Type 1 Diabetes in Singapore: Self-Care Challenges, Diabetes Technology Awareness, Current Use, and Satisfaction, an Online Survey.

Introduction: To describe the self-care challenges, diabetes technology awareness, current use, and satisfaction among adults with type 1 diabetes and parents of children with type 1 diabetes in Singapore. Methods: An anonymous online survey was administered between November 2020 and October 2021. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) or count (percentages). Comparisons between groups were done using the independent samples T-test. Results: 251 people (176 adults, 75 parents) participated. The most challenging self-care burdens were carbohydrate counting (24.4%) among adults and insulin dose calculations (28%) among parents. Nocturnal awakenings for diabetes care of their child were a common event (25.3%). Despite high awareness about continuous glucose monitoring devices (77.8% adults, 78.7% parents) the use (24.9% adults, 55% children) remained low. Both adults and parents of children with type 1 diabetes found continuous glucose monitoring to be liberating and less restrictive. Despite overall low insulin pump use (23.9% adults, 29.3% children); satisfaction scores were higher among insulin pump users than insulin pen users (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Carbohydrate counting and insulin dose calculations were the most challenging self-care tasks among people with type 1 diabetes in Singapore. Diabetes technology use was relatively low in Singapore. Continuous glucose monitoring and Insulin pump users found them to be beneficial.

Protocol update and baseline characteristics for the TRIal to slow the Progression of Diabetes (TRIPOD) randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D), a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and other adverse health conditions, is on the rise in Singapore. TRIPOD is a randomized controlled trial aimed to determine whether complementing usual care with an evidence-based diabetes management package (DMP) -comprising access to an evidence-based app, health coaching, pedometer, glucometer and weighing scale, with or without a financial rewards scheme (M-POWER rewards), can improve mean HbA1c levels at months 6 and 12. METHODS: The protocol was published in Trials, accessible via https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-019-3749-x 1. This manuscript updates the protocol with changes to the study design due to challenges with recruitment and presents baseline characteristics. Key updates include changing the arm allocation ratio from 1:1:1 (Arm 1-Usual Care: Arm 2-DMP: Arm 3-DMP+M-POWER rewards) to 10:1:10, the sample size from 339 to 269, the intervention period from two to one year, and the primary hypothesis to focus solely on differences between Usual Care and DMP+M-POWER rewards. Recruitment for the study began on 19 October 2019 and ended on 4 June 2022. RESULTS: The average age of participants was 55.0 (SD9.7) years old and 64.2% were male. The majority of participants (76.8%) were Chinese, 4.9% Malay and 18.3% Indian and of other ethnicities. 67.0% had a monthly household income of SGD$4000 or more. The mean baseline HbA1c was 8.10% (SD 0.95) and the mean body mass index was 26.8 kg/m2 (SD 5.3). DISCUSSION: The final participant completed month 12 follow-up data collection on 8 June 2023. All pre-planned analyses will be conducted and final results reported. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03800680 . Registered on 11 January 2019.

Asia-Pacific Perspectives on the Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Optimizing Diabetes Management.

Diabetes is prevalent, and it imposes a substantial public health burden globally and in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region. The cornerstone for optimizing diabetes management and treatment outcomes is glucose monitoring, the techniques of which have evolved from self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Contextual differences with Western populations and limited regionally generated clinical evidence warrant regional standards of diabetes care, including glucose monitoring in APAC. Hence, the APAC Diabetes Care Advisory Board convened to gather insights into clinician-reported CGM utilization for optimized glucose monitoring and diabetes management in the region. We discuss the findings from a pre-meeting survey and an expert panel meeting regarding glucose monitoring patterns and influencing factors, patient profiles for CGM initiation and continuation, CGM benefits, and CGM optimization challenges and potential solutions in APAC. While CGM is becoming the new standard of care and a useful adjunct to HbA1c and SMBG globally, glucose monitoring type, timing, and frequency should be individualized according to local and patient-specific contexts. The results of this APAC survey guide methods for the formulation of future APAC-specific consensus guidelines for the application of CGM in people living with diabetes.

Asia-Pacific consensus recommendations for application of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management.

