiral molecules, it is promising to achieve chiral discrimination at the single-molecule level by using our approach.

The biogenesis, mechanism and function of the tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA): a review compared with microRNA.

Since the discovery of the first miRNA in 1993, numerous studies have focused on their biogenesis, their functions on regulating a diversity of cellular processes, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulatory activity. The critical roles they play during pathogenesis have also been explored. With the advancement on next-generation sequencing, new classes of small RNA with distinct functions have been discovered. Among them, tRNA derived fragment (tsRNAs) have become a center of studies due to their similarity to miRNA. In this review, we summarized the biogenesis of miRNA and tsRNAs, the molecular mechanisms of their functions, and their important roles during the development of diseases. The similarity and difference between miRNA and tsRNAs were also discussed.

Epidemiology, treatments, and related biomarkers of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma in Chinese population: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: Bladder cancer is the 13th most common cancer in China with the predominant histologic type being urothelial carcinoma (UC). Locally advanced and metastatic (la/m) UC accounts for 12% of UC and the five-year survival rate is only 39.4%, imposing a significant disease and economic burden on the patients. The aim of this scoping review is to synthesize existing evidence of epidemiology, the landscape of treatment options and associated efficacy and safety profiles, as well as treatment-related biomarkers among Chinese la/mUC patients. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang, and CNKI) from January 2011 to March 2022 based on the scoping review criteria in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews. RESULTS: A total of 6211 records were identified, and further review resulted in 41 relevant studies that met all criteria. Additional searches were conducted on epidemiology and treatment-related biomarkers of bladder cancer to supplement the evidence. Among 41 studies, 24 reported on platinum-based chemotherapy, eight on non-platinum-based chemotherapy, six on immunotherapy, two on targeted therapy, and one on surgery. Efficacy outcomes were summarized by line of therapy. Treatment-related biomarkers including PD-L1, HER2, and FGFR3 alterations were identified, and the alteration rate of FGFR3 of Chinese UC patients was lower than that of the western patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite chemotherapy has been the main treatment choice for decades, appealing new therapeutic strategies including ICIs, targeted therapies and ADCs were applied in clinical practice. Further research on epidemiology and treatment-related biomarkers of la/mUC patients is needed given only a limited number of studies have been identified thus far. High genomic heterogeneity and complexity of molecular features were observed among la/mUC patients; thus, further studies are required to identify critical drivers and promote potential precise therapies.

Engineering CSFe Bond Confinement Effect to Stabilize Metallic-Phase Sulfide for High Power Density Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Metallic-phase iron sulfide (e.g., Fe7 S8 ) is a promising candidate for high power density sodium storage anode due to the inherent metal electronic conductivity and unhindered sodium-ion diffusion kinetics. Nevertheless, long-cycle stability can not be achieved simultaneously while designing a fast-charging Fe7 S8 -based anode. Herein, Fe7 S8 encapsulated in carbon-sulfur bonds doped hollow carbon fibers (NHCFs-S-Fe7 S8 ) is designed and synthesized for sodium-ion storage. The NHCFs-S-Fe7 S8 including metallic-phase Fe7 S8 embrace higher electron specific conductivity, electrochemical reversibility, and fast sodium-ion diffusion. Moreover, the carbonaceous fibers with polar CSFe bonds of NHCFs-S-Fe7 S8 exhibit a fixed confinement effect for electrochemical conversion intermediates contributing to long cycle life. In conclusion, combined with theoretical study and experimental analysis, the multinomial optimized NHCFs-S-Fe7 S8 is demonstrated to integrate a suitable structure for higher capacity, fast charging, and longer cycle life. The full cell shows a power density of 1639.6 W kg-1 and an energy density of 204.5 Wh kg-1 , respectively, over 120 long cycles of stability at 1.1 A g-1 . The underlying mechanism of metal sulfide structure engineering is revealed by in-depth analysis, which provides constructive guidance for designing the next generation of durable high-power density sodium storage anodes.

Enantio-specific state transfer of chiral molecules through enantio-selective shortcut-to-adiabaticity paths.

An interesting method of fast enantio-specific state transfer (ESST) is proposed for cyclic three-level systems of chiral molecules. We show that the fast population transfer via shortcut to adiabaticity can be accomplished for the cyclic three-level system of a general (chiral) molecule with invariant-based inverse engineering of the coupling strengths. By choosing appropriate parameters, the two enantiomers, which are initially prepared in their ground states in the three-level systems, will evolve respectively along their enantio-selective shortcut-to-adiabaticity paths to different-energy final states simultaneously, thereby achieving the fast ESST.

Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy with Mitochondrial DNA Mutation G11778A: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: LHON is a progressive disease with early disease onset and male predominance, usually causing devastating visual loss to patients. These systematic review and meta-analysis are aimed at summarizing epidemiology, disease onset and progression, visual recovery, risk factors, and treatment options of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) with mitochondrial DNA mutation G11778A from current evidence. Methods: The PubMed database was examined from its inception date to November 2021. Data from included studies were pooled with either a fixed-effects model or a random-effects model, depending on the results of heterogeneity tests. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the robustness of results. Results: A total of 41 articles were included in the systematic review for qualitative analysis, and 34 articles were included for quantitative meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of proportion of G11778A mutation among the three primary mutations of mitochondrial DNA (G11778A, G3460A, and T14484C) for LHON was 73% (95% CI: 67% and 79%), and the LHON patients with G11778A mutation included the pooled male ratio estimate of 77% (76% and 79%), the pooled age estimate of 35.3 years (33.2 years and 37.3 years), the pooled onset age estimate of 22.1 years (19.7 years and 24.6 years), the pooled visual acuity estimate of 1.4 LogMAR (1.2 LogMAR and 1.6 LogMAR), and the pooled estimate of spontaneous visual recovery rate (in either 1 eye) of 20% (15% and 27%). Conclusions: The G11778A mutation is a prevalent mitochondrial DNA mutation accounting for over half of LHON cases with three primary mutations. Spontaneous visual recovery is rare, and no effective treatment is currently available.

Polyketides with anti-inflammatory activity isolated from Rhodiola tibetica endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. HJT-A-10.

Seven undescribed polyketide compounds (1-4, 9-11) and six known polyketide compounds (5-8,12, 13) were isolated from Rhodiola tibetica endophytic Penicillium sp. HJT-A-10. The structural of seven undescribed polyketides metabolites were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The results of anti-inflammatory activity showed that compounds 1-8，10-13 had significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells.

Multi-scale hybrid spherical graphite composites: a light weight thermal interface material with high thermal conductivity and simple processing technology.

In consideration of low density and high intrinsic thermal conductivity, spherical graphite powders can act as promising fillers for light weight thermal interface materials. Herein, spherical artificial graphite derived composites exhibit a similar thermal conductivity and significantly reduced bulk density compared with traditional Al2O3-derived composites. Further, based on the particle packing theory, an innovatively optimized calculation method has been proposed by introducing the quadratic programming method into the traditional calculation method to acquire the optimum formulation of multi-scale spherical graphite particles. The thermal conductivity of the optimum formulation-derived composites attains 1.994 W m-1 K-1, which is 1.72 times higher than that of the single particle size-derived composites (1.156 W m-1 K-1), accompanied by a low density of 1.812 g cm-3 vs. the 2.31 g cm-3 of the traditional Al2O3-derived composites. Besides, the relationships between the tap density of the graphite powders, thermal conductivity and maximum filling content of the composites are creatively established, which are available for predicting the thermal conductivities of composites by simply testing the tap density of the fillers. This present work provides an instructional strategy to optimize spherical filler particles for thermal management of electronic devices.

Enantiodetection of Chiral Molecules via Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy.

Enantiodetection of chiral molecules is important to chemical reaction control and biological function designs. Traditional optical methods of enantiodetection rely on the weak magnetic-dipole or electric-quadrupole interactions, and in turn suffer from the weak signal and low sensitivity. We propose a new optical enantiodetection method to determine the enantiomeric excess via two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy of the chiral mixture driven by three electromagnetic fields. The quantities of left- and right-handed chiral molecules are reflected by the intensities of different peaks on the 2D spectrum, separated by the chirality-dependent frequency shifts resulting from the relative strong electric-dipole interactions between the chiral molecules and the driving fields. Thus, the enantiomeric excess can be determined via the intensity ratio of the peaks for the two enantiomers.

Electric vehicle routing models and solution algorithms in logistics distribution: A systematic review.

With the development of green logistics and the promotion of new energy vehicle development policies domestically and abroad, electric vehicles have been put into logistics and distribution as an alternative to traditional fuel vehicles. The Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (EVRP) has attracted widespread attention from the academic community. This paper comprehensively examines the latest research progress on electric vehicle routing models and solution algorithms in logistics and distribution. Firstly briefly introduces EVRP models considering battery losses; secondly, based on the composition of the EVRP objective function and constraints, EVRP models are classified into four types: EVRP considering load and battery life constraints, EVRP with a time window and considering charging strategies, the study of vehicle routing problems for hybrid fleets, and EVRP combined with charging/swapping station location. Then, briefly introduce exact algorithms, traditional heuristics, meta-heuristics, and hybrid algorithms for solving EVRP models. Moreover, it analyzes the main meta-heuristics that are more widely used. Finally, this review points out the development trend of EVRP theoretical methods.

Toxicokinetics of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with low-dose exposure applying fluorescence tracing technique.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) belongs to environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EEDCs) and can be rapidly hydrolyzed into the ultimate toxicant mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). In this study, we used 5-aminofluorescein modified MEHP (MEHP-AF) as a fluorescence tracer to explore the toxicokinetics, including toxicokinetic parameters, absorption and transport across the intestinal mucosal barrier, distribution and pathological changes of organs. While the dose was as lower than 10 mg/kg by intragastric administration, the toxicokinetic parameters obtained by fluorescence microplate method were similar to those with the literatures by chromatography. MEHP-AF can be rapidly absorbed through the intestinal mucosal barrier in rats. In situ organ distribution in mice showed that MEHP-AF was mainly concentrated in the liver, kidney and testis. Our results suggested that the fluorescence tracing technique had the advantages with easy processing, less time-consuming, higher sensitivity for the quantitative determination, In addition, this technology also avoids the interference of exogenous or endogenous DEHP and MEHP in the experimental system. It also can be utilized to the visualization detection of MEHP in situ localization in the absorption organ and the toxic target organ. The results show that this may be a more feasible MEHP toxicological research method.