Glucose monitoring has evolved from self-monitoring of blood glucose to glycated hemoglobin, and the latest continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). A key challenge to adoption of CGM for management of diabetes in Asia is the lack of regional CGM recommendations. Hence, thirteen diabetes-specialists from eight Asia-Pacific (APAC) countries/regions convened to formulate evidence-based, APAC-specific CGM recommendations for individuals with diabetes. We defined CGM metrics/targets and developed 13 guiding-statements on use of CGM in: (1) people with diabetes on intensive insulin therapy, and (2) people with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin with/without glucose lowering drugs. Continual use of CGM is recommended in individuals with diabetes on intensive insulin therapy and suboptimal glycemic control, or at high risk of problematic hypoglycemia. Continual/intermittent CGM may also be considered in individuals with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin regimen and with suboptimal glycemic control. In this paper, we provided guidance for optimizing CGM in special populations/situations, including elderly, pregnancy, Ramadan-fasting, newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, and comorbid renal disease. Statements on remote CGM, and stepwise interpretation of CGM data were also developed. Two Delphi surveys were conducted to rate the agreement on statements. The current APAC-specific CGM recommendations provide useful guidance for optimizing use of CGM in the region.

A Pair of Siblings With Wolfram Syndrome: A Review of the Literature and Treatment Options.

Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder typically characterized by juvenile onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, hearing loss, diabetes insipidus, and neurodegeneration. There would be a high index of clinical suspicion for WS when clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes and optic atrophy present together. Genetic analysis is often required to confirm the diagnosis. We describe a pair of Chinese siblings diagnosed with WS at ages 20 and 24 years, respectively. DNA sequencing of the WFS1 gene which encodes for Wolframin ER Transmembrane Glycoprotein identified a heterozygous nonsense variant NM_006005.3: c.1999C>T p.(Gln667*) and a heterozygous missense variant c.2170C>T p.(Pro724Ser) in exon 8 of the gene for both siblings. There is no curative treatment for WS and management of this debilitating disease is aimed at treating individual clinical manifestations, slowing disease progression, and improving quality of life. Treatment with liraglutide, a glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonist, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid was started for the younger sibling, the proband. There was reduction in insulin requirements and improvement in glycemic control. The other sibling was not offered liraglutide due to her complex treatment regimen for end-organ failure. Genetic testing is a valuable tool to detect WS early to allow precise and prompt diagnosis, thereby facilitating the coordinated care from a multidisciplinary team of clinicians.

A real-world study on SGLT2 inhibitors and diabetic kidney disease progression.

Background: Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, real-world data on CKD progression and the development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) remains scarce. Our aim was to study renal outcomes of people with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) using SGLT2is in a highly prevalent DKD population. Methods: Between 2016 and 2019 we recruited T2DM patients in the renal and diabetic clinics in a regional hospital in Singapore. Patients prescribed SGLT2is were compared with those on standard anti-diabetic and renoprotective treatment. The outcome measures were CKD progression [a ≥25% decrease from baseline and worsening of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) categories according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines] and ESKD (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2). Results: We analysed a total of 4446 subjects; 1598 were on SGLT2is. There was a significant reduction in CKD progression {hazard ratio [HR] 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49-0.74]} with SGLT2is. The HR for eGFR ≥45 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 15-44 mL/min/1.73 m2 was 0.60 (95% CI 0.47-0.76) and 0.43 (95% CI 0.23-0.66), respectively. There was also a reduction in risk for developing ESKD for the entire cohort [HR 0.33 (95% CI 0.17-0.65)] and eGFR 15-44 mL/min/1.73 m2 [HR 0.24 (95% CI 0.09-0.66)]. Compared with canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, empagliflozin showed a sustained risk reduction of renal outcomes across CKD stages 1-4. Conclusions: This real-world study demonstrates the benefits of SGLT2is on CKD progression and ESKD. The effect is more pronounced in moderate to advanced CKD patients.

A head-to-head comparison between Guardian Connect and FreeStyle Libre systems and an evaluation of user acceptability of sensors in patients with type 1 diabetes.

AIMS: A user-calibrated real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rt-CGM) system is compared to a factory-calibrated flash glucose monitoring (FGM) system and assessed in terms of accuracy and acceptability in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: Ten participants with T1D were enroled from a specialist diabetes centre in Singapore and provided with the Guardian Connect with Enlite Sensor (Medtronic, Northridge, CA, USA) and first-generation Freestyle Libre System (Abbott Diabetes Care, Witney, UK), worn simultaneously. Participants had to check capillary blood glucose four times per day. At the end of week 1 and week 2, participants returned for data download and were given a user evaluation survey. RESULTS: Accuracy evaluation between Guardian Connect and Freestyle Libre includes the overall mean absolute relative difference value (9.7 ± 11.0% vs. 17.5 ± 10.9%), Clarke Error Grid zones A + B (98.6% vs. 98.1%), sensitivity (78.9% vs. 63.4%), and specificity (93.4% vs. 81.0%). Notably, time below range (<3.9 mmol/L) was 10.5% for FGM versus 2% for rt-CGM. From the evaluation survey, 90% of participants perceived rt-CGM to be accurate versus 40% for FGM, although the majority found both devices to be easy to use, educational, and useful in improving glycaemic control. However, due to the cost of sensors, only 30% were keen to use either device for continuous monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: Although rt-CGM was superior to FGM in terms of accuracy, the value of glucose trends in both devices is still useful in diabetes self-management. Patients and clinicians may consider either technology depending on their requirements.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus best medical treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults with body mass index between 27 and 32 kg/m2: A 5-year randomized controlled trial.

AIMS: To evaluate the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) versus best medical treatment in Asians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and class I obesity. METHODS: In this 5-year single-centre, open-label randomized controlled trial, participants were randomized to RYGB or medical treatment including newer classes of diabetes medications (ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT02041234). The primary endpoint was diabetes remission defined as HbA1c ≤ 6% (≤42 mmol/mol) and discontinuation of glucose-lowering medication at 12 months post-intervention and beyond. Glycaemia and weight changes were assessed. Continuous glucose monitoring was performed. RESULTS: Of 28 subjects randomized, 26 were analyzed in the final cohort (14 medical, 12 RYGB; age:44 ± 10 years, 34.6% males, BMI:29.4 ± 1.6 kg/m2). At 12 months, 50% of RYGB subjects achieved diabetes remission; 83% stopped all glucose-lowering medications. By year 5, 42% were in remission. None attained diabetes remission in the medical group. Percentage declines in fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and BMI were significantly greater in the RYGB arm (all P < 0.05). Early improvements in glycaemic variability and time in range were similar in both treatment arms. Hypoglycaemia and surgical complications were observed in some RYGB subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Over 5 years, RYGB outperforms best medical treatment in glycemia and weight improvements for Asians with T2DM and class I obesity.

MODY5 Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1ß (HNF1ß)-Associated Nephropathy: experience from a regional monogenic diabetes referral centre in Singapore.

From our monogenic diabetes registry set-up at a secondary-care diabetes center, we identified a nontrivial subpopulation (~15%) of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) among people with young-onset diabetes. In this report, we describe the diagnostic caveats, clinical features and long-term renal-trajectory of people with HNF1B mutations (HNF1B-MODY). Between 2013 and 2020, we received 267 referrals to evaluate MODY from endocrinologists in both public and private practice. Every participant was subjected to a previously reported structured evaluation process, high-throughput nucleotide sequencing and gene-dosage analysis. Out of 40 individuals with confirmed MODY, 4 (10%) had HNF1B-MODY (harboring either a HNF1B whole-gene deletion or duplication). Postsequencing follow-up biochemical and radiological evaluations revealed the known HNF1B-MODY associated systemic-features, such as transaminitis and structural renal-lesions. These anomalies could have been missed without prior knowledge of the nucleotide-sequencing results. Interestingly, preliminary longitudinal observation (up to 15 years) suggested possibly 2 distinct patterns of renal-deterioration (albuminuric vs. nonalbuminuric chronic kidney disease). Monogenic diabetes like HNF1B-MODY may be missed among young-onset diabetes in a resource-limited routine-care clinic. Collaboration with a MODY-evaluation center may fill the care-gap. The long-term renal-trajectories of HNF1B-MODY will require further studies by dedicated registries and international consortium.

Glucose Awareness to Motivate and Enable Solutions (GAMES) in diabetes mellitus using flash glucose monitoring: A clinical programme.

AIMS: This real-world observational clinical programme evaluated short and medium-term effects of intermittent flash glucose monitoring on HbA1c, glycaemic variability and lifestyle behavioural changes. METHODS: Two first-generation Libre flash glucose monitoring sensors were provided 3-4 months apart with a food, activity diary, user evaluation survey and treatment modification after each sensor wear. T-tests were used to compare glucose variables within each sensor (week 1 vs. week 2) and between sensors (1st sensor vs. 2nd sensor). EasyGV software was used to calculate glycaemic variability. RESULTS: From 42 type 1 diabetes and 120 type 2 diabetes participants, there was no statistically significant change in mean HbA1c for participants with type 1 diabetes at 3-4 months after the 1st sensor but there was a statistically significant HbA1c reduction for participants with type 2 diabetes [-4 mmol/mol (-0.4%), p = 0.008], despite no statistically significant differences in carbohydrate intake, exercise frequency and duration. Greater reduction was seen in those with baseline HbA1c> 86 mmol/mol (10%) in both type 1 [-12 mmol/mol (-1.1%), p = 0.009] and type 2 diabetes [-11 mmol/mol (-1.0%), p = 0.001). Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes showed improvements in Glucose Management Indicator and percentage time-above-range when comparing week 1 versus week 2 of the same sensor. Higher scan frequency resulted in improved glycaemic parameters and certain measures of glycaemic variability. The majority of participants (85%) agreed that flash glucose monitoring is a useful device but only 60% were keen to use it for daily monitoring. CONCLUSION: Constant feedback from flash glucose monitoring improves glycaemic parameters within the first week of wear. Intermittent use 3-4 months apart resulted in greater improvements for those with higher baseline HbA1c.

Preparing muslims with diabetes mellitus for Ramadan fasting in Singapore: a clinical approach and review of current practice.

Ramadan fasting, a month-long annual practice for Muslims, can be challenging for those who have diabetes mellitus with or without associated complications or pre-existing comorbidities, as well as healthcare providers involved in their care. Inadequate preparation for this fasting period can result in increased complications. We reviewed the current practice of Muslims with diabetes mellitus in Singapore who intend to fast during Ramadan, with particular attention on locally available evidence. Adequate preparation for Ramadan fasting, including pre-Ramadan assessment, optimisation of glycaemic control, structured Ramadan-focused diabetes education, medication adjustment, glucose monitoring and test fasting, can lead to benefits in terms of improvements in metabolic control and reduced risk of fasting-related complications in people with diabetes mellitus. While there are ongoing efforts to reduce risk during this period, larger-scale national programmes are needed to avert complications and assess the long-term effects of Ramadan fasting in the local population.

Impact of COVID-19 and partial lockdown on access to care, self-management and psychological well-being among people with diabetes: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of lockdown measures can be widespread, affecting both clinical and psychosocial aspects of health. This study aims to assess changes in health services access, self-care, behavioural, and psychological impact of COVID-19 and partial lockdown amongst diabetes patients in Singapore. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey amongst people with diabetes with the Diabetes Health Profile-18 (DHP-18). Hierarchical regression analyses were performed for each DHP-18 subscale (Psychological Distress, Disinhibited Eating and Barriers to Activity) as dependent variables in separate models. RESULTS: Among 301 respondents, 45.2% were women, 67.1% of Chinese ethnicity, 24.2% were aged 40 to 49 years, 68.4% have Type 2 diabetes and 42.2% on oral medications alone. During the pandemic and the lockdown, nearly all respondents were able to receive care safely from the clinics they attend (94%) and obtain their medications and diabetes equipment and supplies (97%) when needed. Respondents reported less frequent engagement in physical activity (38%), checking of blood pressure (29%) and blood glucose (22%). Previous diagnosis of mental health conditions (ß = 9.33, P = .043), Type 1 diabetes (ß = 12.92, P = .023), number of diabetes-related comorbidities (ß = 3.16, P = .007) and Indian ethnicity (ß = 6.65, P = .034) were associated with higher psychological distress. Comorbidities were associated with higher disinhibited eating (ß = 2.49, P = .014) while ability to reach their doctor despite not going to the clinic is negatively associated with psychological distress (ß = -9.50 P = .002) and barriers to activity (ß = -7.53, P = .007). CONCLUSION: Health services access were minimally affected, but COVID-19 and lockdown had mixed impacts on self-care and management behaviours. Greater clinical care and attention should be provided to people with diabetes with multiple comorbidities and previous mental health disorders during the pandemic and lockdown.

Diabetes predicts severity of COVID-19 infection in a retrospective cohort: A mediatory role of the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein.

Diabetes is a risk factor for developing severe COVID-19, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. We investigated if the association of diabetes and COVID-19 severity may be mediated by inflammation. We also hypothesized that this increased risk may extend to prediabetes. Hospitalized patients in Singapore with COVID-19 were subdivided into three groups in a retrospective cohort: normoglycemia (HbA1c: ≤5.6%), prediabetes (HbA1c: 5.7%-6.4%) and diabetes (HbA1c: ≥6.5%). The primary outcome of severe COVID-19 was defined by respiratory rate ≥30, SpO2 ≤93% or intensive care unit admission. The association between clinical factors on severe COVID-19 outcome was analyzed by cox regression. Adjusted mediation analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP) on the relationship between diabetes and severe COVID-19 was performed. Of 1042 hospitalized patients, mean age 39 ± 11 years, 13% had diabetes, 9% prediabetes and 78% normoglycemia. Severe COVID-19 occurred in 4.9% of subjects. Compared to normoglycemia, diabetes was significantly associated with severe COVID-19 on both univariate (hazard ratio [HR]: 9.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.54-17.84; p < .001) and multivariate analysis (HR: 3.99; 95% CI: 1.92-8.31; p < .001), while prediabetes was not a risk factor (HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.22-4.03; p = .929). CRP, a biomarker of inflammation, mediated 32.7% of the total association between diabetes and severe COVID-19 outcome. In conclusion, CRP is a partial mediator of the association between diabetes and severe COVID-19 infection, confirming that inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 in diabetes.

Dissecting the interaction between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that is caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Data from several countries have shown higher morbidity and mortality among individuals with chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. In this review, we explore the contributing factors for poorer prognosis in these individuals. As a significant proportion of patients with COVID-19 also have diabetes mellitus, this adds another layer of complexity to their management. We explore potential interactions between antidiabetic medications and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors with COVID-19. Suggested recommendations for the use of antidiabetic medications for COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus are provided. We also review pertinent clinical considerations in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in COVID-19 patients. In addition, we aim to increase clinicians' awareness of the metabolic effects of promising drug therapies for COVID-19. Finally, we highlight the importance of timely vaccinations for patients with diabetes mellitus.

The effect of Ramadan fasting and continuing sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use on ketonemia, blood pressure and renal function in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of Ramadan fasting and continuing sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use on ketonemia, blood pressure and renal function in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This is a single-centre prospective observational controlled cohort study. Muslim patients aged 21-75 years with type 2 diabetes and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 were eligible if they had no contraindication to observe Ramadan fasting. Patients in study group were on stable dose of SGLT2 inhibitor for at least 3 months before enrolment and continued during study period, while patients in control group were not on SGLT2 inhibitor before and during study period. All participants attended baseline visit before Ramadan and follow-up visit during Ramadan. RESULTS: A total of 68 patients of similar baseline characteristics were included in the study: 35 in study group and 33 in control group. During Ramadan fasting, patients from study and control group had similar change in weight (LS mean change of -1.8 versus -1.1 kg, p = 0.205), eGFR (LS mean change of -6.0 versus -4.2 ml/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.399), sitting systolic BP (LS mean change of -8.1 versus -10.4 mmHg, p = 0.569), sitting diastolic BP (LS mean change of -3.7 versus -3.5 mmHg, p = 0.934) and plasma ß-hydroxybutyrate level (LS mean change of -0.01 versus -0.02 mmol/L, p = 0.649). CONCLUSIONS: Ramadan fasting was associated with significant changes in weight, BP and eGFR regardless whether patients were on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment. Continued use of SGLT2 Inhibitors during Ramadan did not increase ketonemia, nor increase risk of eGFR deterioration and hypoglycaemia.

Efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose versus retrospective continuous glucose monitoring in improving glycaemic control in diabetic kidney disease patients.

AIMS: Patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) on anti-diabetic agents, are at greater risk of glycemic variations, both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. We aimed to compare glycemic control (using HbA1c) and hypoglycemia incidence in patients with Stage 3 DKD (eGFR 30-60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 ), receiving retrospective CGM-guided anti-diabetic therapy versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) over 3 months. METHODS: Thirty patients with HbA1c >8% were randomized to 6-day retrospective CGM or SMBG. In the CGM group, CGM was worn at the beginning and 6 weeks. HbA1c, assessment of hypoglycaemia events (self-reported and BG < 4 mmol/L from CGM/SMBG data) and medication adjustment were performed at baseline and 3 months. All patients received education on hypoglycaemia avoidance. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were allocated to CGM and 16 to SMBG. Mean (±SD) eGFR was 42.9 ± 10.3 mL/min. Majority (86.7%) of patients had diabetes duration >10 years and on insulin therapy (90%). HbA1c improved significantly from baseline 9.9 ± 1.2 to 9.0 ± 1.5% (P < 0.001) at 3 months, with no difference between CGM (9.8 ± 1.2 to 8.8 ± 1.8%, P = 0.009) or SMBG (9.9 ± 1.3 to 9.1 ± 1.1%, P = 0.007) groups (P = 0.869 between groups). In the CGM group, percentage duration in hyperglycaemia (BG > 10 mmol/L) reduced from baseline 65.4 ± 22.4% to 54.6 ± 23.6% (P = 0.033) at 6 weeks, with a non-significant rise in percentage duration in hypoglycaemia from 1.2 ± 2.2% to 4.0 ± 7.0% (P = 0.176). There was no difference in self-reported and documented hypoglycaemia events. CONCLUSION: In a pilot study of DKD patients, short-term episodic use of CGM reduced time spent in hyperglycaemia range without significantly increasing time-exposure to hypoglycaemia. However, both CGM and SMBG were equally effective in improving glycaemic control.